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Abstract: In the first place, we will refer to the current conceptions of international development and in particular to the human development approach, showing the contribution that a spiritually ori- ented approach to development can make especially in relation to the latter. Second, after defin- ing the meaning of the sphere of spiritual values in relation to development as a fundamentally qualitative dimension, we will describe the capacities of reflexivity and relationality as the two main means by which the former can be accessed. Third, we will present the different actors and spheres involved in a spiritually oriented international development, emphasizing that this approach understands the sphere of spiritual values as an open domain that penetrates and influ- ences market, government, family, society, culture and religious spheres. Fourth, we will offer some examples of current practices that seek to promote a spiritually oriented international development. Finally, we will make conclusions, including problems and challenges that today presents a spiritually oriented approach to international development.

Resumen: La seguridad internacional es algo más que la ausencia de inseguridad e inestabilidad en las relaciones entre agentes sociales tanto nacionales como internacionales. Como "bien relacional" presupone una serie de condiciones para poder darse.Palabras clave: Seguridad, concepciones de la seguridad, seguridad nacional, seguridad militar, seguridad económica, desarrollo humano.Abstract: Originally, international security was conceived in a restrictive sense as national, state, or military security. Different circumstances, events, and the theorizing about them, however, have led to broaden and to deepen the conception of it.Keywords: Security, security conception, national security, militar security, economic security, human development.

The essential University missions are the education and the research. This last one is able to generate new knowledge an inovation for the companies. The economic competition between the European Union and advanced and underdeveloped countries is a permanent challenge.To take it up, the European Union has created the European Research Area as a structuring tool for the research coming from the european countries.The financing of collaborative international research project by the seventh Framework Programme encourage the searchers of various laboratories to collaborate.Like Europe, the states, the institutes define their international research policy. If the international experiences of such institutes is an element of reseachers progress, it is also an opportunity of freedom for their job. ; Les principales missions de l'Université sont la formation et la recherche. Cette dernière est source de nouvelles connaissances et d'innovation pour les entreprises. La compétition économique que livre l'Union Européenne aux pays développés et les pays en émergence est un défi permanent.Pour répondre à ce challenge, l'Union Européenne s'est engagée dans un processus de structuration et de mutualisation de la recherche des pays membres au sein de l'Espace Européen de la Recherche. En finançant par l'intermédiaire du 7ème programme cadre des projets communs de recherche, l'Union Européenne incite les chercheurs à se regrouper pour collaborer.A l'instar de l'Europe, les Etats, les institutions diverses définissent leur politique de relations internationales en recherche.Si l'ouverture internationale est un élément de progrès et d'épanouissement pour le chercheur, c'est aussi un espace de liberté pour son travail.

Thucydides is considered to be the founder of political realism. Even in those times he determined the basic premises of realism - security and survival. He made an impact on subsequent development of realism embodied in the works of Machiavelli, Hobbes, Morgenthau, Car, Niebuhr, Aaron, Waltz etc. They will call the system of international relations as anarchical one since there is no supreme arbitrator which will force states to adequate behaviour. His views of realism were given in the volume 'The Peloponnesian War' where he had determined the anarchy of the relationships among states. Such system did not rely on justice and morale, but force and power were the predominant facts. He also introduces the category of just wars by claiming that Sparta led a just war against the increased power of Athens, and observed morale principles. Nevertheless, Thucydides faces contradictory, since Sparta itself as the largest land force of that time had to use force in order to beat Athens. He went ahead since he considered force and power as a necessary condition to achieve other objectives, which was later on adopted by Raymond Aaron. Following the example of the war between Athens and Sparta, he successfully analysed bipolar system of balance of power in which the conflict between the leading members of the two opposite blocks was possible in the end, while beforehand there should have been conflicts among weaker members of both blocks. Thucydides explained the manifestation of force and power using example of the Melian dialogue between the envoys of Athens and Melos. It was about the pure politics of force of Athens regardless of the fact that Melos had its independence.

URL del artículo en la web de la Revista: https://www.upo.es/revistas/index.php/ripp/article/view/1861 ; Es reseña de: Democracy and International Law. The Library of Essays in International law Richard Burchill (coord.) Ashgate Publishing Company, 2006 ; Universidad Pablo de Olavide

