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Abstract: In the first place, we will refer to the current conceptions of international development and in particular to the human development approach, showing the contribution that a spiritually ori- ented approach to development can make especially in relation to the latter. Second, after defin- ing the meaning of the sphere of spiritual values in relation to development as a fundamentally qualitative dimension, we will describe the capacities of reflexivity and relationality as the two main means by which the former can be accessed. Third, we will present the different actors and spheres involved in a spiritually oriented international development, emphasizing that this approach understands the sphere of spiritual values as an open domain that penetrates and influ- ences market, government, family, society, culture and religious spheres. Fourth, we will offer some examples of current practices that seek to promote a spiritually oriented international development. Finally, we will make conclusions, including problems and challenges that today presents a spiritually oriented approach to international development.

Resumen: La seguridad internacional es algo más que la ausencia de inseguridad e inestabilidad en las relaciones entre agentes sociales tanto nacionales como internacionales. Como "bien relacional" presupone una serie de condiciones para poder darse.Palabras clave: Seguridad, concepciones de la seguridad, seguridad nacional, seguridad militar, seguridad económica, desarrollo humano.Abstract: Originally, international security was conceived in a restrictive sense as national, state, or military security. Different circumstances, events, and the theorizing about them, however, have led to broaden and to deepen the conception of it.Keywords: Security, security conception, national security, militar security, economic security, human development.

The essential University missions are the education and the research. This last one is able to generate new knowledge an inovation for the companies. The economic competition between the European Union and advanced and underdeveloped countries is a permanent challenge.To take it up, the European Union has created the European Research Area as a structuring tool for the research coming from the european countries.The financing of collaborative international research project by the seventh Framework Programme encourage the searchers of various laboratories to collaborate.Like Europe, the states, the institutes define their international research policy. If the international experiences of such institutes is an element of reseachers progress, it is also an opportunity of freedom for their job. ; Les principales missions de l'Université sont la formation et la recherche. Cette dernière est source de nouvelles connaissances et d'innovation pour les entreprises. La compétition économique que livre l'Union Européenne aux pays développés et les pays en émergence est un défi permanent.Pour répondre à ce challenge, l'Union Européenne s'est engagée dans un processus de structuration et de mutualisation de la recherche des pays membres au sein de l'Espace Européen de la Recherche. En finançant par l'intermédiaire du 7ème programme cadre des projets communs de recherche, l'Union Européenne incite les chercheurs à se regrouper pour collaborer.A l'instar de l'Europe, les Etats, les institutions diverses définissent leur politique de relations internationales en recherche.Si l'ouverture internationale est un élément de progrès et d'épanouissement pour le chercheur, c'est aussi un espace de liberté pour son travail.

URL del artículo en la web de la Revista: https://www.upo.es/revistas/index.php/ripp/article/view/1861 ; Es reseña de: Democracy and International Law. The Library of Essays in International law Richard Burchill (coord.) Ashgate Publishing Company, 2006 ; Universidad Pablo de Olavide

