Suchergebnisse

The beginning of XXI century was marked by few events that had influence on international relations in the whole world. Terror attacks in the United States of America in September 11, 2001, were the first such high a big range attacks against the USA. It had shown that the USA – the most powerful state of the world – is vulnerable to more danger, than nuclear weapons alone. After September 11 the USA started war against terrorism in Afghanistan, and many states supported it. However, in spring 2003 the USA unilaterally, without international support, decided to use military power in Iraq, arguing that Iraq possessed potential threat – weapons of mass destruction. Unilateralism, and military and technological differences between the USA and its allies have brought to light a presumption that in the international system there is a single pole, a superpower (hyperpower), the United States of America. The existence of one pole only can have different consequences on international system and international security. The aim of this article was to determine specific features of the unipolar world, influence of polarity of international system upon international security, and specific threats to security that emerge only in unipolar international systems. Another aim was to try to predict the end of the unipolar system: what could be the next poles and when could it come to the end. After analysing a number of articles concerning this topic, few conclusions were drawn. Contemporary international system is unipolar and the single pole is the USA; the USA is superior in military, economic, geopolitical, and political spheres at the same time. Increasing military power and unilateralism of the USA may be treated as a threat to international security. Great powers are trying to balance unipolar power, however, the creation of balance to unipolar power is complicated for several reasons.[.].

The beginning of XXI century was marked by few events that had influence on international relations in the whole world. Terror attacks in the United States of America in September 11, 2001, were the first such high a big range attacks against the USA. It had shown that the USA – the most powerful state of the world – is vulnerable to more danger, than nuclear weapons alone. After September 11 the USA started war against terrorism in Afghanistan, and many states supported it. However, in spring 2003 the USA unilaterally, without international support, decided to use military power in Iraq, arguing that Iraq possessed potential threat – weapons of mass destruction. Unilateralism, and military and technological differences between the USA and its allies have brought to light a presumption that in the international system there is a single pole, a superpower (hyperpower), the United States of America. The existence of one pole only can have different consequences on international system and international security. The aim of this article was to determine specific features of the unipolar world, influence of polarity of international system upon international security, and specific threats to security that emerge only in unipolar international systems. Another aim was to try to predict the end of the unipolar system: what could be the next poles and when could it come to the end. After analysing a number of articles concerning this topic, few conclusions were drawn. Contemporary international system is unipolar and the single pole is the USA; the USA is superior in military, economic, geopolitical, and political spheres at the same time. Increasing military power and unilateralism of the USA may be treated as a threat to international security. Great powers are trying to balance unipolar power, however, the creation of balance to unipolar power is complicated for several reasons.[.].

The beginning of XXI century was marked by few events that had influence on international relations in the whole world. Terror attacks in the United States of America in September 11, 2001, were the first such high a big range attacks against the USA. It had shown that the USA – the most powerful state of the world – is vulnerable to more danger, than nuclear weapons alone. After September 11 the USA started war against terrorism in Afghanistan, and many states supported it. However, in spring 2003 the USA unilaterally, without international support, decided to use military power in Iraq, arguing that Iraq possessed potential threat – weapons of mass destruction. Unilateralism, and military and technological differences between the USA and its allies have brought to light a presumption that in the international system there is a single pole, a superpower (hyperpower), the United States of America. The existence of one pole only can have different consequences on international system and international security. The aim of this article was to determine specific features of the unipolar world, influence of polarity of international system upon international security, and specific threats to security that emerge only in unipolar international systems. Another aim was to try to predict the end of the unipolar system: what could be the next poles and when could it come to the end. After analysing a number of articles concerning this topic, few conclusions were drawn. Contemporary international system is unipolar and the single pole is the USA; the USA is superior in military, economic, geopolitical, and political spheres at the same time. Increasing military power and unilateralism of the USA may be treated as a threat to international security. Great powers are trying to balance unipolar power, however, the creation of balance to unipolar power is complicated for several reasons.[.].

