Suchergebnisse

El objeto principal de este trabajo de tesis se centrará en un estudio en profundidad sobre la virtualidad científica y jurídica de la prueba de ADN. Así en lo que atañe al proceso penal, examinaremos cuestiones esenciales como son los derechos que resultan controvertidos con la práctica de una intervención corporal con fines de identificación genética, los presupuestos que deben concurrir para que sea lícito realizar una prueba de ADN, la posibilidad de recurrir a la coerción física para los casos en los que el sujeto pasivo se niegue a someterse a la extracción de una muestra indubitada de ADN, la creación y regulación de las bases de datos de ADN, la coerción jurídica y su funcionamiento en el ámbito de la cooperación judicial internacional. Por otra parte, también se hará referencia a las pruebas de ADN con fines de investigación de la paternidad en el seno del proceso civil. Finalmente y en lo que respecta a la parte científica, examinaremos los análisis genéticos no sólo desde una perspectiva propia de la medicina legal y forense, sino también relativa a la medicina preventiva, donde se tendrá especialmente en cuenta la regulación gallega. Para analizar todas estas cuestiones deberemos examinar en profundidad la normativa y jurisprudencia españolas, así como la legislación existente en el marco del Derecho Comparado, tomando como referente la regulación de otros países del entorno europeo, principalmente, Reino Unido, Portugal e Italia. Asimismo, también se presentará necesario efectuar el estudio de determinada jurisprudencia del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos (TEDH) en relación a ciertas cuestiones, fundamentalmente, el derecho a la intimidad, el derecho a la intimidad genética y el derecho a la protección de datos. Todo ello, será abordado desde una perspectiva crítica, haciendo especial hincapié en las lagunas de las que adolece la parca regulación existente en España sobre esta materia, con la finalidad de dar solución a la consiguiente problemática que la misma suscita. ; O obxecto principal do traballo de tese centrarase nun estudo en profundidade sobre a virtualidade científica e xurídica da proba de ADN. Así, no que atinxe ao proceso penal examinaranse cuestións esenciais como son os dereitos que resultan controvertidos coa práctica dunha intervención corporal con fins de identificación xenética, os presupostos que deben concorrer para que sexa lícito realizar unha proba de ADN, a posibilidade de acudir á coerción física para os casos nos que o suxeito pasivo se negue a someterse á extracción dunha mostra indubidada de ADN, a creación e regulación das bases de datos de ADN, a coerción xurídica e o seu funcionamento no ámbito da cooperación xudicial internacional. Por outra banda, tamén se fará referencia ás análises xenéticas con fins de investigación da paternidade no eido do proceso civil. Finalmente e no que respecta á parte científica, examinaremos as análises xenéticas non só dende unha perspectiva propia da medicina legal e forense, senón tamén relativa á medicina preventiva, onde se terá especialmente en conta a regulación galega. Para analizar todas estas cuestións deberemos examinar en profundidade a normativa e xurisprudencia españolas, así como a lexislación existente no marco do Dereito Comparado, tomando como referente a regulación doutros países do entorno europeo, principalmente, Reino Unido, Portugal e Italia. Así mesmo, tamén se presentará preciso efectuar o estudo de determinada xurisprudencia do Tribunal Europeo de Dereitos Humanos (TEDH) en relación a certas cuestións, fundamentalmente, o dereito á intimidade, o dereito á intimidade xenética e o dereito á protección de datos. Todo o referido nos parágrafos anteriores será abordado dende unha perspectiva crítica, salientando as lagoas que sofre a parca regulación existente en España sobre esta materia, co obxectivo de dar solución á conseguinte problemática que a mesma suscita. ; The main aim of this thesis work will focus on a detailed study about the scientific and legal aspects of DNA testing. Regarding criminal proceedings, we will examine essential questions such as the rights that are affected with the practice of corporal interventions for genetic identification, the necessary requirements to consider lawful a corporal intervention in order to make genetic analyses, the possibility of making use of the physical coercion to cases where the subject presumably involved in the crime refuses to submit to an extraction of an undoubted sample of DNA, the creation and regulation of DNA databases, the legal coercion and its functioning in the sphere of the international judicial cooperation. On the other hand, we will refer to DNA testing with the purpose of stablishing parentage in the field of civil proceedings. Finally and in regards to the scientific part, we will study the genetic analysis not only from a perspective related to the legal or forensic medicine, but also concerning to the preventive medecine, where we will take especially into account the Galician regulation. For the analyse of all these issues we will study in depth the Spanish legislation and jurisprudence, as well as the regulations of the Comparative Law, taking as reference the regulation of other European countries, mainly, United Kingdom, Portugal and Italy. In addition, it will be necessary to study some particular decisions of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), concerning certain matters fundamentally the right to privacy, the right to genetic privacy and the right to data protection. All the aforementioned will be studied from a critical perspective, with particular emphasis on the gaps of the sparing Spanish regulation on this matter, in order to suggest solutions to the associated problems that it implies.