The social support an individual receives influences his or her state of physical and mental health. Intimate relationships (family and friends) are the greatest source of social support and, among them, the partner plays a critical role in providing aid. The economic crisis we are experiencing since 2008 has shown the relevance of personal networks to provide help and is testing the extent of solidarity among families and friends. In Southern countries families are playing an important role to assist their less fortunate members. This paper focuses on people in couples and analyzes whether there are international differences in the role of the partner and the parents as providers of support. The analysis applies Esping-Andersen's classification of welfare regimes to study to whom one turns when one needs domestic, economic, or emotional help. The database used is the module on social support, "Social Relations and Support Systems (Social Network II)" of the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), performed in 2001. Specifically, we have chosen national samples (of individuals over 18 years of age) of people with a stable partner (married or living together), from Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, East and West Germany, Great Britain, Italy, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, and the United States. We confirm that people in liberal and social democratic countries turn more to elective relationships such as partner and friends, while people in conservative and Mediterranean countries seek support in parents. ; Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Transparency International, la organización global contra la corrupción, repudia categóricamente el uso de dispositivos de espionaje contra la sociedad civil y los actos de intimidación política en El Salvador, incluidos los dirigidos contra su capítulo nacional en el país, la Fundación Nacional para el Desarrollo (FUNDE), y exige que se realice una investigación de todas las escuchas telefónicas ilegales.

Cover -- Índice -- Prefacio -- Resumen ejecutivo -- 1. Un repunte generalizado del crecimiento a escala mundial y perspectivas para Estados Unidos y Canadá -- Repunte generalizado -- Perspectivas a mediano plazo inclinadas a la baja -- Riesgos crecientes -- Reorientación de las políticas hacia prioridades de mediano plazo -- Perspectivas para Estados Unidos: Crecimiento superior al de su potencial, pero con mayores riesgos -- Canadá: Nuevamente en un sendero de crecimiento constante -- Referencia -- 2. Perspectivas para América Latina y el Caribe: La combinación adecuada de políticas para sustentar la recuperación -- La recuperación cobra ímpetu -- Riesgos para las perspectivas -- Prioridades de política -- América del Sur -- México, América Central, Panamá y la República Dominicana -- El Caribe -- Anexo 2.1. Aclaración acerca de los datos de Argentina y Venezuela -- Referencias -- 3. Credibilidad, comunicación y prociclicidad de la política monetaria en América Latina -- Credibilidad del banco central y carácter cíclico de la política monetaria -- Transparencia y credibilidad del banco central -- Comunicaciones de los bancos centrales: De cantidad a calidad -- Conclusiones para las políticas -- Anexo 3.1. Modelo de vectores autorregresivos con datos de panel y metodología -- Anexo 3.2. Construcción del índice de "tono" -- Referencias -- 4. Multiplicadores fiscales: El impacto de la consolidación en América Latina y el Caribe -- La problemática búsqueda de un indicador de las medidas fiscales -- Los efectos macroeconómicos de las consolidaciones fiscales en América Latina y el Caribe -- Implicaciones para las políticas -- Anexo 4.1. Detalles técnicos -- Referencias -- 5. Pobreza y desigualdad en América Latina: Avances durante el boom de las materias primas, pero perspectivas inciertas

Abstract: Contemporary international society is characterized, among other elements, by its progressive humanization, which situates human beings at the centre of all international concerns. This conceptual approach, and the capacity of global health to situate itself transversally across multiple dimensions, means that health is a material domain that can become a central axis of international action and of International Law. In this paper are discussed, fi rstly, the international notion of health and its global character in a globalized world; secondly, are analysed certain key aspects concerning health as an object of cooperation and international regulation, particularly as it involves the United Nations and the World Health Organization (WHO). Finally, are presented some of the principal substantive dimensions of current international action in matters of global health. Keywords : Global Health; United Nations; World Health Organisation; foreign policy; epidemic outbreaks; social determinants of health. ; Derecho Internacional y Salud Global: una panorámica Resumen: La sociedad internacional contemporánea se caracteriza, entre otros elementos, por su progresiva humanización, que ha situado a los seres humanos en el centro de todas las preocupaciones internacionales. Este planteamiento conceptual y la misma capacidad de la salud global para situarse transversalmente en múltiples dimensiones configuran a la salud como un ámbito material que puede convertirse en un eje central de la actuación internacional y del Derecho Internacional. En este artículo se presenta, en primer lugar, una aproximación a la noción internacional de salud y a su carácter global en un mundo globalizado; en segundo lugar, se analizan algunos aspectos clave en relación con la salud como objeto de cooperación y regulación internacional, en particular en torno a las Naciones Unidas y a la acción de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS); por último, se formula una rápida presentación de algunas de las principales dimensiones sustantivas de la actual actuación internacional en materia de salud global. Palabras clave: Salud global; Naciones Unidas; Organización Mundial de la Salud; política exterior; brotes epidémicos; determinantes sociales de la salud. ; Le Droit internacional et la santé mondiale : un aperçu Résumé: La société internationale contemporaine est caractérisée, entre autres éléments, pour leur humanisation progressive, qui a placé l'être humain au centre de toutes les préoccupations internationales. Cette approche conceptuelle et la même capacité de la santé mondiale à être placé transversalement dans des multiples dimensions confi gure la santé comme un domaine matériel qui peut devenir une pièce maîtresse de l'action internationale et du droit international. Cet article présente, en premier lieu, une approche à la notion de santé internationale et sa nature global dans un monde globalisé; deuxièmement, sont discutés certains aspects référées à la santé comme un objet pour la coopération et la réglementation internationale, en particulier autour de l'Organisation des Nations Unies et de l'action de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS); enfin, on fait une brève présentation de certaines des principales dimensions de fond de l'action internationale actuelle autour de la santé mondiale. Mots clés: Santé mondiale ; Nations Unies ; Organisation mondiale de la Santé ; politique extérieur ; flambées épidémiques ; déterminants sociaux de la santé.