The social support an individual receives influences his or her state of physical and mental health. Intimate relationships (family and friends) are the greatest source of social support and, among them, the partner plays a critical role in providing aid. The economic crisis we are experiencing since 2008 has shown the relevance of personal networks to provide help and is testing the extent of solidarity among families and friends. In Southern countries families are playing an important role to assist their less fortunate members. This paper focuses on people in couples and analyzes whether there are international differences in the role of the partner and the parents as providers of support. The analysis applies Esping-Andersen's classification of welfare regimes to study to whom one turns when one needs domestic, economic, or emotional help. The database used is the module on social support, "Social Relations and Support Systems (Social Network II)" of the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), performed in 2001. Specifically, we have chosen national samples (of individuals over 18 years of age) of people with a stable partner (married or living together), from Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, East and West Germany, Great Britain, Italy, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, and the United States. We confirm that people in liberal and social democratic countries turn more to elective relationships such as partner and friends, while people in conservative and Mediterranean countries seek support in parents. ; Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Due to the development of the information society, countries face the task of effectively regulating the relevant social relations. The mechanisms of such regulation should correspond to the specifics of such relations. Digitization is one of the modern methods of legal regulation, which is the use of information technology at the state level. The existing scientific achievements on digitalization processes need constant improvement, which corresponds to the specifics of this field. The object of research is digitalization in law in the light of international experience. The article aims to study and analyze digitalization in law in the international legal aspect. The following methods were used during the study: systemic, systemic-functional, comparative, sociological, analysis, synthesis, analogy, observation, classification, and statistical analysis. The article analyzes the phenomenon of digitalization, identifies the main approaches to understanding it. On the example of international experience (such countries as France, Germany, Italy, Georgia, Greece, and Great Britain), the mechanisms of using digitalization in public administration are determined, the legal regulation of informatization is analyzed. Also, based on the study and analysis of doctrinal teachings of international information experience, it is proposed to improve the domestic legal mechanism to ensure the effective functioning of public relations.

Transparency International, la organización global contra la corrupción, repudia categóricamente el uso de dispositivos de espionaje contra la sociedad civil y los actos de intimidación política en El Salvador, incluidos los dirigidos contra su capítulo nacional en el país, la Fundación Nacional para el Desarrollo (FUNDE), y exige que se realice una investigación de todas las escuchas telefónicas ilegales.

After the Cold War a transition occurred in the international relations paradigm, where it was necessary to redefine which was considered as a threat to international security. As a result, human security doctrine was established which suggested that the international security agenda should focus on people and their needs, rather than states. In the globalized and interrelated world, we live nowadays, infectious diseases spread rapidly, and their consequences can be catastrophic. Hence, pandemics should be considered an international security threat. This paper aims to examine the COVID-19 pandemic as such. We discuss the development from international security towards human security, health security as a theoretical framework, the evolution of the pandemic in context of modern international security paradigm and international health security enforcement, and the securitization of the pandemic. In conclusion, based on the evidence presented, it is clear that the COVID-19 has severe effect on the international community, both in human lives and global economic, and has been securitized.

The article examines the special role of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court in strengthening the international legal order. This analysis was carried out through the prism of the study of certain issues: the concept of "Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court" and his place in the system of international criminal justice; the powers of the Prosecutor at certain stages of the proceedings in the International Criminal Court; the principles of strategy and priority in the activities of the Prosecutor. Historical, system-structural, analysis and synthesis, comparative legal, formal-legal, and formal dogmatic methods were used in the research. In the article was made conclution that that the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court has a preventive effect on international crimes, because the work of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court is aimed not only at punishing perpetrators of international crimes, but also at preventing the commitment of such crimes in the future. It is emphasized that such activities of the Prosecutor ultimately have a positive effect on strengthening the international legal order.