Background: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remains a major public health concern in African countries due to the high rates of complications such as atrial fibrillation, stroke, infective endocarditis, and heart failure, all of which can result in premature death. In 2015, RHD was estimated to affect 33 million people globally and resulted in at least 320,000 deaths, nearly all of which were in low and middle-income countries. Comparing to other non-communicable diseases (NCDs), RHD imposes economic burden on households that if measures are not in place to mitigate this, it can impoverish such household. However, there are several literatures on the intergenerational economic consequences of other chronic diseases. But, there is no study regarding the household economic of RHD. This mini-dissertation sets out to estimate the household economic impact of RHD. Methods: This study was a follow-on study from the Global Rheumatic Heart Disease Registry (REMEDY), which was a multi-center, international, hospital-based prospective registry of patients with RHD. It was designed as a cohort study to document the disease characteristics and outcomes of individuals with RHD across many countries. We recruited participants in the REMEDY study who were resident in Cape Town and received care at Groote Schuur Hospital (GSH). This study made use of patient and household member surveys to estimate the economic consequences of RHD among households in which REMEDY participants reside. REMEDY registry participants (index cases), their caregivers, and other household members were considered as respondents. 100 REMEDY participants receiving care at GSH was sampled. This sample size was chosen to balance feasibility and precision and to align with a parallel study of the cost of RHD to the health system that aimed to sample medical records from the same 100 REMEDY participants. Patient and household data collection was carried out between September 2017 to December 2017. Direct costs, indirect costs, and the downstream economic behaviors (coping strategies) that lead to medical impoverishment and other consequences were estimated. Cost of illness (COI) was used to assess the effect of ill-health and health-related expenditure on the consumption possibilities of households. Direct costs comprise both medical and nonmedical costs, which may include both the financial cost of resources as well as opportunity costs (e.g., of capital items). Human capital approach was used to calculate indirect cost. Implicit in the human capital approach is the assumption that changes in health status of household members can be reflected by losses in productivity, and losses in income generation. Productivity losses was estimated using the new South Africa minimum wage rate per month as proxy. Coping was estimated with the direct costs (e.g., borrowing from friends or relatives, or taking out formal loans) or indirect costs (e.g., intra-household labor substitution) and can be cost prevention strategies (e.g., ignoring illness, non-treatment) to cost management strategies (e.g., borrowing, selling assets, or labor substitution). Economic costs were valued in United State dollar (USD) converted from South African rand (ZAR) in 2017. Results: Direct medical cost was estimated to ZAR 0, because all patients were exempt from medical fees. Total direct non-medical cost for outpatient and inpatient visits was estimated to be ZAR 27,000 (USD 2000) and 29,000 (USD 2200) (respectively) over 302 and 74 encounters (respectively), an average of ZAR 270 (USD 20) and ZAR 290 (USD 22) per patient (respectively). Indirect costs incurred over the 302 outpatient encounters and 74 hospital admissions were estimated to be ZAR 41,000 (USD 3100) and ZAR 26,000 (USD 1900) (respectively), an average of ZAR 410 (USD 31) and ZAR 260 (USD 19) per patient. Direct cost had a very high impact on the household and they were compelled to adopt coping. Households observed in the study recorded that seventeen percent of households took out loans at an average of ZAR 1200 (USD 91) per loan (range ZAR 100 to ZAR 7000) (range USD 7 to 500). Fifteen percent received financial gifts at an average of ZAR 800 (USD 61) per gift. Two percent sold assets valued at ZAR 5600 (USD 120) on average. Five percent engaged in multiple coping strategies. Also, HH had to cope with indirect cost of illness as 15% of household caregivers changed jobs and 10% worked extra hours. About 4% of household members dropped out of school. Four percent adopted more than one coping strategy. A considerable share of participants reported that they had reduced education to take care of the affected patient. Most of the caregivers of patients with RHD were spouses and children, and 6 % were heads of household. The total cost of RHD to the average affected household is valued at about ZAR 1600 annually. In total, the overall annual economic impact of RHD in this sample of 100 households affected by RHD was estimated at ZAR 160,000 (USD 12200) (ZAR 1600 per household) (USD 120), representing 4.4% of annual household income or 4.9% of annual household expenditure patient spending that exceeded 10% threshold was estimated to be 8% and increasing the threshold to 40 % of non- food expenditure reduced the prevalence of catastrophic spending to 4%. Conclusions: The economic impact of RHD in South Africa is substantial despite government efforts to provide free care. The total cost of RHD to the average affected household is valued at about ZAR 1600 annually. A broader and more robust range of social policies will be required to mitigate non-medical and indirect costs and reduce distortions in household economic activity.

Judul penelitian ini adalah "Kerajinan mosaik di desa Kenderan Tegalalang Gianyar". Masalah yang dibahas pada penelitian sebagai berikut : (1) Bagaimana keberadaan kerajinan mosaik di desa Kenderan (2) Bahan dan alat apa saja yang dimanfaatkan untuk membuat kerajinan mosaik (3) Bagaimana proses pembuatan kerajinan mosaik kaca (4) Apa saja jenis-jenis kerajin mosaik yang terdapat di desa Kenderan Tegalalang Gianyar. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Subjek penelitian ini adalah artshop-arshop mosaik di desa Kenderan. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan teknik observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi, dan kepustakaan. Hasil-hasil yang ditemukan dalam penelitian ini adalah: (1) keberadaan kerajinan mosaik mulai berkembang tahun 2007 di desa Kenderan hingga saat ini dikarenakan sebelum tahun 2007 kerajinan kayu menurun sehingga masyarakat di desa Kenderan beralih ke kerajinan mosaik kaca. (2) bahan dan alat yang digunakan untuk membuat kerajinan mosaik kaca sebagai berikut. Bahan yang digunakan seperti : kaca, kayu, MDF, gerabah, lem fox, nat MU, cat impra, dan thinner. Adapun alat yang digunakan seperti : alat pemotong kaca, penggaris kayu, geregaji besi, kuas, spray gun, kompresor, amplas dan spon busa. (3) proses dilakukan dalam pembuatan kerajinan mosaik kaca adalah sebagai berikut : a.pemilihan bahan kaca, b.pemilihan alas atau landasan, c.Pemotongan kaca, d.pembuatan pola landasan, e.pemasangan kaca ke landasan, f. pemasangan nat dan g. finishing. (4) Jenis-jenis produk seni kerajinan mosaik di desa Kenderan adalah sebagai berikut : a.mosaik cermin lingkaran, b.mosaik cermin persegi, c.mosaik cermin fauna, d.mosaik tempat buah, e.mosaik tempat dupa, f.mosaik asbak, g.mosaik hiasan dinding berbentuk fauna, h.mosaik hiasan dinding berbentuk gitar, i.mosaik tulisan, dan j. mosaik pas bunga atau guci. