Law, Wai Hin. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-109). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Abstract ; Table of Content ; List of Abbreviation ; Preface ; Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction ; Chapter 1.1 --- Aim of Study ; Chapter 1.2 --- Theoretical approach ; Chapter 1.3 --- Methodology ; Chapter 1.4 --- Significance ; Chapter Chapter Two --- Theory ; Chapter 2.1 --- International Political Economy (IPE) ; Chapter 2.1.1 --- Mainstream IPE ; Chapter 2.1.2 --- New IPE ; Chapter 2.2 --- About theorizing change of the Greater Pearl River Delta ; Chapter 2.3 --- Region ; Chapter 2.3.1 --- Globalization ; Chapter 2.3.2 --- Regional integration ; Chapter 2.3.3 --- Regional integration in East Asia ; Chapter 2.3.4 --- Sub-regional integration in East Asia ; Chapter 2.4 --- National and sub-national Politics and centre-local relation: China ; Chapter 2.5 --- Summary ; Chapter Chapter Three --- Substantive Focus: the integration of the GPRD from the early 1980s to2004 ; Chapter 3.1 --- The integration of Hong Kong/Macau and the Pearl River Delta before ; Chapter 3.2 --- A period of break between 1997-2001 ; Chapter 3.3 --- A new phase of development starting from 2002 ; Chapter Chapter Four --- Evaluation of New International Political Economy ; Chapter Chapter Five --- Conclusion
Yu Hongyuan. ; "January 2004." ; Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. ; Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. ; Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. ; Mode of access: World Wide Web. ; Abstracts in English and Chinese.
by Li Hang-tsang, Steven. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 133-138). ; Abstract also in Chinese. ; List of Tables --- p.i ; List of Charts --- p.iii ; List of Diagrams --- p.iii ; Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.1 --- Global Interaction and Economic Development --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.2 --- Sociological Perspectives of Economic Development --- p.3 ; Chapter 1.3 --- Network Perspective of Global Interaction --- p.7 ; Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives and research Design --- p.9 ; Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.11 ; Chapter 2.1 --- World System Perspective and Global Interaction --- p.11 ; Chapter 2.1.1 --- Classification Scheme of World System Perspective --- p.12 ; Chapter 2.1.2 --- Global Interaction and the Operation of Capitalism --- p.13 ; Chapter 2.2 --- Global Interaction and Economic Development --- p.19 ; Chapter 2.2.1 --- Economic Business Cycle and Economic Development --- p.20 ; Chapter 2.2.2 --- Global Factors and Economic Development --- p.22 ; Chapter 2.2.3 --- Local Factors and Economic Development --- p.24 ; Chapter 2.3 --- Critiques and Limitations of World System Perspective --- p.25 ; Chapter 2.3.1 --- The Limitation of Theory Testing --- p.26 ; Chapter 2.3.2 --- Insufficient Study of Global Interaction --- p.27 ; Chapter (1) --- Interaction Among Core Countries --- p.29 ; Chapter (2) --- Interaction Between Core Country and Semi-Peripheral Country --- p.30 ; Chapter (3) --- Interaction Among Peripheral Countries --- p.31 ; Chapter (4) --- Other Unspecified Interaction --- p.31 ; Chapter 2.3.3 --- The Ignored Facets of Global Interaction --- p.32 ; Chapter (1) --- Interaction Partner --- p.32 ; Chapter (2) --- Interaction Intensity --- p.32 ; Chapter (3) --- The Combined Effect of Interaction Partner and Interaction Intensity --- p.33 ; Chapter 2.4 --- The Network Perspective and New Conception to Global Interaction --- p.35 ; Chapter Chapter 3 --- Conceptual Framework and Hypotheses --- p.39 ...