It is imperative to clarify the terminology related to the concept of public policy, properly demarcate the principle and define specific guidelines for its application and its different branches, according to the preponderant regulations in the world, emblematic awards and prevalent legal precepts. There is a current theory that distinguishes between local public policy and international public policy. The first is wider than the latter. While domestic public policy is based on local and distitntive fundamental notions of morality and justice derived from the legal and political culture of a nation, the international public policy is accepted by the international community. The public policy can be substantive law or procedural law. The methodology used is documentary. ; È imperativo chiarire la terminologia relativa al concetto di ordine pubblico, delimitare opportunamente il principio e stabilire specifiche linee guida per la sua applicazione e le sue differenti derivazioni, attenendosi alle normative preponderanti nel mondo, decisioni e lodi emblematici e alle impostazioni dottrinarie prevalenti. Si riscontra una corrente teorica che distingue fra ordine pubblico locale e ordine pubblico internazionale. Il primo è più ampio del secondo. Mentre l'ordine pubblico locale si basa sulle fondamentali e distitntive nozioni di moralità e giustizia derivate dalla cultura giuridica e politica di una nazione, l'ordine pubblico internazionale è quello accettato dalla comunità internazionale. L'ordine pubblico può avere carattere sostanziale o processuale. La metodologia usata è di natura documentale.

La presencia en España de unos 35.000 voluntarios, reclutados por la Tercera Internacional, consiguió que ciudadanos de más de 53 países cooperaran con el Ejército Popular de la República durante la Guerra Civil. La historia de las Brigadas ha generado desde 1996 a esta fecha una literatura en rápido crecimiento. Las Brigadas Internacionales se han estudiado desde muchas perspectivas. Este artículo aborda el amplio panorama de libros desglosándolos en seis áreas. Hemos referenciado 168 títulos publicados entre 2006 y 2013 y los hemos analizado estadísticamente desde el punto de vista de su idioma, lugar de aparición, año y temática principal. En lo que se refiere al idioma un 73% se escribieron en español, un 10% en inglés, un 5% en catalán, un 4% en italiano, un 4% en francés y un 4% en otras lenguas. Un 82% aproximadamente se publicaron en España y solo 18% en el extranjero. Por fechas, en el año 2009 tuvo lugar el volumen de producción más amplio. Por temas, el porcentaje más elevado lo componen las biografías y memorias. Le siguen el lugar de origen de cada Brigada, aspectos militares generales y las batallas más importantes. A los 75 años casi del final de la Guerra Civil el fenómeno de las Brigadas Internacionales y su significado está más presente que nunca. No solo se ha escrito un considerable número de libros sino que también se han organizado actividades tales como proyecciones de películas y exposiciones para rendir homenaje a los voluntarios extranjeros que vinieron a España a luchar contra Franco. ; The presence in Spain of some 35,000 volunteers recruited by the Third International, led to citizens of more than 53 countries fighting alongside the Republican Army during the Civil War. The history of the International Brigades has generated a rapidly growing literature from 1996 up to now. The International Brigades have been examined from a great many different perspectives. This article examines the large corpus of work according to six subjects. We have collected 168 titles published between 2006 and 2013 and analysed them statistically according to language, place, date and principal topics. Regarding language, 73% are written in Spanish, 10% in English, 5% in Catalan, 4% in Italian, 4% in French and 4% in other languages. Approximately 82% were published in Spain and only 18% abroad. As to date of publication, 2009 was the most prolific year. Considering research topics, the highest percentage goes to biographies and memoirs, followed by works examining the country of origin of each Brigade, general military matters and the most important battles. Almost 75 years later, the phenomenon of the International Brigades and what they mean is more alive than ever. Not only has there been a large number of publications , but a great number of activities have also been launched, such as films or exhibitions paying tribute to the volunteers who came to Spain to fight against Franco.