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa Kerajinan mosaik berkembang tahun 2007 di desa Kenderan, dalam proses pembuatan menggunakan beberapa bahan dan alat, adapun beberapa proses yang dilakukan dalam pembuatannya. Produk yang sudah dibuat seperti mosaik cermin berbentuk geometris dan fauna, tempat buah dan dupa, hiasan dinding berupa fauna dan gitar, mosaik berbentuk tulisan dan mosaik berbentuk guci dan pas bunga. Saran Untuk menumbuh kembangkan produk kerajinan mosaik di desa Kenderan. Disarankan agar pemerintah lebih memperhatikan terkait dengan memberikan pembinaan kepada para pengerajin dalam bidang pemasaran dan pengembangan bentuk desain. Kepada para pengerajin agar terus berkarya dan mengembangkan karyanya hingga menembus pasar internasional. Untuk Peneliti selanjutnya yang akan meneliti karya kerajinan mosaik kaca di desa Kenderan diharapkan untuk menambahkan aspek sejarah dari artshop-artshop yang ada di desa KenderanWayan, serta memasukan aspek pemasaran dan manajemen dalam pembuatan produknya. Kata Kunci : Kerajinan, Mosaik kaca The title of this research is "The mosaic craft at Kenderan Tegalalang village, Gianyar ". The problems discussed in this study were as follows : (1) The existence of mosaic craft at Kenderan Tegalalang village, (2) What materials and tools were used to make the mosaic craft (3) The process of making the glass mosaic craft (4) What kinds of mosaic crafts were found at KenderanTegalalang village.The method used in this research was descriptive with qualitative approach. The subject of this research was the mosaic art shops at Kenderan village. The process of collecting data in this research was conducted through observation, interview, documentation, and bibliography. The results that found in this research were: (1) the existence of mosaic craft firstly developed at Kenderan village in the year of 2007 till today because before the year of 2007 the wood craft decreased and the people at Kenderan village switch their interest to glass mosaic craft. (2) The materials and tools were used to make the glass mosaic craft as follows: a glass, a wood, a MDF, a pottery, glue, a fox, a nat MU, an impra paint, and a thinner. The tools used such as: a glass cutting tool, a wood ruler, a railing iron, a brush, spray gun, a compressor, a sand paper and a sponge foam. (3) The process in making mosaic glass craft were as follows: a. selecting the glass materials, b. selecting the base or foundation, c. cutting the glass, d. making the grounding pattern, e. installing the glass to the base, f. installing the nat and g. finishing. (4) The types of mosaic craft art products at Kenderanvillage were as follows: the circular mosaic mirror , the square mosaic mirror, the fauna mosaic mirror, mosaic of the fruit place, mosaic incense, f. mosaic ashtray, g) mosaic ornament of fauna-shaped wall, mosaic of wall hangings of guitar shaped, written mosaic , and j. flower-fitting mosaic or jar. It can be concluded that Mosaic handicraft developed in the year of 2007 at Kenderan village. Actually, the process of making the object used some materials and tools. There were several processes in creating the mosaic crafts. Products that had been made such as geometric mirror mosaic and fauna, fruit and incense place, wall decoration of fauna and guitar, written mosaic shaped and mosaic shaped urn and flower fit. There were also the suggestions to grow the mosaic craft product atKenderan village. It was necessary for the government to give more attention related to providing the construction to the craftsmen in the field of marketing and the development of the design form. All of the craftsmen need to continue to work and develop the creation in order to penetrate the international market. For further researchers who will investigate the handicraft of mosaic glass at Kenderan village were expected to add the historical aspects of each art shops atKenderanvillage, Gianyar. They also were expected to enter the aspects of marketing and managing the manufacture of its products. keyword : Handicraft, Glass Mosaic

Проаналізовано базові положення норм чинного законодавства, що регламентують діяльність органів державної влади, місцевого самоврядування та роботодавців у сфері охорони праці; сучасний стан вітчизняного державного регулювання у цій сфері, досліджено його організаційно-правові механізми. Запропоновано пріоритетні напрями удосконалення управління у сфері безпеки праці шляхом застосування інструментів управління ризиками. У контексті безпеки праці поглиблено визначення змісту поняття "ризик". ; Problem setting. The influence of safety on the indicators of the society's quality of life determines the need to improve management in the field of occupational safety through the use of risk management tools.The Ukrainian Law "On Occupational Safety" describes the main provisions regarding the implementation of the constitutional right of workers to protect their life and health in the process of work, as proper, safe and healthy working conditions; regulates the relations between the employer and the employee on safety, hygiene of work and the working environment with the participation of the relevant state authorities, as well as establishes a unified procedure for the organization of occupational safety in Ukraine. In particular, Section VI of this Law defines the structure and the power of state management of occupational safety, which forms a system that is a complex branching vertical. Such a structure that envisaged the rigorous regulatory impact of these authorities on employers for the purpose of implementation of the main principles of state policy in the field of occupational safety was effective enough in the conditions of a planned administrative economy. Existing Ukrainian occupational safety system is built on the principle of corrective rather than preventive actions when the response occurs in dangerous situations and situations that have already happened, but not directed to prevent such situations.Recent research and publications analysis. A significant contribution to solving topical issues of effective development of comprehensive measures to improve working conditions, development of the methods for monitoring the state of domestic occupational safety in Ukraine at the present stage was made by the following domestic researchers: V. D. Afanasyev, G.G. Gogitashvili, A. M. Amosha, and others. Researchers E. A. Bondarenko, V. M. Lapin, and N. V. Lutanyuk have dedicated their work to the issue of assessment and risk management. The works of V. D. Bakumenko, A. B. Kachinsky, and A. P. Rachinsky, deserve attention, as they are supplementing some aspects of using international experience in risk management in the system of public administration on the territory of Ukraine.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problems. At the same time, it should be noted that the development of effective tools for the state risk management in the field of labor safety has been given inadequate attention. Also, there is no unified scientific vision formed concerning the use in Ukraine of modern achievements of world methodology and standardization in managing risks.The purpose of the article is to study theoretical and methodological approaches to the construction of risk assessment systems as part of the state security policy work in the context of European integration of Ukraine.Paper main body. Nowadays, in many countries of the world, particularly, the European Union, the solution of issues of life safety and the health of workers is achieved through the management system, based on assessment and risk management. Consequently, for the purpose of increasing the efficiency of public management by the labor protection, in particular by bringing the regulatory framework in this area in line with modern requirements and legislation of the European Union, there is a necessity to reform all levels of the existing management system of the occupational safety in Ukraine by introducing a risk-oriented approach (risks management).However, as of today, there is no single definition of the concept of "risk", particularly its specifics in the field of occupational safety. The scientific community also does not have a single vision concerning the risk assessment as a management tool for controlling it.While depending on the professional level and the competence of the performers of the carried out work, the results of risks assessment are quite subjective. However, the results provide an opportunity to identify risks factors associated with labor protection, their correlation, and therefore there are being developed measures to minimize them.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. On the basis of the information above, one can conclude that the introduction of risks management concept is an important tool in the implementation of state policy in the field of occupational safety. Identification of hazards and risks assessment as a part of the public safety management system should be a continuous process, given the dynamic changes in external and internal conditions of functioning of the authorities. Simultaneously, the definition of the concept of "risk" in the context of occupational safety and doctrinal construction, fixed in the normative acts of Ukraine and the European Union, is a little bit different, although they have certain common features. Therefore, in order to form the integrated preventive approach to the workplace safety/protection in Ukraine, taking into account the standards of the European Union, there should be identified one of the tools of the system of risks management that will facilitate the improvement of safety and working conditions, which should be identified and established as a uniform criteria of acceptable risks for all types of the working activity. Due to the complexity and the ambiguity of the concept of "risk" in the context of occupational safety, its content disclosure requires additional analysis of the relevant components, defining the nature and content of which necessitates further scientific developments.

