Suchergebnisse

The aim of this study was to describe the historical development of pharmaceutical organisations, their tasks and ability to fulfill them. In the XIXth century a rapid development of the science of pharmacy influenced a need for scientific collaboration. Thus, in 1819 Department of Pharmacy of Vilnius Medical Society was founded by Vilnius chemists. The main directions of the activity of the members of this department were the following: scientific investigations, solution of practical tasks, spreading of pharmaceutical information, popularization of the knowledge of pharmaceutical science. However, a progressive dynamic development of pharmacy was hindered by unfavorable political and economic factors. In 1917, Lithuanians working in Russia united in a "Society of Lithuanian Pharmacists". The operation of the society was concerned with nationality, which was the main and the only direction of activity. There were four pharmaceutical organizations acting in the Independent Republic of Lithuania (1918- 1940). In 1940, after Lithuania's annexation to the USSR, all pharmaceutical professional associations were eliminated. In 1948, Lithuanian Scientific Society of Pharmacists was founded. Despite its professional tasks it had also to proclaim ideological aims. Conclusion. Professional activity was influenced by unfavorable political conditions in the country. Independence of social professional associations was limited by czarist Russia, as well as by Soviet authorities. Department of Pharmacy of Vilnius Medical Society had a great influence upon the progress of pharmacy of that time. Associations acting in the Independent Republic of Lithuania were able to defend their business interests, participate in international activity, deal with the affairs of science, the heritage of the pharmacy, and representation of their profession.

The author examines legal attempts to regulate digital property. By 'digital property' any valuable that is usable or available in electronic form is understood, including computer programs, databases, digital audio and video, etc. Due to authors' own expertise, legal protection of digital property is represented through issues on legal protection of computer programed First part of the assignment accomplished by this article deals with copyright protection of digital property. The article surveys most important international legislation and caee law, ae well as academic opinions on legal regulation of digital property. The significant transformations and differences from traditional principles of Intellectual property law that took place with the rise of digital property are emphasized, together with the challenges brought by digital technology. It is further argued that for the newly established national legal systems, such as Lithuanian, a simple extension of the existing Intellectual property legislation, or mechanical Implantation of foreign laws is not adequate, while the risks are crucial. Careful national approach may be needed in order to achieve socially desirable results and not to prevent establishment of national information economy. The article is conducted ae a result of the research done by the author during the research visit to Donald berman laboratory for Information Technology and Law with the La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia. The author wishes to express his gratitude to Dr. Andrew Stranieri, whose views and thoughts inspired this article, and Dr. John Zeleznikow, whose efforts have made possible this research visit.

The author examines legal attempts to regulate digital property. By 'digital property' any valuable that is usable or available in electronic form is understood, including computer programs, databases, digital audio and video, etc. Due to authors' own expertise, legal protection of digital property is represented through issues on legal protection of computer programed First part of the assignment accomplished by this article deals with copyright protection of digital property. The article surveys most important international legislation and caee law, ae well as academic opinions on legal regulation of digital property. The significant transformations and differences from traditional principles of Intellectual property law that took place with the rise of digital property are emphasized, together with the challenges brought by digital technology. It is further argued that for the newly established national legal systems, such as Lithuanian, a simple extension of the existing Intellectual property legislation, or mechanical Implantation of foreign laws is not adequate, while the risks are crucial. Careful national approach may be needed in order to achieve socially desirable results and not to prevent establishment of national information economy. The article is conducted ae a result of the research done by the author during the research visit to Donald berman laboratory for Information Technology and Law with the La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia. The author wishes to express his gratitude to Dr. Andrew Stranieri, whose views and thoughts inspired this article, and Dr. John Zeleznikow, whose efforts have made possible this research visit.

The problems of socialization and social integration of the contemporary young generation are analysed in the article. Insufficient learning motivation, dissatisfaction in current school life and refusing to go to school, inability to make rational plans for future (learning, career, family, etc.), finding ways how to realize them, and finding ways of socially acceptable living are the topics which are of high importance in many modern countries and in Lithuania too. The aim of the research was to enclose the main methodological premises enabling to optimize current development of human resources in many societies of today. The role of the educational system in the process of socialization is under discussion: could it be in action in future as before, and if the answer is "yes", how it should be developed for more efficient performance? It is decided that we do not have enough personal and social courage and methods for creation of absolutely new system of education up to now. In such case we discuss only about some innovative ways of thinking and restructuring of the existing educational system. The main conclusions of the presented research are the following: permanent changes in societies call for making new goals and content of the socialization process. The countries under political, economical, cultural and educational transition (as Lithuania is) must find new ways creating closer social cooperation between local, national and global levels and different institutions of education. The system of education should be integrated with the social partners and society's institutions in much more extent. Closer ties should be developed among basic education and vocational education, and school, family, local community and the world of work are expected to form new and more efficient connections. Making new strategies for young generation socialization knowledge of various social and humanitarian sciences should be united in much more extent than it used to be, and contribution of economists and politicians is necessary. There is clear need for youth's socialization research and creating of new social structures based on systematic approach in Lithuania. Forms of international cooperation in establishing new models of youth social mobility and employment are mentioned as potentially productive also.