Abstract: Contemporary international society is characterized, among other elements, by its progressive humanization, which situates human beings at the centre of all international concerns. This conceptual approach, and the capacity of global health to situate itself transversally across multiple dimensions, means that health is a material domain that can become a central axis of international action and of International Law. In this paper are discussed, fi rstly, the international notion of health and its global character in a globalized world; secondly, are analysed certain key aspects concerning health as an object of cooperation and international regulation, particularly as it involves the United Nations and the World Health Organization (WHO). Finally, are presented some of the principal substantive dimensions of current international action in matters of global health. Keywords : Global Health; United Nations; World Health Organisation; foreign policy; epidemic outbreaks; social determinants of health. ; Derecho Internacional y Salud Global: una panorámica Resumen: La sociedad internacional contemporánea se caracteriza, entre otros elementos, por su progresiva humanización, que ha situado a los seres humanos en el centro de todas las preocupaciones internacionales. Este planteamiento conceptual y la misma capacidad de la salud global para situarse transversalmente en múltiples dimensiones configuran a la salud como un ámbito material que puede convertirse en un eje central de la actuación internacional y del Derecho Internacional. En este artículo se presenta, en primer lugar, una aproximación a la noción internacional de salud y a su carácter global en un mundo globalizado; en segundo lugar, se analizan algunos aspectos clave en relación con la salud como objeto de cooperación y regulación internacional, en particular en torno a las Naciones Unidas y a la acción de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS); por último, se formula una rápida presentación de algunas de las principales dimensiones sustantivas de la actual actuación internacional en materia de salud global. Palabras clave: Salud global; Naciones Unidas; Organización Mundial de la Salud; política exterior; brotes epidémicos; determinantes sociales de la salud. ; Le Droit internacional et la santé mondiale : un aperçu Résumé: La société internationale contemporaine est caractérisée, entre autres éléments, pour leur humanisation progressive, qui a placé l'être humain au centre de toutes les préoccupations internationales. Cette approche conceptuelle et la même capacité de la santé mondiale à être placé transversalement dans des multiples dimensions confi gure la santé comme un domaine matériel qui peut devenir une pièce maîtresse de l'action internationale et du droit international. Cet article présente, en premier lieu, une approche à la notion de santé internationale et sa nature global dans un monde globalisé; deuxièmement, sont discutés certains aspects référées à la santé comme un objet pour la coopération et la réglementation internationale, en particulier autour de l'Organisation des Nations Unies et de l'action de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS); enfin, on fait une brève présentation de certaines des principales dimensions de fond de l'action internationale actuelle autour de la santé mondiale. Mots clés: Santé mondiale ; Nations Unies ; Organisation mondiale de la Santé ; politique extérieur ; flambées épidémiques ; déterminants sociaux de la santé.

It is imperative to clarify the terminology related to the concept of public policy, properly demarcate the principle and define specific guidelines for its application and its different branches, according to the preponderant regulations in the world, emblematic awards and prevalent legal precepts. There is a current theory that distinguishes between local public policy and international public policy. The first is wider than the latter. While domestic public policy is based on local and distitntive fundamental notions of morality and justice derived from the legal and political culture of a nation, the international public policy is accepted by the international community. The public policy can be substantive law or procedural law. The methodology used is documentary. ; È imperativo chiarire la terminologia relativa al concetto di ordine pubblico, delimitare opportunamente il principio e stabilire specifiche linee guida per la sua applicazione e le sue differenti derivazioni, attenendosi alle normative preponderanti nel mondo, decisioni e lodi emblematici e alle impostazioni dottrinarie prevalenti. Si riscontra una corrente teorica che distingue fra ordine pubblico locale e ordine pubblico internazionale. Il primo è più ampio del secondo. Mentre l'ordine pubblico locale si basa sulle fondamentali e distitntive nozioni di moralità e giustizia derivate dalla cultura giuridica e politica di una nazione, l'ordine pubblico internazionale è quello accettato dalla comunità internazionale. L'ordine pubblico può avere carattere sostanziale o processuale. La metodologia usata è di natura documentale.