Many organisations invest a considerable amount of capital and resources, implementing new techniques to improve their performance. An effective management of production and maintenance and processes is vital for economic viability and a long term survival of many industries. In fact, an effective and efficient maintenance process is essential to assure asset performance. With this recognition, the asset and maintenance management has become an indispensable element of strategic thinking of asset owners and asset managers. This research aims to investigate the interaction between quality management, production and maintenance performance. The relevant theoretical foundations and research gaps are presented first, followed by development of a conceptual framework. The framework builds upon resource-based theory (RBT) literature to develop a conceptual framework, mainly to understand how company's resources could contribute to company's performance. Based on this theoretical underpinning two main research streams are studied, namely quality management in maintenance and asset management. Different sources of data were utilized to answer the proposed research questions. The thesis includes two large-scale surveys (among Slovenian organizations as well as an international survey conducted in Slovenia, Sweden, Poland, Slovakia, Greece and Turkey) and two empirical case studies. The outcome of regression analysis provides the evidence that quality management orientation is an important predictor of maintenance performance. By testing the impact of quality management orientation on maintenance performance, this research shows that strong foundation on quality management orientation is an effective way of improving maintenance performance. Further, by examining continuous improvement in relation to maintenance performance, this research seeks to examine the role of quality management practices in achieving maintenance performance. In this regard it was found that continuous improvement significantly and positively affects the maintenance performance. In addition, results of this research revealed a mediator effect of continuous improvement on the relationship between quality management orientation and maintenance performance. Moreover, this research examines the relationship between physical asset management practices and sustainability and operational performance as well. The research is based on a premise that asset management, which comprises of risk management practices, performance assessment practices, life cycle management practices, policy & strategy practices, leads to improved organizational performance. The results of this research provide the evidence to support the hypotheses and to demonstrate that organizations can benefit from the implementation of asset management practices. The MANOVA furthermore provides interesting insights into the effects of asset management practices on the organizational performance. The results indicate that there are significant mean differences in organizational performance dimensions (as measured by the business performance, environmental performance, social performance and operational performance) for low and high levels of asset management practices. Therefore, by focusing on asset management practices, organizations can expect to achieve higher performance outcomes. In addition a comparison between Slovenian and Polish data subset was performed. The results revealed some distinct elements, namely regarding the performance outcome. For example, the results indicate that Slovenian organizations achieved higher scores in business, environmental and operational performance, while Polish organizations achieved higher scores in social performance. ; Mnogo organizacij investirajo velike količine sredstev in virov, kot tudi uvajajo nove tehnike, da bi izboljšali svojo učinkovitost in uspešnost. Učinkovito obvladovanje proizvodnih procesov in procesov vzdrževanja je ključno za ekonomsko upravičenost in dolgoročno uspešnost organizacij v mnogih panogah. Pravzaprav je učinkovito in uspešno obvladovanje procesov vzdrževanja zelo pomembno z vidika doseganja učinkovitosti in uspešnosti delovnih sredstev. Slednje spoznanje je prispevalo k temu, da je vdrževanje in gospodarjenje z delovnimi sredstvi postalo integralni element strateškega razmišljanja tako lastnikov kot tudi upravljalcev delovnih sredstev. Namen pričujoče disertacije je proučevanje interakcij med managementom kakovosti, proizvodnjo in učinkovitostjo in uspešnostjo področja vzdrževanja. V prvem delu disertacije so predstavljena teoretična izhodišča in raziskovalne vrzeli. Na tej osnovi je oblikovan konceptualni okvir, ki zajema celotno področje proučevanja disertacije. Izhodišče konceptualnega okvira predstavlja t.i. »na virih temelječa teorija« (ang. resource-based theory - RBT), zlasti zaradi razumevanja vpliva virov organizacije na njeno učinkovitost in uspešnost. Izhajajoč iz te teorije disertacija gradi na dveh glavnih segmentih raziskave: (1) management kakovosti v kontekstu vzdrževanja in (2) gospodarjenje z delovnimi sredstvi. Disertacija vključuje različne vire podatkov, da bi lahko odgovorili na postavljena raziskovalna vprašanja. Disertacija v ta namen vključuje dve kvantitativne anketne raziskave (raziskava med slovenskimi organizacijami in mednarodna raziskava, ki je bila izvedena v naslednjih državah: slovenija, Švedska, Poljska, Slovaška, Grčija in Turčija). Ravno tako disertacija vključuje dve različni študiji primera. Rezultati regresijske analize potrjujejo pozitiven in statistično značilen vpliv usmerjenosti v management kakovosti na učinkovitost s področja vzdrževanja. V tem pogledu ugotovitve raziskave kažejo na to, da je močna zavezanost in usmerjenost h kakovosti učinkovit način izboljševanja učinkovitost s področja vzdrževanja ter posledično uspešnosti organizacije. Nadalje, rezultati raziskave potrjujejo tudi pozitiven in statistično značilen vpliv stalnega izboljševanja na učinkovitost s področja vzdrževanja, kot tudi podajajo ugotovitev stalnega izboljševanja kot mediatorja na povezavi med usmerjenost v management kakovosti in učinkovitostjo s področja vzdrževanja. Pomemben prispevek doktorske disertacije se izkazuje tudi v proučevanju povezav med dejavnostmi gospodarjenja z delovnimi sredstvi in učinkovitostjo s podočja trajnostnega razvoja organizacije in operativno učinkovitostjo. Raziskava temelji na predpostavki, da dejavnosti gospodarjenja z delovnimi sredstvi, ki so opredeljene z dimenzijami kot so obvladovanje tveganj, ocenjevanje učinkovitosti in uspešnosti, obvladovanje življenskega cikla ter politika in strategija, vplivajo na učinkovitost in uspešnost organizacije. Prispevek dejavnosti gospodarjenja z delovnimi sredstvi k učinkovitosti in uspešnosti organizacije dodatno osvetljujejo tudi rezultati multivariatne analize variance (MANOVA). Rezultati kažejo na to, da obstaja statistično značilna razlika med aritmetičnimi sredinami posameznih merskih spremenljivk učinkovitosti in uspešnosti organizacije z ozirom na nizko in visoko stopnjo izvajanja dejavnosti gospodarjenja z delovnimi sredstvi. MANOVA torej potrjuje statistično značilen vpliv neodvisne spremenljivke (dejavnosti gospodarjenja z delovnimi sredstvi) na vse odvisne spremenljivke (merske spremenljivke konstrukta učinkovitosti in uspešnosti organizacije: poslovna uspešnost, okoljska učinkovitost, družbena učinkovitost in operativna učinkovitost). Ugotovitve raziskave torej kažejo, da organizacije z vlaganjem in sistematičnem obvladovanjem gospodarjenja z delovnimi sredstvi lahko vplivajo na dvig poslovnih učinkov.