The problems of socialization and social integration of the contemporary young generation are analysed in the article. Insufficient learning motivation, dissatisfaction in current school life and refusing to go to school, inability to make rational plans for future (learning, career, family, etc.), finding ways how to realize them, and finding ways of socially acceptable living are the topics which are of high importance in many modern countries and in Lithuania too. The aim of the research was to enclose the main methodological premises enabling to optimize current development of human resources in many societies of today. The role of the educational system in the process of socialization is under discussion: could it be in action in future as before, and if the answer is "yes", how it should be developed for more efficient performance? It is decided that we do not have enough personal and social courage and methods for creation of absolutely new system of education up to now. In such case we discuss only about some innovative ways of thinking and restructuring of the existing educational system. The main conclusions of the presented research are the following: permanent changes in societies call for making new goals and content of the socialization process. The countries under political, economical, cultural and educational transition (as Lithuania is) must find new ways creating closer social cooperation between local, national and global levels and different institutions of education. The system of education should be integrated with the social partners and society's institutions in much more extent. Closer ties should be developed among basic education and vocational education, and school, family, local community and the world of work are expected to form new and more efficient connections. Making new strategies for young generation socialization knowledge of various social and humanitarian sciences should be united in much more extent than it used to be, and contribution of economists and politicians is necessary. There is clear need for youth's socialization research and creating of new social structures based on systematic approach in Lithuania. Forms of international cooperation in establishing new models of youth social mobility and employment are mentioned as potentially productive also.

The subject of the final Master work is about emblematic gestures. The paper aims to analyze and to indicate change of emblematic gestures comparing their usage in different generations. The main tasks carried out in the work are to analyze theoretically and empirically verified data about emblematic gestures, their relationship with verbal code and culture as such, use and change specific features; After doing empirical study interview – the paper also aims to establish and to evaluate differences of emblematic gestures, their usage and their meaning in different generations; to show how emblematic gestures have changed in Lithuania due to last two decades. There are carried out thesis – emblematic gestures change as changes culture in which they are used and comparing emblematic gestures used in different generations, we can make inferences about their change. In order to ground thesis, theoretical data was collected and empirical research was held. The analysis of scientific literature had showed that most of emblematic gestures are cultural borrowings and that their changes in visual form and meaning are influenced by culture. Emblematic gestures as oral language are elements of culture. They are creation and usage in everyday talk. The meaning and form that they gain are influenced by the processes of cultural change and development: creation of material and spiritual values, processes of cultural integration, nivelation, assimilation also the change of political, economical, social context change. As these processes are held new emblems are created or emblems that already exits are transferred from culture to culture. Data from empirical investigation (interview) shows that in different generations different gestures are used, and that they may acquire different meanings. Research also reveals that young tend to use more emblematic gestures. Summarizing the theoretical and empirical data showed that the emblem gestures are sufficiently conservative by nature, as well as oral language is changing quite quickly, in time enough to change two generations of people Master's thesis may be valuable for the students of social and human sciences, especially for international communication, philology, cultural practitioners and researchers. The work contains material that can help to improve intercultural nonverbal communication competence.

The subject of the final Master work is about emblematic gestures. The paper aims to analyze and to indicate change of emblematic gestures comparing their usage in different generations. The main tasks carried out in the work are to analyze theoretically and empirically verified data about emblematic gestures, their relationship with verbal code and culture as such, use and change specific features; After doing empirical study interview – the paper also aims to establish and to evaluate differences of emblematic gestures, their usage and their meaning in different generations; to show how emblematic gestures have changed in Lithuania due to last two decades. There are carried out thesis – emblematic gestures change as changes culture in which they are used and comparing emblematic gestures used in different generations, we can make inferences about their change. In order to ground thesis, theoretical data was collected and empirical research was held. The analysis of scientific literature had showed that most of emblematic gestures are cultural borrowings and that their changes in visual form and meaning are influenced by culture. Emblematic gestures as oral language are elements of culture. They are creation and usage in everyday talk. The meaning and form that they gain are influenced by the processes of cultural change and development: creation of material and spiritual values, processes of cultural integration, nivelation, assimilation also the change of political, economical, social context change. As these processes are held new emblems are created or emblems that already exits are transferred from culture to culture. Data from empirical investigation (interview) shows that in different generations different gestures are used, and that they may acquire different meanings. Research also reveals that young tend to use more emblematic gestures. Summarizing the theoretical and empirical data showed that the emblem gestures are sufficiently conservative by nature, as well as oral language is changing quite quickly, in time enough to change two generations of people Master's thesis may be valuable for the students of social and human sciences, especially for international communication, philology, cultural practitioners and researchers. The work contains material that can help to improve intercultural nonverbal communication competence.

