Suchergebnisse

Political Science; European Union - De serie 'Werkdocumenten' omvat stukken die in het kader van de werkzaamheden van de WRR tot stand zijn gekomen en die op aanvraag door de raad beschikbaar worden gesteld. De verantwoordelijkheid voor de inhoud en de ingenomen standpunten berust bij de auteurs.

Key witnesses shed light on an essential part of the history of music. "In the Soviet Union, from 1917 to 1990, in an extremely difficult context, one of terror even, there developed one of the most intense and richest musical environments of the 20th century ...," writes Bruno Monsaingeon. A fascinating mystery that Monsaingeon attempts to elucidate in his film. This essential period of music history is recounted through conductor Guennadi Rojdestvenski, the last remaining representative of these fabulous performers of the Soviet era (he was born in 1931). He is full of humour and it is a treat to watch him explain why there are two page-295's in the biography of Prokofiev published in 1957 and to hear him talk about Tikhon Khrenikov, the terrifying secretary general of the Union of Composers who was in office for forty years ... Other witnesses include the conductor Rudolf Barshai "One day, I said to myself, enough is enough, and I decided to leave", the pianist Viktoria Postnikova: "Even seated in the plane, they could come and fetch you and say, Out!" and the central figure of composer, Dimitri Shostakovich: "If I look back, I only see ashes and bodies."

Раздел - "Международное право" ; The present paper considers some issues of regulating of a quite complex legal institution, that of multiple nationality. Currently, European integration in general and the phenomenon of multiple nationality in particular are arousing a lot of interest. This is caused to a large extent b y both the relative stability of economic and political guarantees of rights and liberties of the citizens of Western Europe and by the search of Eastern European countries for their place and their road in the united Europe, b y the necessity to overcome cultural and economic disunity of European states and also b y the unabated interest in the structural elements of diverse and variously speeded integration in this region. In this regard the institution of multiple nationality stands out against the background of all-European integration. It has been in existence in this region for many millenia and embraces practically all states of the continent. Multiplenationality creates at the same time both real possibilities and prerequisites for integration and real problems, causing sometimes protracted conflicts between states and peoples and separating their political interests. The author sees multiple nationality to be a complex legal state expressed through a complicated legal relationship, which lends form to a multistructured social political, economic, cultural and moral relationship between states (representations of citizenship/nationality) and the person as regards responsible possession by a person of the complete or the basic set of rights and duties of nationality equal to the persons of his/her category of nationality in more than one state formation. With this assumption the paper shows in general terms the causes for the emergence of multiple nationality and the ways of settling its problems. The citizenship of the European Union, which the author refers to a kind of multiple nationality, is a particular legal institution which could serve as a source for forming all-European and global citizenship. Alongside with the study of the citizenship of the European Union the paper considers the institution of multiple nationality within the framework of the Council of Europe. The European region has accumulated abundant experience of regulating multiple nationality; part of which experience was embodied in the provisions of various international treaties concluded by the member-states of the Council of Europe. It would be effective to use in the countries of Eastern Europe and Asia. The European Convention on Nationality from November 6, 1997 was a progressive step in the realm of developing nationality and multiple nationality, though it has a number of drawbacks and as a whole does not adequately take into consideration the existing needs in this sphere. A number of norms, for instance, the right of the state to terminate citizenship, declared in article 7 and other provisions of the Convention have not been specified. The drawbacks of legal regulation of these issues and the issues of state succession and nationality (article 16) arouse doubts in the compliance of provisions of the abovementioned convention with the requirements of articles 15 and 29 of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights. Unfortunately, the European Convention on Nationality is trying to unite disparate points of v i ew into one, there arising as a result some apprehension as to the possibility of its arbitrary application. The citizenship, being established within the framework of integration of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation, is also a peculiar institution which could be transformed into a different type of citizenship. The author considers that reasonable application of the institution of multiple nationality could facilitate the solution of a number of problems of contemporary international law, including the problems of international cooperation, human rights protection and development of integrational process. This experience could be promoted b y all states and especially the former USSR countries who have various directions of solving the issues of multiple nationality.

'Will the Netherlands be defended?' The debate about NATO's main lines of defence at the beginning of the 1950sAt the beginning of the 1950s, the Netherlands would not have been able to defend itself in the event of a Soviet attack. Despite the fact that NATO, under the leadership of the Supreme Allied Commander Europe, General Eisenhower, and later General Ridgway, was in the process of rapidly building up its defences, it was still incapable of conducting a forward defence. The pivotal political and military issue in the short term centred on one question: Which areas in Western Europe could and should be kept and which not? Answers to this question exposed conflicting national interests and points of view, particularly those of the Dutch and the French. As it was taking a considerably long time to build up the Netherlands' defences, the Dutch government had very few trump cards to add weight to its demands. Indeed, in the summer of 1952, when Parliament asked to be given a precise account of how the Dutch defences were progressing, the government was practically boxed into a corner.