The Colombia Health System acknowledge a standard rate for the preparation of price regulated medicines supplied by the health providers' institutions (HPI). However HPI have shown deep disagreement on the fixed rate as they argue it is not enough to cover minimum operational expenditures at the clinics, and propose that this margin should be close to 53.45% contemplating costs associated with technology, maintenance, drug insurance, medication monitoring, depreciation of equipment, among others. Currently, the National Government establishes in the regulation to recognize the value of HPI that add to the distribution chain a margin of 3.5% for those medicines greater than $ 1,000,000 COP and 7% for those medications less than $ 1,000,000 COP The methodology to establish the standard rate amount is not well known. Therefore, we propose a methodology from the government perspective based of the costing system ABC (Activity Based Costing) considering the preparation process of oncology intravenous medicines at a centralized admixtures pharmaceutical service as an input to define a global methodology. In the stages of the work, an international reference was made in which three types of instruments were found for their establishment, instrument i: percentage applied on the price of medicines, which is applied in 37.5% of the referenced countries, instrument ii: fixed value that can be associated to the characteristics of the medicine from which it is applied in 37.5% of the referenced countries and instrument iii: integration of the aforementioned instruments, applied by 25% of the referenced countries. Additionally, a revision of the regulations applied to these Institutions was carried out, in order to establish the minimum operational requirements and those feasible costs of recognition, as well as the identification and analysis of the process and procedure for the activity of the mixing plant, identifying the cost inductors per activity and the consumption of each of these, which were the inputs for the proposal proposal of the model, taking into account the experts' criteria. Finally, to carry out the validation of the model, market prices were taken as a reference and a comparison of the actual scenario of the regulation vs the proposed scenario was made, once the cost function was applied, it was obtained that the value that is currently being recognized is close to the regulated, however, it is proposed that this value does not depend on the value of the drug, but that it is a fixed value applied for the adjustment and adjustment of the drug, since regardless of its active principle, the passage through the activities carried out in the mixtures does not differ. ; El Sistema de Salud en Colombia actualmente reconoce un margen a las Instituciones Prestadoras en Salud (IPS) asociado a la adecuación de medicamentos que fueron sometidos a regulación de precios directa, los cuales han presentado inconformidad por parte de las Instituciones en cuanto al margen, ya que mencionan que este no es suficiente para cubrir sus gastos mínimos de operación, y proponen que este margen debería estar cercano al 53.45% contemplando costos asociados a tecnología, mantenimientos, seguro de medicamentos, vigilancia de medicamentos, depreciación de equipos, entre otros. Actualmente, el Gobierno Nacional establece en su regulación reconocer el valor a las IPS que agregan valor a la cadena de distribución un margen de 3,5% para aquellos medicamentos mayores a $1.000.000, y el 7% para aquellos medicamentos menores a $1.000.0000. De lo anterior, se observó que el establecimiento de este margen no cuenta con una metodología claramente establecida, en respuesta de esto, el desarrollo del presente trabajo realiza la propuesta de una metodología desde la perspectiva del Estado, a través del establecimiento de un modelo de costo ABC para la adecuación y ajuste de medicamentos oncológicos en la actividad de central de mezclas, con el fin de generar un insumo para el establecimiento del margen. Dentro de las etapas del trabajo, se realizó una referencia internacional en la cual se encontraron tres tipos de instrumentos para su establecimiento, instrumento i: porcentaje aplicado sobre el precio del medicamentos, el cual es aplicado en un 37,5% de los países referenciados, instrumento ii: valor fijo que puede estar asociado a las características del medicamentos del cual es aplicado en un 37,5% de los países referenciados y el instrumento iii: integración de los instrumentos mencionados anteriormente, que lo aplican el 25% de los países referenciados. Por otra parte, se realizó una revisión de la normatividad que aplica a estas Instituciones, con el fin de establecer los requisitos mínimos operacionales y aquellos costos factibles de reconocimiento, así como la identificación y análisis del proceso y procedimiento para la actividad de central de mezclas, identificando los inductores de costo por actividad y los consumos de cada una de estas, las cuales fueron los insumos para el planteamiento de la propuesta del modelo, teniendo en cuenta el criterio de expertos. Finalmente, para realizar la validación del modelo se tomaron como referencia precios del mercado y se realizó una comparación del escenario real de la regulación vs el escenario propuesto, una vez aplicada la función de costo se obtuvo que el valor que actualmente se está reconociendo es cercano al regulado, sin embargo se propone que este valor no depende del valor del medicamento, sino que este sea un valor fijo aplicado por adecuación y ajuste del medicamento, ya que independientemente de su principio activo, el paso por las actividades realizadas en la central de mezclas no difiere. ; Maestría ; Magíster en Ingeniería Industrial

Autonomous vehicles (AVs), also called driverless vehicles, according to SAE International (2016) levels 4 and 5 definitions, are the next revolution in transport. This thesis provides an overview of the technology and the effects of AVs on the future transport system. It results in recommendations on how to maximize the benefits of AVs while minimizing their negative effects. It consolidates work by the author and collaborators done over the past years and therefore approaches the topic from different angles. This work thus not only provides a solid background on the topic for interested readers, but also recommendations relevant for future political discussions and practice. The first part of this thesis (Chapter 2) provides a general and qualitative overview of AVs. It investigates their effects on and potential benefits for the future transport system. This summary covers most aspects that have been topic of discussions on AVs in recent time. It presents the potential benefits of AVs, which are, for example, improved safety, fewer externalities, increased road capacity, productive drive time, and the potential for empty rides, which allow for new services and usage-patterns. But it also shows the remaining challenges for a successful release of the technology, which are, for example, technological problems, safety and security issues, data and privacy questions, as well as ethical and legal discussions. The second part (Chapter 3) approaches the topic from an economic point of view. It focuses on the future cost structure of a transport system with AVs. In a rigorous bottom-up approach, the cost and price of private, shared, and public modes are calculated. The resulting picture indicates that the reign of the private car might not yet end with the automation of transport. Shared AVs (SAVs) will likely be cheaper per passenger kilometer (PKM) and more comfortable to use. But the price difference (urban setting: private car 0.47 Swiss francs (CHF) per PKM versus SAV 0.43 CHF/PKM) might not be enough to offset the luxury of having a private mobility robot at one's service at all times, the emotional connection to the private car, and its use as an extended part of home. The presented work also indicates that automation represents a challenge for mass transit. In dense urban cores, the limited road capacity will likely prevent alternative solutions to mass transit. Outside, where road capacity is less of an issue, however, SAVs will be a competitive alternative form of public transport. At lower prices (regional setting: SAV 0.34 CHF/PKM versus autonomous bus 0.42 CHF/PKM), SAVs enable direct on-demand door-to-door service without transfers and without strangers in the same vehicle. The third part (Chapter 4 to Chapter 7) combines the qualitative overview with the economic analysis in a simulation study of the future transport system. With a scenario-based approach using a MATSim (Horni et al., 2016) simulation of Zug, Switzerland, it approaches the topic from a policy-oriented angle. By analyzing different possible policy strategies in different scenarios and combined with the results of the previous chapters, it concludes in four policy suggestions to maximize the potential benefits of AVs and minimize their negative effects. These recommendations are, first, to promote slow modes and public transport. At least in urban areas, harvesting automation for improving mass transit and thus a strengthening of these low-externality modes is a way to benefit sustainably from AVs. Second, an introduction of mobility pricing should be considered to control growth of traffic and to replace traffic control instruments lost to automation (like parking). Induced demand and empty rides of private and shared AVs have the potential to lead to another explosion of traffic, which should be controlled for the benefit of everyone. The third recommendation is the controlled support of automation of private transport. AVs are safer and produce less externalities than conventional vehicles, and they allow the users to be productive while on the road. These are substantial benefits for society, which should be harvested as soon as technologically possible. The fourth suggestion is, for SAVs, to actively favor dynamic ride-sharing (automated ride-sharing, aRS) over exclusive-access taxi services (automated taxis, aTaxis). Both the users and the suppliers have strong incentives for aTaxis, which might be only slightly more expensive to operate than aRS services (urban setting: aRS 0.29 CHF/PKM versus aTaxi 0.41 CHF/PKM). From a society and transport system perspective, however, aTaxis produce substantial additional traffic on each passenger trip compared to private vehicles (estimated +8% (Fagnant et al., 2015) to +15% (Bösch et al., 2016a) for passenger pick-ups alone, without redistribution, for example), represent challenges for the infrastructure (pick-up solutions at mobility hubs, such as city centers, train stations, or airports), and draw substantial modal shares from slow modes (here -7.5%) and mass-transit public transport (here -6.7%). Effects which can be minimized or even turned into savings by using SAV as aRS services. Ride-sharing (or - in its high-volume form - mass transit) is one of the very few ways how an increasing travel demand can be served with decreasing vehicle kilometers. These recommendations might be general and have to be analyzed in more detail for a particular city or area, but they represent an indication of the upcoming challenge for society to integrate AVs and negotiate the future transport system.