While the department of social pedagogics was participating in the international TEMPUS project from 1995 to 1998, the experiments related to the need of social teachers and possibilities of professional functions and questions of professional preparation were held in Klaipėda region. The results of these experiments led to such the following conclusions: 1. All teachers need knowledge and experience of social work. Social teacher who is totally prepared and has obtained practical work experience is significantly needed not only for child care organizations but also for secondary education schools. Similarities and differences of class teacher's and social teacher's activities were observed during the experiments and the possibilities of social teachers successful activities at secondary schools were analysed. 2. While preparing social teachers for educational and child care institutions, specialization is essential as well as specification of their meetings with different educational and care organizations. Special formation of the skills of social activities is essential for future social workers. Work practice, non-formal students' activities and volunteers' work could help to establish this process. Course in the social work for preparation of social workers for educational institutions have to be closely related with practice. 3. It is necessary to evaluate norms of government social and educational institutions. (Extremely formal contacts between these institutions, with only occasional communications, as well as no interest or no care about further child's fortune were identified). 4. Until now, little attention has been given to family problems in Lithuania. It is necessary to develop the initiatives and enthusiasm of future teachers. They need to be able fundamentally to help the child and the family, to reduce and eliminate the reasons for problems occurring. Future teachers need to take initiative and responsibility while creating social projects and implementing them. It is essential to develop the process of selection for future professionals in social pedagogics. Future social teachers need to have clear features of honesty, social skills and work experience. Therefore when accepting students to the social worker's profession, not only the marks of their secondary school diploma should be considered but also personal characteristics and experience.

While the department of social pedagogics was participating in the international TEMPUS project from 1995 to 1998, the experiments related to the need of social teachers and possibilities of professional functions and questions of professional preparation were held in Klaipėda region. The results of these experiments led to such the following conclusions: 1. All teachers need knowledge and experience of social work. Social teacher who is totally prepared and has obtained practical work experience is significantly needed not only for child care organizations but also for secondary education schools. Similarities and differences of class teacher's and social teacher's activities were observed during the experiments and the possibilities of social teachers successful activities at secondary schools were analysed. 2. While preparing social teachers for educational and child care institutions, specialization is essential as well as specification of their meetings with different educational and care organizations. Special formation of the skills of social activities is essential for future social workers. Work practice, non-formal students' activities and volunteers' work could help to establish this process. Course in the social work for preparation of social workers for educational institutions have to be closely related with practice. 3. It is necessary to evaluate norms of government social and educational institutions. (Extremely formal contacts between these institutions, with only occasional communications, as well as no interest or no care about further child's fortune were identified). 4. Until now, little attention has been given to family problems in Lithuania. It is necessary to develop the initiatives and enthusiasm of future teachers. They need to be able fundamentally to help the child and the family, to reduce and eliminate the reasons for problems occurring. Future teachers need to take initiative and responsibility while creating social projects and implementing them. It is essential to develop the process of selection for future professionals in social pedagogics. Future social teachers need to have clear features of honesty, social skills and work experience. Therefore when accepting students to the social worker's profession, not only the marks of their secondary school diploma should be considered but also personal characteristics and experience.

The transition processes in post-soviet area show the lack of knowledge and experiences in conflict resolution, when the authorities, the organisations and individuals have to solve the controversial problems as well as conflicts of interests and values. The first part of the article represents the scope of ideas and practices of conflict resolution and conciliation in international relations. The actions of the Security Council of the UNO and some agreements of the European Conference for Security and Co-operation have been surveyed as having sense of peace-keeping, peace-making and peace-building. In the process of European integration some political and legal mechanisms were approved with the mean to conciliate controversities between the members and candidates of the EU. Using them the European Community functions as a whole, and the process of joining new members is sequent and progressive. The philosophy and experience of conflict resolution and conciliation is applicable in many cases of the states internal affairs. In the next part of the article the author examines applications and development of conciliation procedures in social life of Lithuania. One of such examples is three parts roundtable between representatives of governmental bodies, employers and trade unions on issues of social politics, unemployment, payment etc. developing the rules and incentives for strengthening the culture of conflict resolution in social life serves the new democracy. The next direction in which conciliation and conflict resolution has been used is third party participation in community and family conflicts. Several projects on mediation have been accomplished in Lithuania. They were aimed to train mediators and to educate individuals in what circumstances they may be served by mediators. The author examines in which way peace-making procedures can be used in public administration. The Lithuanian laws regulate some principles of administrating to avoid or prevent disputes between the governmental bodies and the citizen and interest groups as well as (for example one-window rule in servicing the applicator). Lithuania as other post-communist countries has to develop the culture of conflict resolution and conciliation to ensure social and communal stability. ; Transformaciniuose procesuose, kuriuos mes išgyvename, išryškėjo žmonių ir organizacijų, verslo įmonių, valdžios institucijų bendravimo ir bendradarbiavimo, gebėjimo spręsti sudėtingus ir prieštaringus klausimus problemiškumas, vertybių ir interesų konfliktų prevencijos ir valdymo aktualumas. Straipsnyje pristatoma konfliktų sprendimo ir taikinamosios veiklos idėjų ir praktinio patyrimo raida pasaulyje. Apžvelgiamos tos mūsų gyvenimo sritys, kur pradeda rastis kryptinga taikinamoji veikla, svarstomos tolesnės plėtotės galimybės, ypač kreipiant dėmesį į žmogaus santykius su kitais ir į viešąjį administravimą.