La presencia en España de unos 35.000 voluntarios, reclutados por la Tercera Internacional, consiguió que ciudadanos de más de 53 países cooperaran con el Ejército Popular de la República durante la Guerra Civil. La historia de las Brigadas ha generado desde 1996 a esta fecha una literatura en rápido crecimiento. Las Brigadas Internacionales se han estudiado desde muchas perspectivas. Este artículo aborda el amplio panorama de libros desglosándolos en seis áreas. Hemos referenciado 168 títulos publicados entre 2006 y 2013 y los hemos analizado estadísticamente desde el punto de vista de su idioma, lugar de aparición, año y temática principal. En lo que se refiere al idioma un 73% se escribieron en español, un 10% en inglés, un 5% en catalán, un 4% en italiano, un 4% en francés y un 4% en otras lenguas. Un 82% aproximadamente se publicaron en España y solo 18% en el extranjero. Por fechas, en el año 2009 tuvo lugar el volumen de producción más amplio. Por temas, el porcentaje más elevado lo componen las biografías y memorias. Le siguen el lugar de origen de cada Brigada, aspectos militares generales y las batallas más importantes. A los 75 años casi del final de la Guerra Civil el fenómeno de las Brigadas Internacionales y su significado está más presente que nunca. No solo se ha escrito un considerable número de libros sino que también se han organizado actividades tales como proyecciones de películas y exposiciones para rendir homenaje a los voluntarios extranjeros que vinieron a España a luchar contra Franco. ; The presence in Spain of some 35,000 volunteers recruited by the Third International, led to citizens of more than 53 countries fighting alongside the Republican Army during the Civil War. The history of the International Brigades has generated a rapidly growing literature from 1996 up to now. The International Brigades have been examined from a great many different perspectives. This article examines the large corpus of work according to six subjects. We have collected 168 titles published between 2006 and 2013 and analysed them statistically according to language, place, date and principal topics. Regarding language, 73% are written in Spanish, 10% in English, 5% in Catalan, 4% in Italian, 4% in French and 4% in other languages. Approximately 82% were published in Spain and only 18% abroad. As to date of publication, 2009 was the most prolific year. Considering research topics, the highest percentage goes to biographies and memoirs, followed by works examining the country of origin of each Brigade, general military matters and the most important battles. Almost 75 years later, the phenomenon of the International Brigades and what they mean is more alive than ever. Not only has there been a large number of publications , but a great number of activities have also been launched, such as films or exhibitions paying tribute to the volunteers who came to Spain to fight against Franco.

Abstract This paper aims to reflect about the contradictions of international cooperation for development in Haiti that can be summarized in two perspectives: the North-South cooperation (NSC) and South-South cooperation (SSC). The dynamics of relationships can mix them (N-SSC). We identified governmental and nongovernmental particularly in health, linked to the OECD, the ALBA-TCP and UNASUR as empirical sources for reflection. The OECD privileges the perspective of NSC: commitment of developed nations with undeveloped. It operates mainly through NGOs. The ALBA-TCP and UNASUR have followed the perspective of SSC: commitment and solidarity among nations alike. They emphasize the horizontal partnership based on solidarity, respect for national sovereignty and peculiarities of each country. The resumption of the categories imperialism and internationalism may contribute to the understanding and analysis the contradictions in the international development agenda, illustrated by how these different actor in Haiti organize their actions. While the first one indicates bonding mechanisms geopolitical hierarchy, the latter suggests possibilities for overcoming these mechanisms. Key-words: International cooperation; Haiti; Imperialism; Internationalism; Organizational studies. Resumo Este artigo objetiva refletir sobre contradições da cooperação internacional para o desenvolvimento no Haiti, resumidas em duas perspectivas: cooperação Norte-Sul (CNS) e cooperação Sul-Sul (CSS). A dinâmica das relações pode misturá-las (CN-SS). Identificamos atores governamentais e não governamentais, na área da saúde, vinculados à OCDE, à ALBA-TCP e à UNASUL como fontes empíricas para a reflexão. A OCDE se orienta, predominantemente pela CNS, ou seja, pelo compromisso de assistência que os países desenvolvidos oferecem aos subdesenvolvidos. Opera principalmente através de ONGs. Nas ações da ALBA-TCP e da Unasul predominam a perspectiva da CSS: comprometimento solidário entre nações iguais. Enfatizam a parceria horizontal baseada na solidariedade, no respeito à soberania e peculiaridades de cada país. A retomada das categorias imperialismo e internacionalismo contribui para compreensão e análise das contradições na agenda internacional do desenvolvimento, ilustradas pelas formas mediante as quais esses diferentes atores organizam suas ações no Haiti. Enquanto as dos países da OCDE denotam mecanismos geopolíticos hierárquicos, as ações dos países vinculados à ALBA-TCP e da UNASUR sugerem possibilidades de superação desses mecanismos, buscando a cooperação genuína e autodeterminada. Palavras-chave: Cooperação internacional; Haiti; Imperialismo; Internationalismo; Estudos oganizacionais. Resumen En este artículo se reflexiona sobre las contradicciones de la cooperación internacional para el desarrollo en Haití, resumidas en dos puntos de vista: cooperación Norte-Sur (CNS) y cooperación Sur-Sur (CSS). La dinámica de las relaciones pueden mezclarlos (CN-SS). Identificamos los actores gubernamentales y no gubernamentales, en la salud, de la OCDE, del ALBA-TCP y UNASUR como fuentes empíricas para la reflexión. La OCDE se orienta principalmente por la CNS, es decir, ofrecen asistencia a los países sudesarrollados. Opera principalmente a través de ONGs; en las acciones del ALBA-TCP y UNASUR predominan la perspectiva de CSS: el compromiso solidario entre naciones iguales. La énfasis és en la colaboración horizontal basada en la solidaridad, el respeto a la soberanía y las peculiaridades de cada país. La reanudación de las categorías imperialismo y internacionalismo contribuye a la comprensión y el análisis de las contradicciones en la agenda de desarrollo internacional, ilustrada por las formas en que los diferentes actores organizan sus acciones en Haití. Mientras que los países de la OCDE indican mecanismos geopolíticos jerárquicas, las acciones de los países vinculados al ALBA- TCP y UNASUR sugieren posibilidades para la superación de estos mecanismos, buscando la cooperación genuina y autodeterminada. Palabras-clave: Cooperación internacional; Haití, Imperialismo; Internationalismo; Estudios oganizacionales.

