Suchergebnisse

"International Law and International Relations" published on by Oxford University Press.

Is there an intersection between the application of Public International Law with the political conduction of international relations? Should International Law, International Order and International Rules be redefined? How can such an intersection be found? The investigation seeks to extrapolate new definitions and an International Law axiom by utilizing sundry approaches to the state of the question which is properly laid out as well as some terms defined previous to the discussion by utilizing "approaches." The investigation is carried out by using the Cartesian method or that of Descartes and followers and the formal and material logical structures. Eventually new definitions and an axiom by extrapolating analyses categories are laid out. Hence, approaches such as the "legalistic" one, the "natural law" one, the "religious," the "extra-legal" one, the "eclectic" one, the "effective" one and the "UN proposed" one are analyzed in-depth upon observing the experience and current factual situation even though noting that those approaches are neither mutually exclusive nor "pure," but representative as the examples supporting them show. The paper's bottom line is no other than zeroing in on one of the oldest of International Law's wounds: That of its effectiveness. But by pointing out various moot points and by reflecting on the different reality stages, one can conclude that the material mission of the law as well as the aims of international order are eventually attained. Nonetheless in concluding and setting out the axioms and new definitions, the existing political power within a democratic framework should not be overlooked as the praxis of International Law meets that of international power to form then a juxtaposition. So, regardless of some international instruments being deemed as substantial law, one has to ask whether what the international community calls "breaking of law," is rather a breaking of procedures or adjective mandates. ; ¿Existe un punto de equilibrio o balance entre lo que es la aplicación del derecho internacional público y el manejo político de las relaciones internacionales? ¿Deben los conceptos de Derecho Internacional, Orden Internacional y Reglas Internacionales ser redefinidos? ¿Cómo se puede encontrar un punto de equilibrio? Esta investigación busca la extrapolación de nuevas definiciones y de un axioma de Derecho Internacional utilizando para ello varias aproximaciones al estado de la cuestión que es presentada así como términos previamente definidos en forma anterior al inicio de la discusión que utiliza las denominadas "aproximaciones." La investigación se lleva a cabo usando el método cartesiano y las estructuras de la lógica formal y material. Al final, nuevas definiciones y un axioma son presentadas usando para ello distintas categorías de análisis. Así, "aproximaciones" como la "religiosa o teocrática," o la "extra-legal," o la "legalista," o la "efectiva," o la del "derecho natural," la "ecléctica," la del "deber ser" y finalmente la "efectiva" son analizadas en profundidad a través de la observación de la experiencia y la situación actual, aun cuando haciendo notar que dichas aproximaciones no son mutuamente excluyentes, no tampoco "puras," pero sí representativas como los ejemplos que las soportan muestran. La idea subyacente de la investigación no es otra que centrarse en uno de los temas más importantes del derecho internacional: su efectividad. Pero al señalar varios puntos de discusión y a través de la reflexión de los diferentes escenarios reales, se puede concluir que la misión material del derecho internacional al final se cumple. No obstante, al concluir y al trazar el axioma y nuevas definiciones, no puede olvidarse el poder político existente dentro de un marco democrático por cuanto la praxis del derecho internacional se encuentra con la del poder internacional para formar una intersección. De tal manera, que independientemente de que algunos instrumentos internacionales se tengan como norma sustantiva, debe preguntarse uno si lo que la comunidad internacional llama "violación del derecho" no es una pero de meras reglas adjetivas.

"The International System–International Society Distinction" published on by Oxford University Press.