International load transportation by road is one of the most perspectives field for Lithuanian business enterprises, orienting them business to European market. Increasing turnover in load transportation shows not congest market However after Lithuania enter to EU, a competition between transporter and expedition firms will increase. It is necessary to analyze methods how to detaur them business for staying in the competition between local and European transporters. [.].

International load transportation by road is one of the most perspectives field for Lithuanian business enterprises, orienting them business to European market. Increasing turnover in load transportation shows not congest market However after Lithuania enter to EU, a competition between transporter and expedition firms will increase. It is necessary to analyze methods how to detaur them business for staying in the competition between local and European transporters. [.].

International load transportation by road is one of the most perspectives field for Lithuanian business enterprises, orienting them business to European market. Increasing turnover in load transportation shows not congest market However after Lithuania enter to EU, a competition between transporter and expedition firms will increase. It is necessary to analyze methods how to detaur them business for staying in the competition between local and European transporters. [.].

International load transportation by road is one of the most perspectives field for Lithuanian business enterprises, orienting them business to European market. Increasing turnover in load transportation shows not congest market However after Lithuania enter to EU, a competition between transporter and expedition firms will increase. It is necessary to analyze methods how to detaur them business for staying in the competition between local and European transporters. [.].

International load transportation by road is one of the most perspectives field for Lithuanian business enterprises, orienting them business to European market. Increasing turnover in load transportation shows not congest market However after Lithuania enter to EU, a competition between transporter and expedition firms will increase. It is necessary to analyze methods how to detaur them business for staying in the competition between local and European transporters. [.].

International load transportation by road is one of the most perspectives field for Lithuanian business enterprises, orienting them business to European market. Increasing turnover in load transportation shows not congest market However after Lithuania enter to EU, a competition between transporter and expedition firms will increase. It is necessary to analyze methods how to detaur them business for staying in the competition between local and European transporters. [.].

During integration into the European Union the enterprises of Lithuania will have to follow internationally accepted standards and the environmental ones as well. Environmental management systems are onc of moslly used voluntary environmental means. Only 48 Lithuanian enterprises (0,1 percent of all enterprises) have already implemented these systems. In order to facilitate this process an investigation of motivation, utility and difficulties of environmental management system implementation was performed. Lithuanian enterprises that have environmental management systems certificated according to ISO 14001 standards requirements were analyzed. The analysis shows that the reduction of environmental hazards and costs, increase of competitive ability, the requirements of business partners and efforts to improve their image are the main motives of implementing environmental management systems. Lack of knowledge, the absence of an unanimous record methodology of the system implementation and maintenance costs, lack of governmental support and the shortage of financial and technical resources hinder a faster implementation of environmental management systems. It is recommended to Lithuanian organizations to create integrated environmental and quality management system (ISO 14001 and ISO 9001). Lithuanian government supports financially the implementation of this type of systems. It is proposed to government to support the eco-Iabelling of Lithuanian products too, because more than 20 % of examined enterprises are planning to implement environmental certification of their products. It is recommended to create National programme of consumer education. It is advisable to incorporate a provision into Public purchases law, which lets to keep enterprise's environmental and quality management systems and eco-Iabel as a competitive advantage.

During integration into the European Union the enterprises of Lithuania will have to follow internationally accepted standards and the environmental ones as well. Environmental management systems are onc of moslly used voluntary environmental means. Only 48 Lithuanian enterprises (0,1 percent of all enterprises) have already implemented these systems. In order to facilitate this process an investigation of motivation, utility and difficulties of environmental management system implementation was performed. Lithuanian enterprises that have environmental management systems certificated according to ISO 14001 standards requirements were analyzed. The analysis shows that the reduction of environmental hazards and costs, increase of competitive ability, the requirements of business partners and efforts to improve their image are the main motives of implementing environmental management systems. Lack of knowledge, the absence of an unanimous record methodology of the system implementation and maintenance costs, lack of governmental support and the shortage of financial and technical resources hinder a faster implementation of environmental management systems. It is recommended to Lithuanian organizations to create integrated environmental and quality management system (ISO 14001 and ISO 9001). Lithuanian government supports financially the implementation of this type of systems. It is proposed to government to support the eco-Iabelling of Lithuanian products too, because more than 20 % of examined enterprises are planning to implement environmental certification of their products. It is recommended to create National programme of consumer education. It is advisable to incorporate a provision into Public purchases law, which lets to keep enterprise's environmental and quality management systems and eco-Iabel as a competitive advantage.