Mestrado APNOR ; Es conocido por todos que el Comercio Internacional es beneficioso, porque permite a los países exportar bienes y servicios cuya producción es abundante gracias a los recursos que esté posee; mientras que, importa aquellos bienes y servicios cuya producción en relativamente baja debido a sus escasos recursos (Krugman & Obstfeld, 2006). Este trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo caracterizar la evolución de las relaciones comerciales entre Panamá y la Unión Europea, analizando específicamente las exportaciones de Panamá hacia el mercado de la Unión Europea. Para alcanzar el objetivo fue aplicada la metodología de análisis Shift-Share a los datos más recientes sobre el comercio Panamá-Unión Europea disponibles en el Statistical Office of the European Communities (Eurostat), en el periodo correspondiente entre el año 2011 y el año 2016. A partir del análisis realizado fue posible observar principalmente que, las exportaciones de Panamá hacia la Unión Europea experimentaron un ligero crecimiento medio anual de 9.23%; que los países destinos que representan el 96.48% de las exportaciones fueron: Alemania, Bélgica, Chipre, Dinamarca, España, Francia, Gracia, Holanda, Italia, Polonia, Reino Unido y Suecia. Y los productos que representan el 95.19% de las exportaciones de Panamá fueron: equipos de transporte; otros vegetales frescos y congelados, frutas frescas; alimentos perecederos; otros artículos manufacturados; bebidas; otros aparatos y artefactos de maquinaria; semillas oleaginosas y grasas oleaginosas; cuero, textiles y ropa; estimulantes y especies; artículos misceláneos y alimentos para animales y desperdicios de animales. Por último, de acuerdo con el análisis Shift-Share dinámico las exportaciones de Panamá hacia la Unión Europea fueron afectadas por las disminuciones en las exportaciones a países como: Alemania, Bélgica, España, Grecia, Italia y Suecia; y en la disminución de las exportaciones del producto otros vegetales frescos y congelados, frutas frescas. Este trabajo constituye una herramienta de utilidad para empresarios e políticos que deseen delinear estrategias corporativas o nacionales para promover y dinamizar el comercio entre Panamá y la Unión Europea. ; It is known to all that International Trade is beneficial, because it allows countries to export goods and services whose production is abundant thanks to the resources they have; while, it imports those goods and services whose production is relatively low due to their scarce resources (Krugman & Obstfeld, 2006). The objective of this research was to characterize the evolution of trade relations between Panama and the European Union, specifically analyzing Panama exports to the European Union market. To achieve the objective, the Shift-Share analysis methodology was applied to the most recent data on Panama-European Union trade available in the Statistical Office of the European Communities (Eurostat), in the corresponding period between 2011 and 2016. Based on the analysis conducted, it was possible to know mainly that exports from Panama to the European Union experienced a slight average annual growth of 9.23%; that the destination countries that represent 96.48% of exports were: Germany, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Spain, France, Grace, Holland, Italy, Poland, United Kingdom and Sweden. And the products that represent 95.19% of Panama exports were: transport equipment, others vegetables, fresh or frozen, fresh fruit; beverages; stimulants and spices; perishable foodstuffs; animal feeding stuffs and foodstuff waste; oil seeds and oleaginous fruit and fats; other machinery apparatus and appliances; leather, textiles and clothing; other manufactured articles and miscellaneous articles. Finally, according to the dynamic Shift-Share analysis, exports from Panama to the European Union were affected by the decreases in exports to countries such as: Germany, Belgium, Spain, Greece, Italy and Sweden; and in the decrease of exports of the product others vegetables, fresh or frozen, fresh fruit. This work is a useful tool for businessmen and politicians who wish to delineate corporate or national strategies to promote and boost trade between Panama and the European Union. ; É do conhecimento geral que o comércio internacional é benéfico, porque permite aos países exportar bens e serviços cuja produção é abundante graças aos recursos que possuem; enquanto importa os bens e serviços cuja produção é relativamente baixa devido aos recursos escassos (Krugman & Obstfeld, 2006). O objetivo desta pesquisa foi caracterizar a evolução das relações comerciais entre o Panamá e a União Europeia, analisando especificamente as exportações do Panamá para o mercado da União Europeia. Para atingir o objetivo, aplicou-se a metodologia de análise Shift-Share aos dados mais recentes sobre o comércio Panamá-União Europeia, disponíveis no Serviço de Estatística das Comunidades Europeias (Eurostat), no período correspondente entre 2011 e 2016. Com base na análise realizada, foi possível saber principalmente que as exportações de exportações do Panamá para a União Europeia apresentaram um crescimento médio anual de 9,23%; que os países de destino que representam 96,48% das exportações foram: Alemanha, Bélgica, Chipre, Dinamarca, Espanha, França, Graça, Holanda, Itália, Polônia, Reino Unido e Suécia. E os produtos que representam 95,19% das exportações do Panamá foram: equipamentos de transporte; outros vegetais frescos e congelados, frutas frescas; alimentos perecíveis; outros artigos manufaturados; bebidas; outros dispositivos e aparelhos de maquinaria; oleaginosas e gorduras oleaginosas; couro, têxteis e vestuário; estimulantes e espécies; artigos diversos e alimentos para animais e resíduos animais. Finalmente, de acordo com a análise dinâmica de Shift-Share, as exportações do Panamá para a União Europeia foram afetadas pela descida nas exportações para países como: Alemanha, Bélgica, Espanha, Grécia, Itália e Suécia; e na diminuição das exportações do produto outros vegetais frescos e congelados, frutas frescas. Este trabalho é uma ferramenta útil para empresários e políticos que pretendam delinear estratégias corporativas ou nacionais para promover e impulsionar o comércio entre o Panamá e a União europeia.