Hong Kong is clearly within the 'One Country' and this is simply no longer an issue. How the 'Two Systems' can survive, and how they should interact, is the riding question. The substance of mutual legal assistance in general, and extradition — or rendition — in particular, in a domestic context is not necessarily different from that in an international context. Such assistance will be the subject of an agreement between two jurisdictions arrived at through a process of negotiation and agreed upon by both parties. There is no inherent substance in any extradition agreement, international or otherwise. The substance is negotiable depending upon necessity and the parties' political will and political skill. No one party should impose its will on the other. The only question is what are the terms that should go into a rendition agreement between Hong Kong and the Mainland? ; published_or_final_version
by Wong Tze-Kin. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 191-199). ; Abstract also in Chinese. ; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.i ; ABSTRACTS --- p.ii ; LIST OF TABLES AND DIAGRAM --- p.ix ; ABBREVIATIONS --- p.x ; Chapter PART ONE: --- APEC AND THEORIES OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ; CHAPTER ; Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.1 --- Background: the First APEC Meeting in 1989 --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.2 --- Thesis Statement --- p.4 ; Chapter 1.2.1 --- Propositions of Thesis --- p.6 ; Chapter 1.3 --- Conceptual Framework --- p.9 ; Chapter 1.3.1 --- Premises --- p.10 ; Chapter 1.3.2 --- The Political Economy of Globalization and Regionalization --- p.12 ; Chapter 1.3.3 --- International Cooperation and the Differentiation between Strong Regimes and Weak Regimes --- p.14 ; Chapter 1.3.4 --- "Functions of Regimes: Information, Institutional Nesting and Cross Issues-Linkage" --- p.16 ; Chapter 1.4 --- Sources of Materials and Organization of the Study --- p.20 ; Chapter II. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.22 ; Chapter 2.1 --- Concepts of Globalization and Regionalization --- p.22 ; Chapter 2.2 --- Theories of Cooperation Among States --- p.25 ; Chapter 2.2.1 --- Realist Theories --- p.25 ; Chapter 2.2.2 --- Neo-Liberal Institutional ism --- p.27 ; Chapter 2.2.3 --- Remarks --- p.32 ; Chapter 2.3 --- The Study of APEC --- p.33 ; Chapter 2.3.1 --- Objectives of APEC --- p.33 ; Chapter 2.3.2 --- Constraints on APEC --- p.35 ; Chapter 2.3.3 --- Theoretical Implications of APEC --- p.37 ; Chapter 2.4 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.39 ; Chapter PART TWO: --- "INTERDEPENDENCE, INDIVIDUAL VISIONS AND THE BIRTH OF APEC" ; Chapter III. --- THE CREATION OF APEC AND INCENTIVES OF ORIGINAL PLAYERS --- p.40 ; Chapter 3.1 --- Interdependence and the Development of Non-governmental Organizations in the Asia-Pacific Region --- p.40 ; Chapter 3.1.1 --- Historical Development of Non-governmental Organizations --- p.41 ; Chapter 3.1.2 --- Problems of Economic Cooperation in the ...
Lam Kwan Heung. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-137). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese; appendices in English with some Chinese. ; Abstract --- p.ii-iv ; Acknowledgement --- p.v ; Table of Contents --- p.vi ; Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1-6 ; Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.7-22 ; Chapter Chapter 3 --- Research Methods --- p.23-35 ; Chapter Chapter 4 --- An Overview on Hainan --- p.36-46 ; Chapter Chapter 5 --- Framing of Hainan --- p.47-92 ; Chapter ´Ø --- International law and order ; Chapter ´Ø --- U.S. peacekeeping surveillance ; Chapter ´Ø --- Victimized U.S ; Chapter Chapter 6 --- Framing of China --- p.93-125 ; Chapter ´Ø --- China's skewed media ; Chapter ´Ø --- China as a problematic communist state ; Chapter ´Ø --- China as a secretive military power ; Chapter ´Ø --- China's aggression towards Taiwan ; Chapter ´Ø --- China's buying off U.S. politicians ; Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.126-134 ; Bibliography --- p.135-137 ; Appendices --- p.138-182
