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Key witnesses shed light on an essential part of the history of music. "In the Soviet Union, from 1917 to 1990, in an extremely difficult context, one of terror even, there developed one of the most intense and richest musical environments of the 20th century ...," writes Bruno Monsaingeon. A fascinating mystery that Monsaingeon attempts to elucidate in his film. This essential period of music history is recounted through conductor Guennadi Rojdestvenski, the last remaining representative of these fabulous performers of the Soviet era (he was born in 1931). He is full of humour and it is a treat to watch him explain why there are two page-295's in the biography of Prokofiev published in 1957 and to hear him talk about Tikhon Khrenikov, the terrifying secretary general of the Union of Composers who was in office for forty years ... Other witnesses include the conductor Rudolf Barshai "One day, I said to myself, enough is enough, and I decided to leave", the pianist Viktoria Postnikova: "Even seated in the plane, they could come and fetch you and say, Out!" and the central figure of composer, Dimitri Shostakovich: "If I look back, I only see ashes and bodies."

Раздел - "Международное право" ; The present paper considers some issues of regulating of a quite complex legal institution, that of multiple nationality. Currently, European integration in general and the phenomenon of multiple nationality in particular are arousing a lot of interest. This is caused to a large extent b y both the relative stability of economic and political guarantees of rights and liberties of the citizens of Western Europe and by the search of Eastern European countries for their place and their road in the united Europe, b y the necessity to overcome cultural and economic disunity of European states and also b y the unabated interest in the structural elements of diverse and variously speeded integration in this region. In this regard the institution of multiple nationality stands out against the background of all-European integration. It has been in existence in this region for many millenia and embraces practically all states of the continent. Multiplenationality creates at the same time both real possibilities and prerequisites for integration and real problems, causing sometimes protracted conflicts between states and peoples and separating their political interests. The author sees multiple nationality to be a complex legal state expressed through a complicated legal relationship, which lends form to a multistructured social political, economic, cultural and moral relationship between states (representations of citizenship/nationality) and the person as regards responsible possession by a person of the complete or the basic set of rights and duties of nationality equal to the persons of his/her category of nationality in more than one state formation. With this assumption the paper shows in general terms the causes for the emergence of multiple nationality and the ways of settling its problems. The citizenship of the European Union, which the author refers to a kind of multiple nationality, is a particular legal institution which could serve as a source for forming all-European and global citizenship. Alongside with the study of the citizenship of the European Union the paper considers the institution of multiple nationality within the framework of the Council of Europe. The European region has accumulated abundant experience of regulating multiple nationality; part of which experience was embodied in the provisions of various international treaties concluded by the member-states of the Council of Europe. It would be effective to use in the countries of Eastern Europe and Asia. The European Convention on Nationality from November 6, 1997 was a progressive step in the realm of developing nationality and multiple nationality, though it has a number of drawbacks and as a whole does not adequately take into consideration the existing needs in this sphere. A number of norms, for instance, the right of the state to terminate citizenship, declared in article 7 and other provisions of the Convention have not been specified. The drawbacks of legal regulation of these issues and the issues of state succession and nationality (article 16) arouse doubts in the compliance of provisions of the abovementioned convention with the requirements of articles 15 and 29 of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights. Unfortunately, the European Convention on Nationality is trying to unite disparate points of v i ew into one, there arising as a result some apprehension as to the possibility of its arbitrary application. The citizenship, being established within the framework of integration of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation, is also a peculiar institution which could be transformed into a different type of citizenship. The author considers that reasonable application of the institution of multiple nationality could facilitate the solution of a number of problems of contemporary international law, including the problems of international cooperation, human rights protection and development of integrational process. This experience could be promoted b y all states and especially the former USSR countries who have various directions of solving the issues of multiple nationality.

Der Autor stellt in seinem Beitrag zum Direktorentreffen in Sofia im Jahre 1987 seine Grundpositionen zu vier Grundproblemen der Arbeit in der Jugendforschung vor. Zunächst trifft er Aussagen zur Verantwortung des Jugendforschers. Er fordert "neue Formen der Kommunikation, Erziehung, der Förderung der Jugend, vor allem ihrer Selbstgestaltung und Selbstverwirklichung". Anschließend beschreibt er den intensiven Wandlungsprozeß, indem sich die Jugend befände. Weiterhin sei es erforderlich, das wissenschaftliche Niveau der Jugendforschung zu erhöhen. Die internationale Zusammenarbeit der Jugendforschung solle fruchtbarer gestaltet werden. Abschließend spricht sich der Autor für gemeinsame Forschungsprojekte auf bilateraler und multilateraler Ebene aus. (psz)

Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Вопросы теории" ; According to the Charter of the United Nations the U.N. Security Council bears the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. The Council, however, stays sometimes inactive because of controversy among its members. States may thus invoke insufficient efficacy of the S.C. as the basis for actions by the decision of other U.N. organs (Korea crisis 1950, Congo 1961), for collective or individual self-defense. States also try to justify the use of individual coercive measures referring to the necessity to enforce Security Council resolutions (military action in Afghanistan 2001, Iraq 2003). At present the possibility to act "on the advice" of the Security Council in the case of its inactivity or insufficient efficacy is alleged on the following grounds: 1. Authorization of the S.C. to use "all necessary means". 2. Recognition by the S.C. of the existence of a threat or breach of international peace and security. 3. Authorization of the S.C. to take action in self-defense. 4. Enforcement of earlier resolution of the S.C. 5. Other justifications. The present article considers the status of the above-mentioned justifications without the explicit authorization by the U.N. Security Council in the context of the principle of non-intervention into the domestic affairs of states. The study allows to make the following conclusions. Whenever the system of the collective security provided for by the U.N. Charter doesn't function, the Security Council carries out its enforcement capacity by authorizing individual states or international organizations to act. This enforcement activity doesn't constitute intervention into the domestic affairs of states only in so far as it is accomplished in accordance with the authorization of the Council and ceases as soon as the purpose of the sanction is achieved. Other justifications (for example, recognition by the S.C. of the existence of a threat or breach of international peace and security, breach of obligations provided for in the S.C. resolutions, reference to the right of individual and collective self-defense, threat by the severest consequences) constitute no basis for the unilateral enforcement of the rulings of resolutions and therefore break the principle of non-intervention into the domestic affairs of states as well as the prohibition to use force or the threat of force in international relations. Inactivity or insufficient efficacy of the U.N. Security Council cannot be viewed as an authorization to resort to unilateral military measures either.

International audience ; The idea of disarmament for development was particularly explored in the early 1980s, at the initiative of the UN. It highlighted the economic burden of the great powers' arms race, while development aid was proving to be highly insufficient. Within the framework of international agreements, it was a question of the highly militarised developed countries reducing the financing of their armaments and providing part of these savings to support the development of Third World countries. Three main questions were then asked. Is armament a brake on development? Does disarmament only have positive effects on the national economies of developed countries? Does the transfers of resources from developed to developing countries be realized without perverse effects? ; Резюме: Идея разоружения в интересах развития стала особенно изучаться в начале 1980-х годов по инициативе Организации Объединенных Наций. В нем подчеркивалось экономическое бремя гонки вооружений великих держав, в то время как помощь в целях развития оказалась крайне недостаточной. В рамках международных соглашений речь шла о том, чтобы высокомилитаризованные развитые страны сократили финансирование своих вооружений и направили часть сэкономленных средств на поддержку развития стран третьего мира. Затем были заданы три основных вопроса. Является ли вооружение тормозом для развития? Оказывает ли разоружение положительное влияние только на национальную экономику развитых стран? Может ли разоружение легко сопровождаться передачей ресурсов из развитых стран в развивающиеся?

International audience ; The idea of disarmament for development was particularly explored in the early 1980s, at the initiative of the UN. It highlighted the economic burden of the great powers' arms race, while development aid was proving to be highly insufficient. Within the framework of international agreements, it was a question of the highly militarised developed countries reducing the financing of their armaments and providing part of these savings to support the development of Third World countries. Three main questions were then asked. Is armament a brake on development? Does disarmament only have positive effects on the national economies of developed countries? Does the transfers of resources from developed to developing countries be realized without perverse effects? ; Резюме: Идея разоружения в интересах развития стала особенно изучаться в начале 1980-х годов по инициативе Организации Объединенных Наций. В нем подчеркивалось экономическое бремя гонки вооружений великих держав, в то время как помощь в целях развития оказалась крайне недостаточной. В рамках международных соглашений речь шла о том, чтобы высокомилитаризованные развитые страны сократили финансирование своих вооружений и направили часть сэкономленных средств на поддержку развития стран третьего мира. Затем были заданы три основных вопроса. Является ли вооружение тормозом для развития? Оказывает ли разоружение положительное влияние только на национальную экономику развитых стран? Может ли разоружение легко сопровождаться передачей ресурсов из развитых стран в развивающиеся?

International audience ; The idea of disarmament for development was particularly explored in the early 1980s, at the initiative of the UN. It highlighted the economic burden of the great powers' arms race, while development aid was proving to be highly insufficient. Within the framework of international agreements, it was a question of the highly militarised developed countries reducing the financing of their armaments and providing part of these savings to support the development of Third World countries. Three main questions were then asked. Is armament a brake on development? Does disarmament only have positive effects on the national economies of developed countries? Does the transfers of resources from developed to developing countries be realized without perverse effects? ; Резюме: Идея разоружения в интересах развития стала особенно изучаться в начале 1980-х годов по инициативе Организации Объединенных Наций. В нем подчеркивалось экономическое бремя гонки вооружений великих держав, в то время как помощь в целях развития оказалась крайне недостаточной. В рамках международных соглашений речь шла о том, чтобы высокомилитаризованные развитые страны сократили финансирование своих вооружений и направили часть сэкономленных средств на поддержку развития стран третьего мира. Затем были заданы три основных вопроса. Является ли вооружение тормозом для развития? Оказывает ли разоружение положительное влияние только на национальную экономику развитых стран? Может ли разоружение легко сопровождаться передачей ресурсов из развитых стран в развивающиеся?