ÖZETTürkiye-Yunanistan ilişkileri tarihi süreçte güvensizlik temeline dayandırılmıştır. Bu güvensizlik 1950 yılında ortaya çıkan Kıbrıs sorunuyla pekişerek büyümüş, bu dönemde iki ülke arasındaki anlaşmazlıklar realist bakış açısıyla çözüme ulaştırılmaya çalışılmıştır. 1999 yılında düzenlenen Helsinki Zirvesi'nde Türkiye'nin Avrupa Birliği'ne aday gösterilmesi ilişkileri farklı bir boyuta taşımıştır. Geçmişe bakıldığında tarihleri boyunca hem Türkiye hem de Yunanistan birçok ekonomik krizle mücadele etmek zorunda kalmıştır. Bu krizlerden en önemlisi; 21. yüzyıl itibariyle kendini hissettirmeye başlayarak 2008 yılında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde ortaya çıkan ve 2009'un son çeyreği ile Avrupa Borç Krizi'ne dönüşen küresel ekonomik krizdir. Çok sayıda ülke bu krizden olumsuz etkilenirken özellikle Yunanistan AB bünyesinde en çok zarar gören ülke olmuştur. Kısa bir süre sonra ise Avrupa Borç Krizi Yunanistan borç krizine dönüşmüştür. Bu netice doğrultusunda, başta AB ülkeleri olmak üzere çok sayıda dünya ülkesini etkisi altına alan Avrupa Borç Krizi'nin Türkiye-Yunanistan ilişkilerine olası etkilerinden yola çıkılarak bu çalışma hazırlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda Avrupa Borç Krizi sonrası süreçte Türkiye-Yunanistan ilişkileri, AB-Yunanistan ilişkisini ortaya koyan bağımsız değişken ve yaşanan ekonomik krizin Türkiye-Yunanistan ilişkilerine etkisini gösteren bağımlı değişken ile birlikte neo-realist kuram çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir. Bu değerlendirme sonucunda iki ülke arasında yaşanan Ege ve Kıbrıs gibi siyasi anlaşmazlıkların çözüme ulaştırılıp ulaştırılamayacağı noktasında bir analiz yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu gaye uyarınca çalışma üç ana bölümden oluşturulmuştur. İlk bölümünde realizm, neo-realizm ve çalışmanın alt problemlerinden ilkini oluşturan Türkiye-Yunanistan ilişkilerinin genel çerçevesi neo-realizm bakış açısıyla çizilmiştir. İkinci bölümde, çalışmanın ikinci alt problemini oluşturan Avrupa Borç Krizi'nin ortaya çıkış nedenleri ile Yunanistan ve Türkiye'ye etkilerine değinilmiştir. Çalışmanın ana araştırma sorusunu oluşturan Avrupa Borç Krizi sonrası Türkiye-Yunanistan ilişkileri ise üçüncü bölümde değerlendirilmiştir.Çalışmanın sonucunda uluslararası sistemin günümüzde "Çok Kutupluluğa" doğru dönüştüğü belirlenmiştir. Avrupa'da tecrübe edilen borç krizinin Avrupa Birliği'nin kendini sorgulamasına neden olduğu, Almanya'nın süreç ve kriz yönetiminde ön plana çıktığı, Yunanistan'ın ise ulusal çıkarları doğrultusunda yaşanan borç krizini fırsata çevirerek içinde bulunduğu durumu Türkiye ile olan siyasi sorunlarında bir taviz aracı olarak kullandığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Her ne kadar 1999 Helsinki Zirvesi'nin ardından Türkiye ile Yunanistan arasında ekonomik ve sosyal yönden çok sayıda işbirliği yolu açılmış olsa da, Avrupa Borç Krizi sonrasında AB-Yunanistan ilişkisinin sıkılaşarak devam ediyor olması da açık bir gerçektir. Bu durum, Türkiye-Yunanistan ilişkilerinde Ege ve Kıbrıs gibi geçmişten günümüze taşınan siyasi anlaşmazlıkların uzun bir süre daha Avrupa Birliği nezdinde çözüme kavuşturulamayacağını ortaya koymaktadır. ABSTRACTTurkey-Greece relations are based on the fundamental insecurity in the historical process. This insecurity grew by consolidating with the Cyprus problem that emerged in 1950, and the problems between the two countries were tried to be resolved by realist point of view. At the Helsinki Summit in 1999. Turkey's relations with the European Union, the nomination was moved to a different dimension. In retrospect, dates throughout Turkey and many have been forced to fight the economic crisis as well as Greece. The most important of these crises; It is the global economic crisis that began in the United States in 2008, beginning with self-empowerment in the 21st century and turning into the European Debt Crisis with the last quarter of 2009. While many countries are negatively affected by this crisis, Greece has been the most damaged country in the EU. Soon after, the European Debt Crisis became Greece's debt crisis. In line with this conclusion, especially European Union countries, including many countries of the world under the impact of the possible effects of the European debt crisis based on this study has been prepared on the Turkey-Greece relations. In this context, analyzed within the framework of neo-realist theory of the Turkey-Greece relations in the aftermath of the European debt crisis with the independent variable that reveals the EU-Greece relationship and the dependent variable that shows the impact of economic crisis in Turkey-Greece relations. As a result of this evaluation, it was aimed to make an analysis at the point where the experienced political disagreements between the two countries, Cyprus and Aegean, could not be delivered. In accordance with this objective, the study is composed of three main sections. The first section of realism, neo-realism, and forming the framework of the first Turkey-Greece relations problems of the sub-study were drawn from the point of view of neo-realism. In the second part, forming the second sub-study problems with the reasons for the emergence of the European debt crisis and it is addressed to the effects of Greece and Turkey. The study constitutes the main research question after the European Debt Crisis Turkey-Greece relations have been evaluated in the third section.At the end of the study, it was determined that the international system is now turning towards "Polarity". Europe's experience as the debt crisis in the European Union caused the self-questioning, Germany's process and that came to the fore in crisis management, while Greece national interests in accordance experienced were in turning the opportunities of the debt crisis compromise the vehicle's political problems with Turkey as the result that we use as. Although the 1999 Helsinki Summit the following economic and social aspects of many ways of cooperation from between Turkey and Greece opened, though, it is an obvious fact that EU and Greece relationships continues to tighten after the debt crisis. This case shows that the political disagreements moved from the past to the present in Turkey-Greece relations such as Aegean and Cyprus cannot be resolved for a long time within the European Union.