Is there an intersection between the application of Public International Law with the political conduction of international relations? Should International Law, International Order and International Rules be redefined? How can such an intersection be found? The investigation seeks to extrapolate new definitions and an International Law axiom by utilizing sundry approaches to the state of the question which is properly laid out as well as some terms defined previous to the discussion by utilizing "approaches." The investigation is carried out by using the Cartesian method or that of Descartes and followers and the formal and material logical structures. Eventually new definitions and an axiom by extrapolating analyses categories are laid out. Hence, approaches such as the "legalistic" one, the "natural law" one, the "religious," the "extra-legal" one, the "eclectic" one, the "effective" one and the "UN proposed" one are analyzed in-depth upon observing the experience and current factual situation even though noting that those approaches are neither mutually exclusive nor "pure," but representative as the examples supporting them show. The paper's bottom line is no other than zeroing in on one of the oldest of International Law's wounds: That of its effectiveness. But by pointing out various moot points and by reflecting on the different reality stages, one can conclude that the material mission of the law as well as the aims of international order are eventually attained. Nonetheless in concluding and setting out the axioms and new definitions, the existing political power within a democratic framework should not be overlooked as the praxis of International Law meets that of international power to form then a juxtaposition. So, regardless of some international instruments being deemed as substantial law, one has to ask whether what the international community calls "breaking of law," is rather a breaking of procedures or adjective mandates. ; ¿Existe un punto de equilibrio o balance entre lo que es la aplicación del derecho internacional público y el manejo político de las relaciones internacionales? ¿Deben los conceptos de Derecho Internacional, Orden Internacional y Reglas Internacionales ser redefinidos? ¿Cómo se puede encontrar un punto de equilibrio? Esta investigación busca la extrapolación de nuevas definiciones y de un axioma de Derecho Internacional utilizando para ello varias aproximaciones al estado de la cuestión que es presentada así como términos previamente definidos en forma anterior al inicio de la discusión que utiliza las denominadas "aproximaciones." La investigación se lleva a cabo usando el método cartesiano y las estructuras de la lógica formal y material. Al final, nuevas definiciones y un axioma son presentadas usando para ello distintas categorías de análisis. Así, "aproximaciones" como la "religiosa o teocrática," o la "extra-legal," o la "legalista," o la "efectiva," o la del "derecho natural," la "ecléctica," la del "deber ser" y finalmente la "efectiva" son analizadas en profundidad a través de la observación de la experiencia y la situación actual, aun cuando haciendo notar que dichas aproximaciones no son mutuamente excluyentes, no tampoco "puras," pero sí representativas como los ejemplos que las soportan muestran. La idea subyacente de la investigación no es otra que centrarse en uno de los temas más importantes del derecho internacional: su efectividad. Pero al señalar varios puntos de discusión y a través de la reflexión de los diferentes escenarios reales, se puede concluir que la misión material del derecho internacional al final se cumple. No obstante, al concluir y al trazar el axioma y nuevas definiciones, no puede olvidarse el poder político existente dentro de un marco democrático por cuanto la praxis del derecho internacional se encuentra con la del poder internacional para formar una intersección. De tal manera, que independientemente de que algunos instrumentos internacionales se tengan como norma sustantiva, debe preguntarse uno si lo que la comunidad internacional llama "violación del derecho" no es una pero de meras reglas adjetivas.

"International Cooperation Theory and International Institutions" published on by Oxford University Press.

My subject today is "International Organizations and Customary International Law"--that is, the role of international organizations in relation to the formation and determination of rules of customary international law. Charney devoted a good part of his well-known article on "Universal International Law" to what he termed "contemporary international law-making." By that, he meant chiefly law-making within "international forums"--that is, within organs of international organizations and at international conferences. He starts the discussion from the somewhat heretical position that "[w]hile customary law is still created in the traditional way, that process has increasingly given way in recent years to a more structured method, especially in the case of important normative developments. Rather than state practice and "opinio juris," multilateral forums often play a central role in the creation and shaping of contemporary international law." Charney's conclusions, however, are perhaps not as radical as his premise. He acknowledged that "[s]ome may question the authority to legislate universally, even in the face of some dissent, because it appears to be inconsistent with the sovereignty and autonomy of states. Such apprehension is not unreasonable. The international legal system, however, will invoke this authority sparingly."

International audience ; The interactions between economics and security are complicated because economics and politics each have distinct logics, with different dynamics operating at independent speeds. The credit crisis is having a significant time-dependent impact on international security. States are forced to run budget deficits to maintain the balance of the financial system, while at the same time addressing oil and environmental issues. The alternative to global organisation by a dominant power is the creation of international public or non-governmental institutions. The moral imperative to maintain peace may be universally accepted, but a country's decision to participate is also based on national interest and the geostrategic dimension. The main strategic danger is that politicians, still preoccupied with national budgetary and financial crises, do not respond to potentially explosive international issues with the necessary speed and interest. ; Les interactions entre l'économie et la sécurité sont compliquées parce que l'économie et la politique ont chacune des logiques distinctes, avec des dynamiques différentes opérant à des vitesses indépendantes. La crise du crédit exerce des effets importants dé »calés dans le temps sur la sécurité internationale. Les Etats sont contraints d'engager un déficit budgétaire pour maintenir l'équilibre du système financier, tout en s'interrogeant sur les questions pétrolières et environnementales. L'alternative à l'organisation mondiale par une puissance dominante réside dans la création d'institutions internationales publiques ou non gouvernementales. L'impératif moral pour le maintien de la paix peut être universellement accepté mais la décision d'un pays de participer est aussi basée sur l'intérêt national et sur la dimension géostratégique. Le principal danger stratégique réside sans le fait que les hommes politiques, toujours préoccupés par les crises budgétaires et financières nationales, ne répondent pas aux questions internationales potentiellement explosives ...

