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Award date: 1990 ; Supervisor: A. Cassese ; First made available online 3 September 2015

This article provides a non-technical overview of important results of the game theoretical literature on the formation and stability of international environmental agreements (IEAs) on transboundary pollution control. It starts out by sketching features of first and second best solutions to the problem of transboundary pollution. It then argues that most actual IEAs can be considered at best as third best solutions. Therefore, three questions are raised: 1) Why is there a difference between actual IEAs and first and second best solutions? 2) Which factors determine this difference? 3) Which measures can help to narrow this difference? This article attempts to answer these questions after giving an informal introduction to coalition models.

Defence date: 22 October 1993 ; Supervisor: Antonio Cassese ; The final publication is available on http://link.springer.com

Der Autor stellt verschiedene Tendenzen und Neuerungen in der internationalen Bildungsentwicklung Ende der 1980er/ Anfang der 1990er Jahre dar. Schwerpunkte sind die Länder Frankreich, Großbritannien und Spanien. Während im Falle von Frankreich einerseits einige Förderungsmaßnahmen in der Berufsbildung wie der "credit-formation individualisé" (CFT) und die Vorbereitung eines neuen Berufsbildungsgesetzes sowie Maßnahmen zur Bewältigung der Probleme der Hochschulkapazität (Erhöhung des Bildungshaushaltes, Regionalisierung der Hochschulen durch den Plan "Universités 2000") angesprochen werden, geht es im Falle von Großbritannien vor allem um die Reformvorschläge bezüglich der so genannten "Higher Education" und im Falle von Spanien um den Religionsunterricht an Schulen und die Durchführung eines neuen Hochschulzulassungstests. (DIPF/ssch)

Every page on the Web represents an international publication. A client machine in Germany can easily access a server in Michigan, but the copyright laws in the USA differ in a number of significant ways. This column looks at two specific examples, one where there is a difference in the length of protection, and another where German moral rights legislation gives privileges not found in the US law. Although the examples are German and American, similar differences exist between other legal systems. ; Peer Reviewed

"April 1989." ; Shipping list no.: 89-268-P. ; Caption title. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The study describes and analyzes the structures, the procedures and decision making processes of the International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Evaluation (INFCE). INFCE was agreed by the Organizing Conference to be a technical and analytical study and not a negotiation. The results were to be transmitted to governments for their consideration in developing their nuclear energy policies and in international discussions concerning nuclear energy cooperation and related controls and safeguards.Thus INFCE provided a unique example for decision making by consensus in the nuclear world. It was carried through under mutual respect for each country's choices and decisions, without jeopardizing their respective fuel cycle policies or international co-operation agreements and contracts for the peaceful use of nuclear energy, provided that agreed safeguards are applied.

It has never been clear, however, which circumstances of negotiation and conclusion of international agreements contribute to new rules of customary law. The issues can be appreciated if one goes beyond generalities and explores the relationship of specific agreements to customary law. Such an examination has been facilitated by the American Law Institute's Restatement of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States (Revised) which contains a contemporary review of a wide range of public and private international law topics. This Restatement represents the views of some of the best international law experts of the United States and abroad. It is also an extremely important contribution to the law in its own right. For these reasons, this article will use the Restatement as a starting point for examination of the function served by international agreements in the development of customary law. This examination shows the difficulties that are presented when international agreements are so used. It may be possible, however, to identify some factors which would help to distinguish those agreements which may appropriately give rise to customary international law and those which may not.

There is no international bankruptcy law, but only the national bankruptcy laws of various states. The failure of a multinational firm therefore raises difficult questions of conflict and cooperation among national bankruptcy regimes. Theorists have proposed various reforms to the uncoordinated territorial approach that most states pursue when a multinational firm suffers financial distress. Among these reform proposals, universalism has long been the dominant idea. Under universalism, the bankruptcy regime of the debtor firm's home country would govern, and that regime would have extraterritorial reach to treat all of the debtor's assets and claimants worldwide. Despite its conceptual dominance, universalism has yet to find vindication in any concrete policy enactments. No universalist arrangements exist. While recent challenges to universalism have emerged, the current lively debate over universalism and rival proposals focuses almost exclusively on their comparative efficiencies. This article provides an entirely new perspective. Applying insights from elementary game theory and international relations theory, I show that universalism is politically implausible. Even for states interested in establishing universalist arrangements, they will be unable to do so. They will find themselves caught in a prisoners' dilemma with no ready solution. I conclude therefore that universalism holds only dubious promise as a prescription for international bankruptcy cooperation.