In this article there is analyzed how the international administrations that exercise a governmental power in post conflict territories justify their political authority without having democratic legitimacy. In the article it is studied, both the establishment, the mandates and the practices of government of the international administrations of Bosnia, Kosovo and East Timor, and they are identified five sources for this authority: the assent, the delegation, the maintenance of the peace and the safety, the promotion of the human rights and the democracy, and the disposition to govern. Nevertheless, all these aspects are questionable. Concretely, the authority of the international administrations is weakened due to its practices, to the unexistence of any obligation for accountability and to the limited efficiency at the moment of arranging government. To conclude, in the article are outlined some possible ways for the reinforcement of the authority of the international administrations. ; En este artículo se analiza cómo las administraciones internacionales que ejercen un poder gubernamental en territorios post conflicto justifican su autoridad política sin tener legitimidad democrática. En el artículo se estudia el establecimiento, los mandatos y las prácticas de gobierno de las administraciones de Bosnia, Kosovo y Timor Oriental y se identifican cinco fundamentos de la autoridad: el consentimiento, la delegación, el mantenimiento de la paz y la seguridad, el fomento de los derechos humanos y la democracia, y la disposición para gobernar. No obstante, todos estos aspectos son cuestionables. En concreto, la autoridad de las administraciones internacionales se debilita debido a sus prácticas, a que no existe la obligación rendir cuentas y a la efectividad limitada a la hora de disponer gobierno. Para concluir, en el artículo se destacan algunas posibles vías de refuerzo de la autoridad de las administraciones internacionales.

International entrepreneurship as a field of research, involves research into entrepreneurship in multiple countries and research into cross-border entrepreneurship. Despite two decades of international entrepreneurship theory building in developed countries, yet to date, little is known about international entrepreneurship in emerging economies.Objective: This article thus contributes to the literature of international entrepreneurship theory by reviewing the empirical research in the context of emerging economies and more specifically the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) are leading emerging economies and political powers at the regional and international level.Material and Methods: To review the diverse set of studies in the IE field, we undertake a systematic and narrative review in the recent literature of international entrepreneurship in the BRICS context.Results: Our results show that although this research line is rapidly growing, the IE literature in the BRICS context is still fragmented. We also provide a summary of the research field and suggest some future research lines.