During integration into the European Union the enterprises of Lithuania will have to follow internationally accepted standards and the environmental ones as well. Environmental management systems are onc of moslly used voluntary environmental means. Only 48 Lithuanian enterprises (0,1 percent of all enterprises) have already implemented these systems. In order to facilitate this process an investigation of motivation, utility and difficulties of environmental management system implementation was performed. Lithuanian enterprises that have environmental management systems certificated according to ISO 14001 standards requirements were analyzed. The analysis shows that the reduction of environmental hazards and costs, increase of competitive ability, the requirements of business partners and efforts to improve their image are the main motives of implementing environmental management systems. Lack of knowledge, the absence of an unanimous record methodology of the system implementation and maintenance costs, lack of governmental support and the shortage of financial and technical resources hinder a faster implementation of environmental management systems. It is recommended to Lithuanian organizations to create integrated environmental and quality management system (ISO 14001 and ISO 9001). Lithuanian government supports financially the implementation of this type of systems. It is proposed to government to support the eco-Iabelling of Lithuanian products too, because more than 20 % of examined enterprises are planning to implement environmental certification of their products. It is recommended to create National programme of consumer education. It is advisable to incorporate a provision into Public purchases law, which lets to keep enterprise's environmental and quality management systems and eco-Iabel as a competitive advantage.

During integration into the European Union the enterprises of Lithuania will have to follow internationally accepted standards and the environmental ones as well. Environmental management systems are onc of moslly used voluntary environmental means. Only 48 Lithuanian enterprises (0,1 percent of all enterprises) have already implemented these systems. In order to facilitate this process an investigation of motivation, utility and difficulties of environmental management system implementation was performed. Lithuanian enterprises that have environmental management systems certificated according to ISO 14001 standards requirements were analyzed. The analysis shows that the reduction of environmental hazards and costs, increase of competitive ability, the requirements of business partners and efforts to improve their image are the main motives of implementing environmental management systems. Lack of knowledge, the absence of an unanimous record methodology of the system implementation and maintenance costs, lack of governmental support and the shortage of financial and technical resources hinder a faster implementation of environmental management systems. It is recommended to Lithuanian organizations to create integrated environmental and quality management system (ISO 14001 and ISO 9001). Lithuanian government supports financially the implementation of this type of systems. It is proposed to government to support the eco-Iabelling of Lithuanian products too, because more than 20 % of examined enterprises are planning to implement environmental certification of their products. It is recommended to create National programme of consumer education. It is advisable to incorporate a provision into Public purchases law, which lets to keep enterprise's environmental and quality management systems and eco-Iabel as a competitive advantage.