by Lam Lai Ming, Regina, Tang Oi Tai. ; Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 65-66). ; Questionnaire also in Chinese. ; ABSTRACT --- p.ii ; TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv ; LIST OF TABLES --- p.vi ; LIST OF FIGURES --- p.vii ; ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.ix ; Chapter ; Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 ; Genes and GM Food --- p.1 ; Examples of GM Food Available in the Market --- p.2 ; Potential Benefits and Risks of GM Food --- p.2 ; Scientific Evidence for the Safety of GM Food --- p.5 ; The International Scene of GM Food Labeling System --- p.6 ; Pros and Cons of GM Food Labeling --- p.7 ; Consumers' Perception and Acceptance of GM Food --- p.9 ; Situation in Hong Kong --- p.11 ; Hong Kong Public´ةs Concern --- p.13 ; Chapter II. --- RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY --- p.15 ; Research Objectives --- p.15 ; Methodology --- p.15 ; Research Design --- p.15 ; Questionnaire --- p.16 ; Data Collection --- p.17 ; Data Analysis Method --- p.17 ; Chapter III. --- FINDINGS AND IMPLICATIONS --- p.19 ; General Public's knowledge about / awareness of GM food --- p.19 ; Consumers' Perception and Attitudes towards GM Food and Traditionally Produced Food --- p.22 ; Quality --- p.25 ; Nutritional Value --- p.27 ; Price --- p.29 ; Safety of consumption --- p.31 ; Consumers' Purchasing Behavior --- p.34 ; To evaluate consumers' opinions and reactions to the GM Food labeling system in Hong Kong --- p.40 ; Profiles of the respondents --- p.43 ; Limitations --- p.46 ; Chapter IV. --- RECOMMENDATIONS --- p.48 ; For Government --- p.48 ; For GM Food Manufacturers --- p.50 ; For Suppliers --- p.51 ; APPENDIX --- p.53 ; BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.65
by Chan, Cheuk-Wah. ; Thesis submitted in: August 1997. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Abstract also in Chinese. ; Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- p.1. ; Chapter 1.1.-- --- The main theme ; Chapter 1.2. -- --- Theoretical background ; Chapter 1.2.1. -- --- The proper role of the state in the economy ; Chapter 1.2.2. -- --- Conception of the development state ; Chapter 1.2.3. -- --- Politics of defining the role of the state ; Chapter 1.2.4. -- --- The relative autonomy of the state ; Chapter 1.2.5. -- --- "The ISH Model-- Institutions, Strategic actions of agents, Historical contingencies" ; Chapter 1.2.6. -- --- The ISH Model and the economic dynamics in Hong Kong ; Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- p.22. ; Chapter 2 -- --- "Historical Background, Contingency and International Hurricane (from the mid of 1940s to the mid 1950s)" ; Chapter 2.1. -- --- Introduction ; Chapter 2.2. -- --- Historical background ; Chapter 2.3. -- --- Conflicts between China and the West (Korean War and Cold War) ; Chapter 2.4. -- --- Hong Kong's fluctuating economy and the colonial minimal government ; Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- p.44. ; Chapter 3. --- The Dynamics of the Process of Economic Restructuring and the Strategies of the Industrialists (1950s-60s) ; Chapter 3.1. -- --- Introduction ; Chapter 3.2. -- --- The path of economic restructuring ; Chapter 3.2.1. -- --- Profile of textiles industry ; Chapter 3.2.2.-- --- rofile of clothing industry ; Chapter 3.2.3. -- --- Profile of toys and plastic industry ; Chapter 3.3.-- --- Strategies of the Chinese industrialists ; Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- p.62. ; Chapter 4. --- Hong Kong Government's Role and Selective Interventions in the Economy ; Chapter 4.1. -- --- Introduction ; Chapter 4.2. -- --- Monetary/fiscal policy with colonial bias ; Chapter 4.3. -- --- Housing policy ; Chapter 4.4. -- --- Investment and trade promotion ; Chapter 4.5. -- --- Land and infrastructure development ; Chapter 4.6. -- --- Influences on the prices and ...