Der Klimawandel birgt globale Risiken. Dies ist weithin anerkannt. Umstritten ist die Frage, wie diesen Gefahren zu begegnen ist. 14 Jahre nach Kyoto ist klar: Klimapolitik ist Interessenpolitik. Das zeigte zuletzt die UN-Klimakonferenz 2011 in Durban mit ihren unverbindlichen Ergebnissen. In diesem Sammelband analysieren Experten Ursachen für das Scheitern der vergangenen Klima-Konferenzen und Konsequenzen für die künftige Klimapolitik. Insbesondere geht es um die Politik der Akteure China und Indien, um die Rolle der NGOs und die Klimafrage in der Entwicklungspolitik. Zugleich wird die deutsche Klimapolitik diskutiert und die Politik Brandenburgs von der verantwortlichen Ministerin vorgestellt.

"International Ethics within the International Social Contract" published on by Oxford University Press.

"International Organizations and Respect for International Law" published on by Oxford University Press.

Seit den 1990er Jahren nimmt die Bedeutung von Nichtregierungsorganisationen im Umweltvölkerrecht stetig zu. In Anbetracht der Vielzahl an grenzüberschreitenden Umweltproblemen, mit denen sich die Staatengemeinschaft konfrontiert sieht, erscheint eine Zunahme an Umweltschutz-NGOs geradezu als logische Konsequenz. Diese Arbeit hat sich zum Ziel gesetzt, die rechtlichen Grundlagen einer Beteiligung von Umwelt-NGOs, vorwiegend auf internationaler Ebene, darzustellen. Deshalb erfolgt zuerst eine Definition und Erklärung der essentialen Begriffe, um dann eine Kategorisierung von NGOs vorzunehmen. In einem nächsten Schritt werden zwei international agierende Umwelt-NGOs, Greenpeace und der WWF, ausführlich untersucht. Weiter folgt eine Analyse der Stellung von nichtstaatlichen Umweltschutzorganisationen im internationalen System der Vereinten Nationen (VN) und der Europäischen Union (EU). Abschließend wird die Rolle von NGOs bei der Entstehung und der Durchsetzung von internationalem Umweltrecht ermittelt, mit Fokus auf das Internationale Übereinkommen zur Regelung des Walfangs und auf das Übereinkommen über den Zugang zu Informationen, die Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung an Entscheidungsverfahren und den Zugang zu Gerichten in Umweltangelegenheiten. Nach eingehender Untersuchung lässt sich feststellen, dass wichtige Sonderorganisationen der VN gesetzliche Grundlagen geschaffen haben, damit sich Umwelt-NGOs in dieses System einbringen können. Anders verhält es sich hingegen bei der EU, wo Umweltschutzorganisationen keinen formellen Zugang zu den Organen haben. Auch die Partizipationsmöglichkeiten von NGOs bei internationalen Umweltabkommen sind divergent. Diese sind abhängig vom jeweiligen Vertrag und der Phase in der versucht wird Einfluss zu nehmen. Abzuwarten bleibt, ob in Zukunft der Rechtsstatus von NGOs allgemein verbindlich verankert wird. ; Since the 1990s, the significance of environmental NGOs is steadily increasing. Due to the increase of global environmental challenges, affecting not only single countries but also the international community, this development seems logical. The aim of this thesis is to examine the legal basis of the participation of environmental NGOs with an international focus.Firstly, the author defines and explains essential notions in order to categorize NGOs. Secondly, the two cases of Greenpeace and WWF are analyzed, followed by the study of the legal status of non-state environmental organizations in the international systems of the United Nations (UN) and European Union (EU). Finally, the role of NGOs in the formation and implementation process of international environmental law is examined with the cases of the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling and the Aarhus Convention. The analysis shows, that important organizations of the UN provide a legal basis for participation of environmental NGOs in the law-making and implementation processes. On the contrary in case of the EU, the findings show that environmental NGOs dont have formal access to the significant law-making institutions. In addition, the findings show that participation possibilities for NGOs in international environmental treaties are divergent and depend on the individual contract and the phase, in which NGOs want to have influence on the treaty. For future development in this field of study, it will be interesting to see whether environmental NGOs will be granted a legally binding status. ; vorgelegt von Agnes Gruber ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Diplomarbeit, 2018 ; (VLID)2581372