Рассматриваются методы социального прогнозирования, наиболее часто применяемые в практике превентивной дипломатии, специфика которых заключается в повышенной стохастичности процессов, несимметричном характере причин и следствий. Особое внимание уделяется анализу процесса принятия адекватного политического решения. ; The article is devoted to survey of methods of social prognosis, which are often put into practice of preventive diplomacy. Specificity of prognosis in international relations is in highly stochasticity of processes, nonsymmetrical character of causes and consequences. There-fore particular attention is spared to analysis of process of adoption of adequate political decision.

Российское правительство, Государственный Совет, Государственная Дума, общественность, духовенство, представители органов самоуправления губерний и уездов проявляли огромную заботу о беженцах первой мировой войны. Серьезным подспорьем к этому явилась четко продуманная и отработанная правовая база по беженцам, взаимодействие ветвей власти, неукоснительное выполнение ее рекомендаций на местах. В результате этого было заметно ослаблено столь высокое социальное напряжение, царившее среди пришлых людей. Вопросы по оказанию им медицинской помощи рассматривались и на отдельных съездах земских врачей. Опыт Российской дореволюционной государственной власти и общества применим для обеспечения нужд беженцев в современных условиях в период возникновения локальных и межнациональных военных конфликтов. ; Russian Government, State Duma, the public, the clergy, representatives of local government showed great concern for refugees during the First World War. Elaborated legal system concerning refugees, interaction of branches of authority, strict observation of their recommendations were of great help. The result was a considerable reduction of social tension among refugees. Problems of giving them medical help were also dealt with at congresses of Zemsky doctors (zemstvo - elective district council in Russia, 1864-1917). The experience of Russian pre-revolutionary state authorities and society is applicable to modern conditions during local and international military conflicts.

International audience ; The book "Christianisation of the Novgorodian Land in 800-1400 AD" is dedicated to the early stages of Christianity in Russia. The information from the written sources seems unable to cover the process of Christianisation in Russia to the full, which demands active usage of archeo-logical materials. The book in view for the first time presents and analyses the whole variety of items of personal piety relating to IX–XIII centuries and discovered in the burial memorials of the Kievan Russia and the Novgorodian principality.The Introduction declares that the study of the Christianisation of the ancient Russia on the basis of the archeological data requires not only collection, systematisation and analysis of the whole set of Christian antiquities of the medieval Russia (IX–XIII centuries), but also the exposure of all innovations in culture, connected with the dissemination of the new religion.In the view of the research task the author frames himself to the analysis of the data from funeral memorials, as it is the archeology of the burial rite that presents the most informative mate-rial on the early stages of the new ideology formation. For the territory investigated, the Nov-gorodian land of late XIII century was chosen. The territorial approach to the phenomena of the clerical life and Christian culture is in keeping with the standards of the canonical law of the East-ern Church. Novgorod with its neighborhood from the very beginning acts as one of the two centers of the formation of the ancient Russian state, and the history of the Church in Novgorodian land re-flects all the features of the Christianisation of ancient Russia. The features of political and social system in ancient Novgorod, as well as the peculiarities of its history (provided by the active Russian-Finnish contacts) left their imprint on the process of the development of Christian culture in Novgorodian land. As far as the main historical limits are concerned, two dates are accepted: 988 – the Baptism of Russia and the ...

International audience ; The book "Christianisation of the Novgorodian Land in 800-1400 AD" is dedicated to the early stages of Christianity in Russia. The information from the written sources seems unable to cover the process of Christianisation in Russia to the full, which demands active usage of archeo-logical materials. The book in view for the first time presents and analyses the whole variety of items of personal piety relating to IX–XIII centuries and discovered in the burial memorials of the Kievan Russia and the Novgorodian principality.The Introduction declares that the study of the Christianisation of the ancient Russia on the basis of the archeological data requires not only collection, systematisation and analysis of the whole set of Christian antiquities of the medieval Russia (IX–XIII centuries), but also the exposure of all innovations in culture, connected with the dissemination of the new religion.In the view of the research task the author frames himself to the analysis of the data from funeral memorials, as it is the archeology of the burial rite that presents the most informative mate-rial on the early stages of the new ideology formation. For the territory investigated, the Nov-gorodian land of late XIII century was chosen. The territorial approach to the phenomena of the clerical life and Christian culture is in keeping with the standards of the canonical law of the East-ern Church. Novgorod with its neighborhood from the very beginning acts as one of the two centers of the formation of the ancient Russian state, and the history of the Church in Novgorodian land re-flects all the features of the Christianisation of ancient Russia. The features of political and social system in ancient Novgorod, as well as the peculiarities of its history (provided by the active Russian-Finnish contacts) left their imprint on the process of the development of Christian culture in Novgorodian land. As far as the main historical limits are concerned, two dates are accepted: 988 – the Baptism of Russia and the ...