So Ka Lok Carol. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 189-200). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction ; Chapter 1.1 --- Research Background --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.2 --- Research Puzzle --- p.4 ; Chapter 1.3 --- Research Questions and Major Thesis --- p.6 ; Chapter 1.4 --- Layout of the Thesis --- p.8 ; Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review and Analytical Framework ; Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.12 ; Chapter 2.2 --- State Feminism and the Stetson and Mazur Model --- p.12 ; Chapter 2.3 --- The Macro Movement Dynamics: Political Opportunities Structure --- p.25 ; Chapter 2.4 --- The Micro Movement Dynamics: Framing Political Opportunities --- p.33 ; Chapter 2.5 --- Analytical Framework --- p.37 ; Chapter 2.6 --- Methodological Orientations --- p.44 ; Chapter Chapter 3 --- Women's Policy Machineries in Hong Kong: A Historical and Structural Overview ; Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.51 ; Chapter 3.2 --- Paving the Road --- p.51 ; Chapter 3.3 --- "The Equal Opportunities Commission: The ""Equality"" Project" --- p.55 ; Chapter 3.3.1 --- Appointment of Members: The Critical but Mysterious Process --- p.57 ; Chapter 3.3.2 --- EOC as Characterized by Investigation and Conciliation --- p.59 ; Chapter 3.4 --- Women's Commission: The Umbrella Organization --- p.60 ; Chapter 3.4.1 --- Actions of WoC --- p.62 ; Chapter 3.4.2 --- Appointment of WoC Members --- p.63 ; Chapter 3.4.3 --- The Structure of WoC: Following the International Pace? --- p.64 ; Chapter 3.4.4 --- Relationship Between EOC and WoC --- p.66 ; Chapter Chapter 4 --- Struggling for a Seat: Participation in the Political Arena ; Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.69 ; Chapter 4.2 --- Gaining an Entrance --- p.70 ; Chapter 4.2.1 --- The Significance of Gaining an Entrance --- p.79 ; Chapter 4.2.2 --- Obstacles in Entering the System --- p.81 ; Chapter 4.3 --- Collaborations and Participations with the System --- p.89 ; Chapter Chapter 5 --- Gender ...
Wu, Ka Ming. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 155-163). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Abstract --- p.i-iii ; Table of Content --- p.iv-v ; Abbreviations --- p.vi ; Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction: Women and Poverty in Hong Kong --- p.1 ; Poor Women: Where and Who are They? ; Research Purpose and Questions ; Research Methodology ; Some Research Reflections ; Chapter Chapter Two --- "Engendering the Question of Poverty: Power in Economy, State and Discourse" --- p.14 ; Women and Development under Economic Globalization ; Working Daughters Getting Old: The Hong Kong Case ; Hong Kong in the International Political Economy ; Poor Women: The Opposition of Workers and Citizens ; Welfare Perspectives: Three Different Theoretical Streams ; The Political Economy of Welfare State ; Feminist Critique of Welfare State ; Poor Women and Welfare Services in Hong Kong ; The Genealogy of Modern Power: Foucault on Power and Discourse ; Discourse Analysis ; Ideology versus Truth ; The Power of Gaze ; The Welfare Cut: The Poor as Objects of State Intervention ; Power/ Knowledge ; Chapter Chapter Three --- poor Women as Product of Economic Development: Changing Role of Hong Kong in the Global Economy --- p.45 ; Changing Role of Hong Kong in the Global Economy ; Poor Women after Economic Restructuring ; Reproductive Work Positions: Sliding Ranks and Salaries ; No Jobs for Poor Mothers ; Working Poor Mothers: Reconciling Paid Work and Family Responsibility ; Familialism and the Incorporation of Women as Labor ; Capitalist Production of Familialism ; The Matron Workers in the 1970s vs the Disabled Women in the 1990s ; Entering the Information Age in the late 1990s: Poor Women and Development ; Conclusion ; Chapter Chapter Four --- "Women, Poverty and the Welfare System in Hong Kong " --- p.72 ; Concern of Hong Kong Social Policy ; The Myth of Lassie-faire in Social Welfare ; Productivity: Philosophy of Hong Kong Social Welfare ; Single Mothers as Study ...