Der Autor stellt in seinem Beitrag zum Direktorentreffen in Sofia im Jahre 1987 seine Grundpositionen zu vier Grundproblemen der Arbeit in der Jugendforschung vor. Zunächst trifft er Aussagen zur Verantwortung des Jugendforschers. Er fordert "neue Formen der Kommunikation, Erziehung, der Förderung der Jugend, vor allem ihrer Selbstgestaltung und Selbstverwirklichung". Anschließend beschreibt er den intensiven Wandlungsprozeß, indem sich die Jugend befände. Weiterhin sei es erforderlich, das wissenschaftliche Niveau der Jugendforschung zu erhöhen. Die internationale Zusammenarbeit der Jugendforschung solle fruchtbarer gestaltet werden. Abschließend spricht sich der Autor für gemeinsame Forschungsprojekte auf bilateraler und multilateraler Ebene aus. (psz)

Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Вопросы теории" ; According to the Charter of the United Nations the U.N. Security Council bears the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. The Council, however, stays sometimes inactive because of controversy among its members. States may thus invoke insufficient efficacy of the S.C. as the basis for actions by the decision of other U.N. organs (Korea crisis 1950, Congo 1961), for collective or individual self-defense. States also try to justify the use of individual coercive measures referring to the necessity to enforce Security Council resolutions (military action in Afghanistan 2001, Iraq 2003). At present the possibility to act "on the advice" of the Security Council in the case of its inactivity or insufficient efficacy is alleged on the following grounds: 1. Authorization of the S.C. to use "all necessary means". 2. Recognition by the S.C. of the existence of a threat or breach of international peace and security. 3. Authorization of the S.C. to take action in self-defense. 4. Enforcement of earlier resolution of the S.C. 5. Other justifications. The present article considers the status of the above-mentioned justifications without the explicit authorization by the U.N. Security Council in the context of the principle of non-intervention into the domestic affairs of states. The study allows to make the following conclusions. Whenever the system of the collective security provided for by the U.N. Charter doesn't function, the Security Council carries out its enforcement capacity by authorizing individual states or international organizations to act. This enforcement activity doesn't constitute intervention into the domestic affairs of states only in so far as it is accomplished in accordance with the authorization of the Council and ceases as soon as the purpose of the sanction is achieved. Other justifications (for example, recognition by the S.C. of the existence of a threat or breach of international peace and security, breach of obligations provided for in the S.C. resolutions, reference to the right of individual and collective self-defense, threat by the severest consequences) constitute no basis for the unilateral enforcement of the rulings of resolutions and therefore break the principle of non-intervention into the domestic affairs of states as well as the prohibition to use force or the threat of force in international relations. Inactivity or insufficient efficacy of the U.N. Security Council cannot be viewed as an authorization to resort to unilateral military measures either.

Political Science; European Union - Analyse van de diepgaande veranderingen in de internationale omgeving na 1989-1990. Vooral de veiligheidssituatie is gewijzigd. Het is in het belang van Nederland om mee te werken aan de vorming van een 'kerngroep' onder leiding van Duitsland en Frankrijk als daardoor een verdieping van de Europese integratie gestalte kan krijgen.

Political Science; Technology - Aan de hand van studies in vier economische sectoren, landbouw, chemie, grond- water- en wegenbouw, transport en logistiek, wordt aangegeven dat het technologiebeleid niet alleen verbreed moet worden maar ook geïnternationaliseerd. Dit is nodig, omdat de schaalvergroting toeneemt en de markten steeds complexer en internationaler worden. Daarnaast is er een toenemende vervlechting tussen technologie en samenleving.

Political Science - In dit boek wordt de vraag gesteld in hoeverre de rol van de nationale staat, die steeds meer onder de invloed staat van de internationale omgeving, verandert. Welke betekenis kan en moet hij in de toekomst houden? Vanuit het toekomst-gerichte perspectief dat de WRR in zijn publicaties aanhoudt, is de betekenis van veranderingen in de internationale omgeving voor de nationale staat, en de betekenis van de nationale staat in deze veranderende omgeving, een belangrijk thema. In het programma voor de huidige, zesde raadsperiode (1998-2002) is de positie van de nationale staat niet uitdrukkelijk aan de orde gesteld, maar zijn wel de drie ontwikkelingen genoemd die in dit verband als bijzonder relevant zijn te beschouwen: internationalisering, kennisintensivering en herschikking van verantwoordelijkheden. Zij vinden hun weerspiegeling in veel van het werk van de raad in de afgelopen periode. Daarom is het een goed moment om een aantal lijnen samen te trekken in deze bundel De vitaliteit van de nationale staat in een internationaliserende wereld en na te gaan wat er vanuit verschillende in de rapporten behandelde onderwerpen en invalshoeken over het thema kan worden gezegd.

Political Science - Verhoging van het niveau van onderwijs, kunsten en wetenschappen in Nederland dient het voornaamste doel te zijn van het buitenlands cultureel beleid. Het streven naar goede betrekkingen met andere landen komt daarbij pas op de tweede plaats. In verband met de internationalisering is het verontrustend dat de internationale contacten op het gebied van de cultuurbeoefening in de afgelopen tien jaar lijken te stagneren, vooral als het gaat om wetenschapsbeoefening en hoger onderwijs.