Um die ökologische Effektivität der im Juni 1992 vereinbarten Klimarahmenkonvention und ihrer zukünftige Protokolle sicherzustellen, ist eine Kontrolle der Vertragstreue der Vertragsparteien (Verifikation) nötig. Eine wirksame Verifikation i. e. S. ist aber in dem sich abzeichnenden Klimaregime gegenwärtig und wahrscheinlich auf absehbare Zeit nicht durchzusetzen. Die Hindernisse einer wirksamen Vertragsüberprüfung sind erstens die mangelnde Verifikationseignung der meisten Verifikationsobjekte und zweitens die mangelnde Akzeptanz durch die Vertragsparteien. Ausgangsthese der vorliegenden Analyse ist, daß die unzureichende Akzeptanz als Hindernis von Klimaverifikation durch eine Vorbereitung von Verifikation in den bereits arbeitenden Umweltmeßnetzen umgangen werden kann. Es gibt mehrere Umweltbeobachtungsmeßnetze, die sich mit den Medien Luft und Atmosphäre befassen. Sie sind in ihrer gegenwärtige Gestalt nicht für die Übernahme von Verifikationsaufgaben in der Klimapolitik geeignet. Einzelne Elemente hingegen sind durchaus brauchbar, andere müssen modifiziert oder ausgebaut werden. $\textbf{Technische, organisatorische und wirtschaftliche Aspekte}$ Die $\textbf{Nutzung bestehender LuftmeBnetze spart Ressourcen}$. Denn es kann auf bestehende Einrichtungen sowie auf vorhandene Arbeitskraft und Expertise in Internationalen Organisationen zurückgegriffen werden. Damit werden laufende Kosten und Investitionskosten gespart. Außerdem ist in dem Maße, in dem bestehende Einrichtungen schon genutzt werden können, Zeit gewonnen, die sonst die Anlaufphase von Meßsystemen kennzeichnet. [.]

This comment will demonstrate how discrepancies among product li- ability standards and different interpretations of their application have cre- ated fear and uncertainty in the pharmaceutical industry. This fear has caused distortions in the market, increased costs for both manufacturers and consumers, and chilled the research and development of new products. To combat these problems, this comment proposes that the United States, the European Union, and Japan work together to create a new international, uniform system of product liability for pharmaceutical products. Harmo- nizing the standard of liability for pharmaceuticals among these regimes has proven inadequate to stop inconsistency and uncertainty. This comment proposes the creation of an International Drug Administration (IDA), com- prised of members from different countries that would serve as an interna- tional regulatory agency promulgating registration and development requirements for new drugs on the international market. A special subset of the IDA would serve as an administrative tribunal for liability cases. The IDA tribunal would provide a uniform system of product liability, compen- sating consumers for injury but not punishing manufacturers without fault. Part II of this comment will introduce the current liability standards for pharmaceutical products in the United States, the European Union, and Ja- pan, and will explain how these standards developed and how they differ from each other. Part I will then illustrate how these differences translate into uncertainty and how that uncertainty negatively affects the pharmaceu- tical market. Part IV will introduce the concept of international regulation of the pharmaceutical industry through an IDA. Finally, Part V will explain how this IDA would act as an administrative tribunal for pharmaceutical product liability claims. This system would eliminate inconsistency and uncertainty in product liability and provide a better, more uniform system of product liability for the pharmaceutical industry.

Changes in the role of collective action at the international level, in the international economic environment, and, most importantly, our better understanding of economics in general require that we rethink the role of international financial institutions (IFIs). For multilateral development banks like the World Bank, their central mission, the promotion of growth and the reduction of poverty, is clear. The steps toward fulfilling this mission in a changing world are also relatively clear, and many of these institutions have already begun processes of renewal. But all of the IFIs have, in one way or another, also been involved in crisis management, especially in recent years. Here, future roles are less clear because they depend on the redefinition of the international financial architecture - a redefinition that has been hotly debated, but has not yet crystallised into a shared vision. The theoretical underpinnings - as well as the practical implementation - of alternative visions will require far more development before clarity on a future role will be attained. In this essay, I will address these questions from the perspective of the theory of international public goods, which is a powerful way to organise our thinking both on why we have IFIs in the first place, and the role that they should play in a changing world.

Written by foreign military officers attending the National Defense University at the invitation of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Im September tagt die WTO-Ministerkonferenz in Cancún, viele Probleme der internationalen Handelsordnung sind allerdings noch ungelöst. Wie sieht es mit der weiteren Liberalisierung aus? Wie hat sich der Gebrauch von Schutzinstrumenten entwickelt? Gibt es Anzeichen für eine Regionalisierung des internationalen Handels? Welche Rolle sollte die WTO zukünftig einnehmen?

Internationale Politieke Economie (IPE) is een nieuw vakgebied dat een zekere integratie voorstaat van Internationale Betrekkingen, Internationale Economische Betrekkingen, Politicologie en Bestuurskunde. Het is een terrein dat zich goed leent om de wisselwerking van verschijnselen op subnationaal, nationaal en internationaal niveau te analyseren. Dit artikel geeft een oeverzicht van de recente ontwikkelingen op dit vakgebied en signaleert de mogelijkheden en beperkingen van IPE.