by Chan Tsz Fai. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-136). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; ABSTRACT --- p.iii ; 撮要 --- p.v ; TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.vi ; LIST OF TABLES --- p.x ; Chapter CHAPTER I --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 ; Chapter CHAPTER II --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.6 ; Contemporary IJVs in China --- p.6 ; Prior Analysis of IJV Partnership and Performance --- p.9 ; Definition of JVs Partnership --- p.9 ; Performance --- p.10 ; Relationship between Partnership and Performance --- p.10 ; Japanese Investment in China --- p.12 ; IJVs Problem in China: A Global Perspective --- p.15 ; Cultural Differences --- p.16 ; Language Barrier --- p.18 ; Cross Cultural Negotiation Style --- p.19 ; Management Style --- p.20 ; Government Policies --- p.22 ; Disparate Management Style between Foreign-Chinese IJVs Partnership --- p.23 ; Chinese Enterprises with Foreign Exchange Shortages --- p.25 ; Lack of Strong Technology Base of Chinese Enterprises --- p.26 ; Inadequate Infrastructure Support --- p.31 ; Hong Kong Firms' Advantage in Interconnecting Economic and Socio-Cultural Systems between the East and the West --- p.35 ; The Role of Hong Kong Companies: the Source of Boosting the Competitive Advantage of Future Foreign-Chinese Joint Venture --- p.35 ; Intermediary Organization --- p.37 ; Hong Kong: as an Economic Center for Trade and Investment to China --- p.40 ; The Japan --- p.41 ; China --- p.42 ; "Opportunities, Geographical Location and Human Factors have Brought About Hong Kong's Unique Status and Role in China's Opening Up" --- p.42 ; "Similarity Between Hong Kong, China and The West (Japan)" --- p.43 ; Trade Policy --- p.43 ; Language --- p.44 ; Geographical Proximity --- p.44 ; Infrastructure --- p.45 ; "Similarity in Cultural Systems Between Hong Kong, China and the West" --- p.45 ; Why the Intermediary Organization Formed: The Theory of International Trade in Intermediary Services --- p.50 ; Decentralization and Intermediation --- ...
The Nancy N. Boothe papers, 1980-2009 [bulk 1990-1997], are composed of articles, notes, reports and a wide variety of feminist publications. Much of the material documents the U.N. Fourth World Conference on Women, which Ms. Boothe attended as Executive Director of Atlanta's Feminist Women's Health Center. Artifacts, artwork and textiles relate to the conference and to other women's and health issues. ; Born in Battles Wharf, Alabama (1948), Nancy N. Boothe graduated from the University of South Alabama as a registered nurse (1971). She received a B.S. in nursing from the Medical College of Georgia (1976), and a master's degree in Counseling from Troy State University [Florida Region] (1981). Boothe served in the U.S. Nurse Corps in the U.S. and Korea (1970-1984), and worked as clinical director and consultant at a number of health facilities in Louisiana and Florida. She became Executive Director of the Atlanta Feminist Women's Health Center in 1994. In 1995, she attended the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, China, where she taught the workshop, ""GYN Self-Help."" Boothe has served on the boards of All Women's Health Services in Portland and Eugene, Oregon; the Sexual Assault Center, Atlanta, Georgia; and the Jeanette Rankin Foundation, Athens, Georgia. She is also a member of the Feminist Majority Foundation's ""Women's Commission for Congressional Oversight"" and A.P.D. Citizen Review Panel.; Founded in California in 1971 by Carol Downer (1933-) and Lorraine Rothman (1932-2007), the Feminist Women's Health Center was established to empower women through self-knowledge, education and self-help groups. The Atlanta Feminist Women's Health Center was established in 1977. Its mission is to ""provide accessible, comprehensive gynecological healthcare to all who need it without judgment. As innovative healthcare leaders, [they] work collaboratively within [their] community and nationally to promote reproductive health, rights and justice. [They] advocate for wellness, uncensored health information and fair public policies by educating the larger community and empowering [their] clients to make their own decisions.""; The United Nations convened the Fourth World Conference on Women, September 4-15, 1995, in Beijing, China, with a Platform for Action that aimed at achieving greater equality and opportunity for women. Three previous World Conferences were held in Mexico City (International Women's Year, 1975), Copenhagen (1980) and Nairobi (1985). 189 governments and more than 5,000 representatives from 2,100 non-governmental organizations participated in the Beijing Conference. The principal themes were the advancement and empowerment of women in relation to women's human rights, women and poverty, women and decision-making, the girl-child, violence against women and other areas of concern. The resulting documents of the Conference are The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. The U.N. Fourth World Conference on Women manifested a global women's movement for change and has been called ""the Woodstock of the women's movement.""; The World Conference on Women was also accompanied by an informal meeting (August 30-September 8) of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). This NGO Forum on Women, Beijing '95, brought together thousands of women from around the world to exchange information and ideas, celebrate women's achievements and contributions and draw attention and develop solutions to discrimination facing women world-wide.