Crimes against Humanity is one of the most dynamic categories in the International Criminal Law since it first appearance in the Charter of Nuremberg Military Tribunal in 1945 as an outgrowth of the war crimes. The concept of crimes against humanity in the Charter of Nuremberg Military Tribunal may be characterised by the following elements: crimes shall be carried out towards any civilian population, crimes can be carried out by the civil or military officers or actual agents of the state (policy element), crimes may be committed during the war or in peace time however such crimes requires conjunction with war crimes or crimes against peace. The concept of the crimes against humanity in later sources has developed steadily towards overall protection of fundamental human rights of civil population. First way of development concerns the elements and qualification criteria. First of all the conjunction between crimes against humanity and war crimes has been eliminated. It made crimes against humanity as an independent criminal category. Said development has been affirmed by the Rome Statute of International Criminal Court and were reflected in the Statute of International Criminal Tribunal for the Rwanda (ICTR) and UN Draft Code of Offences Against Peace and Security of Mankind. The jurisprudence of International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) has significantly amended the element of policy. It was established that crimes against humanity may be carried out by the organisation or political group which controls territory and performs civil, military, politic administration de facto as well. The United Nations Draft Code of the Offences Against Peace and Security of Mankind in 1991 has introduced two alternative qualification criteria: requirement of large scale or systematic actions. Large scale (or widespread) criteria has been introduced in order to eliminate an isolated inhumane act committed by a perpetrator acting on his own initiative and directed against a single or couple of victims. According to the said criteria crimes against humanity may be committed only as an massive, frequent, large scale action carried out collectively with considerable seriousness directed against multiplicity of victims. Systematic criteria means that crimes against humanity shall be result of systematic actions as a thoroughly organised and following a regular pattern on the basis of a common policy involving substantial public or private resources. ; Nusikaltimai žmoniškumui yra viena iš dinamiškiausių tarptautinės baudžiamosios teisės kategorijų. Ši sąvoka pirmą kartą buvo pavartota 1945 m. Niurnbergo karo tribunolo įstatuose išplėstiniam karo nusikaltimui įvardyti, tačiau ilgainiui buvo papildoma ir tapo savarankiškesnė. Niurnbergo tribunolo įstatuose pateiktą sąvoką galima apibūdinti šiais požymiais: nusikaltimai žmoniškumui gali būti įvykdyti prieš bet kokius civilius gyventojus tiek taikos, tiek karo metu, juos įvykdyti gali civilinės arba karinės valdžios pareigūnai, arba faktiniai agentai (politikos elementas), jų kvalifikacijai būtina sąsaja su karo nusikaltimais arba nusikaltimais taikai. Nusikaltimų žmoniškumui sąvoka plėtojosi dviem kryptimis. Pirmoji plėtros kryptis apėmė nusikaltimų žmoniškumui požymių ir kvalifikavimo kriterijų pokyčius. Pirmiausia buvo atsisakyta reikalavimo, kad nusikaltimų žmoniškumui kvalifikavimas turi būti siejamas su karo nusikaltimais arba nusikaltimais taikai. Šis pokytis lėmė nusikaltimų žmoniškumui kaip savarankiško nusikaltimo atsiradimą. Šią traktuotę patvirtino ir vėliausias tarptautinės baudžiamosios teisės šaltinis – Tarptautinio baudžiamojo teismo Romos statutas, ji taip pat atsispindėjo Jungtinių tautų nusikaltimų taikai ir žmonijos saugumui kodekso projekte, Tarptautinio tribunolo asmenims, atsakingiems už genocidą ir kitus sunkius tarptautinės humanitarinės teisės pažeidimus Ruandos teritorijoje teisti (Ruandos tribunolo) statute.

The goal of the article – to analyse and accentuate international declarations and conventions aimed at non-university studies and their fluctuation, colleges' evaluation sectors, criteria and indicators that are used for the realisation of the tasks of the Bologna process; evaluate subjective and objective obstacles that hinder international agreements from introducing them into colleges' activity. The subject of the research – the expression of the Bologna process dimensions in the requirements for quality of the activity. Such objectives of the Bologna process as comparability and recognition of qualifications and degrees, establishment of the ECTS system, promotion of international mobility, the concept of lifelong learning, promotion of European dimension in higher education and strengthening of the attraction and competitiveness of the common European higher education area are topical to the activities of colleges. Most of international documents of the Bologna process unexceptionally emphasize the importance of quality while aiming at the implementation of the main objectives of the Bologna process, tasks for aiming at objectives and means directed to tasks. Neither of the main objectives of Bologna – international competitiveness, mobility and employability - is possible to be reached without the reliable system of quality assurance on an institutional, national and international scale. The initiated demand of the Bologna process for developing collectively adopted the criteria and methods of quality assurance in the whole Europe makes the match of procedures of national external quality assessment and assurance between the demands of Bologna a central object in this process, i.e. between European compatibility and transparency, that will make the access to the European labour market easier for students and promote the attraction and competitiveness of European higher education together with collectively adopted systems of quality assurance.