The Nancy N. Boothe papers, 1980-2009 [bulk 1990-1997], are composed of articles, notes, reports and a wide variety of feminist publications. Much of the material documents the U.N. Fourth World Conference on Women, which Ms. Boothe attended as Executive Director of Atlanta's Feminist Women's Health Center. Artifacts, artwork and textiles relate to the conference and to other women's and health issues. ; Born in Battles Wharf, Alabama (1948), Nancy N. Boothe graduated from the University of South Alabama as a registered nurse (1971). She received a B.S. in nursing from the Medical College of Georgia (1976), and a master's degree in Counseling from Troy State University [Florida Region] (1981). Boothe served in the U.S. Nurse Corps in the U.S. and Korea (1970-1984), and worked as clinical director and consultant at a number of health facilities in Louisiana and Florida. She became Executive Director of the Atlanta Feminist Women's Health Center in 1994. In 1995, she attended the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, China, where she taught the workshop, ""GYN Self-Help."" Boothe has served on the boards of All Women's Health Services in Portland and Eugene, Oregon; the Sexual Assault Center, Atlanta, Georgia; and the Jeanette Rankin Foundation, Athens, Georgia. She is also a member of the Feminist Majority Foundation's ""Women's Commission for Congressional Oversight"" and A.P.D. Citizen Review Panel.; Founded in California in 1971 by Carol Downer (1933-) and Lorraine Rothman (1932-2007), the Feminist Women's Health Center was established to empower women through self-knowledge, education and self-help groups. The Atlanta Feminist Women's Health Center was established in 1977. Its mission is to ""provide accessible, comprehensive gynecological healthcare to all who need it without judgment. As innovative healthcare leaders, [they] work collaboratively within [their] community and nationally to promote reproductive health, rights and justice. [They] advocate for wellness, uncensored health information and fair public policies by educating the larger community and empowering [their] clients to make their own decisions.""; The United Nations convened the Fourth World Conference on Women, September 4-15, 1995, in Beijing, China, with a Platform for Action that aimed at achieving greater equality and opportunity for women. Three previous World Conferences were held in Mexico City (International Women's Year, 1975), Copenhagen (1980) and Nairobi (1985). 189 governments and more than 5,000 representatives from 2,100 non-governmental organizations participated in the Beijing Conference. The principal themes were the advancement and empowerment of women in relation to women's human rights, women and poverty, women and decision-making, the girl-child, violence against women and other areas of concern. The resulting documents of the Conference are The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. The U.N. Fourth World Conference on Women manifested a global women's movement for change and has been called ""the Woodstock of the women's movement.""; The World Conference on Women was also accompanied by an informal meeting (August 30-September 8) of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). This NGO Forum on Women, Beijing '95, brought together thousands of women from around the world to exchange information and ideas, celebrate women's achievements and contributions and draw attention and develop solutions to discrimination facing women world-wide.