У всіх відношеннях корупція стала широко поширеним явищем, що суттєво впливає на перспективи економічного зростання, особливо в країнах, що розвиваються. Підприємці та експерти погоджуються з тим, що високий рівень корупції негативно позначається на інвестиційному кліматі та створює вороже ділове середовище, будучи глибоко вкоріненим у бізнес як невід'ємна частина бізнес-процесів. Корупція у державному секторі породжує корупцію у приватному бізнес-середовищі, що робить розуміння особливості корупційних ризиків у бізнесі, їх факторів та контрзаходів особливо важливими, що і є предметом дослідження даної статті. Метою даної статті є звернення уваги на основні аспекти корупційних проявів у різних сферах бізнесу, їх правильне тлумачення та попередження корупційних ризиків, що є основою ефективного та етичного бізнесу. Аналіз зарубіжних літературних джерел показав, що вчені часто нехтують проблемою корупції в бізнесі та діловими відносинами, зосереджуючи увагу на урядовому та державному секторах. Тим не менше, випадки корупції в бізнесі дуже поширені і представляють суттєвий ризик для добробуту компанії. Завданням даної роботи є вивчення особливостей корупції всередині ділового середовища та форм її прояву, розгляд стану корупції в міжнародному бізнес середовищі. Використовуючи загальні логічно-аналітичні методи, ця стаття досліджує природу різних видів корупційної поведінки в ділових стосунках, об'єкти та наслідки. В результаті автором виділено основні види корупційної поведінки, серед яких три групи: шахрайство, підкуп та конфлікт інтересів. До кожної з виділених груп віднесено відповідні форми корупційної поведінки, притаманні бізнес-середовищу. На основі проведеного аналізу запропоновано шляхи мінімізації корупційних ризиків в бізнесі шляхом розробки комплексної антикорупційної системи підприємства. Зроблено висновки щодо основних складових такої системи підприємства та сформовано рекомендації щодо її впровадження, що дозволить мінімізувати ймовірність корупційної поведінки в рамках бізнес-середовища. ; Во всех отношениях коррупция стала широко распространенным явлением, что существенно влияет на перспективы экономического роста, особенно в развивающихся странах. Предприниматели и эксперты соглашаются с тем, что высокий уровень коррупции негативно сказывается на инвестиционном климате и создает враждебную деловую среду, будучи глубоко укорененным в бизнес как неотъемлемая часть бизнес-процессов. Коррупция в государственном секторе порождает коррупцию в частной бизнес-среде, что делает понимание особенностей коррупционных рисков в бизнесе, их факторов и контрмер особенно важными, что и является предметом исследования данной статьи. Целью данной статьи является привлечение внимания к основным аспектам коррупционных проявлений в различных сферах бизнеса, их правильное толкование и предупреждения коррупционных рисков, что является основой эффективного и этического бизнеса. Анализ зарубежных литературных источников показал, что ученые часто пренебрегают проблемой коррупции в бизнесе и деловых отношениях, сосредоточивая внимание на правительственном и государственном секторах. Тем не менее, случаи коррупции в бизнесе очень распространены и представляют существенный риск для благосостояния компании. Задачей данной работы является изучение особенностей коррупции внутри деловой среды и форм ее проявления, рассмотрение состояния коррупции в международном бизнес среде. Используя общие логическо-аналитические методы, эта статья исследует природу различных видов коррупционного поведения в деловых отношениях, объекты и последствия. В результате автором выделены основные виды коррупционного поведения, среди которых три группы: мошенничество, подкуп и конфликт интересов. К каждой из выделенных групп отнесены соответствующие формы коррупционного поведения, присущие бизнес-среде. На основе проведенного анализа предложены пути минимизации коррупционных рисков в бизнесе путем разработки комплексной антикоррупционной политики предприятия. Сделаны выводы об основных составляющих такой политики предприятия и сформированы рекомендации по ее внедрению, что позволит минимизировать вероятность коррупционного поведения в рамках бизнес-среды. ; Corruption has become a widespread phenomenon in all respects, it significantly affects the prospects for economic growth, especially in developing countries. Entrepreneurs and experts agree that a high level of corruption negatively affects the investment climate and creates a hostile business environment, being deeply rooted in business as an integral part of business processes. Entrepreneurs and experts agree that a high level of corruption adversely affects the investment climate and creates a hostile business environment, being deeply rooted in business as an integral part of business processes. Corruption in the public sector generates corruption in the private business environment, which makes the understanding of the specific features of business corruption risks, their factors and countermeasures particularly important, which is the subject matter of this article. The goal of this article is to focus on the main aspects of corruption in various spheres of business, to interpret them properly and to prevent corruption risks, which is the basis of the effective and ethical business. The analysis of foreign literary sources has shown that scientists often neglect the problem of corruption in business and business relations, focusing on the government and public sectors. Nevertheless, the cases of corruption in business are very common and pose a significant risk to the well-being of a company. The objective of this work is to study the specifics of corruption within the business environment and to consider the state of corruption in the international business environment. Using general logical-analytical methods, this article deals with the study of the nature of various types of corruption behaviour in business relations, objects and consequences. As a result, the main types of corruption behaviour are identified, among which there are three groups: fraud, bribery and the conflict of interest. Each of the identified groups includes the corresponding forms of corrupt behaviour that are typical for the business environment. Based on the analysis, the ways for minimizing corruption risks in business are proposed by developing the comprehensive anti-corruption policy of an enterprise. The conclusions were made about the main components of this enterprise policy and recommendations were made for its implementation, which will minimize the corruption behaviour within the business environment.

The aim of the article is to study national globalization processes on the basis of design management. Methodology. The general scientific methods are used in the research, in particular: theoretical generalization – to determine the theoretical bases and tendencies of the content and constituent principles, the mechanism of regulation of globalization processes; system approach – to generalize the classification of management design tools; methods of positive and normative analysis – to develop recommendations for improving national globalization processes on the basis of design management. Results. It is proved that globalization is the main motivating factor for the development of the world economy. Globalization has caused processes of systematization in the world economic system. World forms and institutions of management began to develop. There is a formation of general trends of certain economic changes in different countries, which is a consequence of the existence of a single global socio-economic environment, governed by the global economic situation. The negative consequence of globalization is that underdeveloped countries run the risk of using their resources, depleting natural resources and moving capital to developed countries, which will increase the dependence of underdeveloped countries and worsen their economic situation. That is why a necessary condition for effective entry into the globalization space of countries with underdeveloped economies is a balanced sustainable use of their resources and efficient use of foreign investment. Thus, in the conditions of a single global world economic space, disproportions and asymmetries may arise in the socio-economic and cultural spheres of life of the population of different states. It is substantiated that the competitiveness and investment attractiveness of the national economy depend not only on socio-economic characteristics, but also on the peculiarities of the perception of the country's economy and the state as a whole by the international community. Such features are formed in the system of the so-called image economy. That is why at the present stage of development of all countries the issue of branding the national economy as a component of marketing technologies is important in order to improve and establish a positive image to attract foreign investment, export and import operations, increase the flow of tourists, pride in the population. From the point of view of management design of national transformation processes, national branding is defined as an activity aimed at highlighting the unique features of the state, reflecting them in the national symbolic brand, which has a valuable expression and aims to improve investment and tourism attractiveness, competitiveness and pride. political consciousness. Practical meaning. It is proved that from a single global world economic space can arise disproportions and asymmetries in the socio-economic and cultural life of the population of different countries, and therefore the above recommendations will help to overcome them. Prospects for further research. It is substantiated that branding of the national economy as a component of marketing technologies is aimed at improving and affirming a positive image to attract foreign investment, development of export-import operations, increase the flow of tourists, develop a sense of pride for the population. ; Метою статті є дослідження національних глобалізаційних процесів на засадах дизайн менеджменту. Методологія. У досліджені застосовані загальнонаукові методи, зокрема: теоретичне узагальнення – для визначення теоретичних основ і тенденцій змісту й складових принципів, механізму регулювання глобалізаційних процесів; системного підходу – для узагальнення класифікації інструментів дизайн менеджменту; методи позитивного і нормативного аналізу – для вироблення рекомендацій з удосконалення національних глобалізаційних процесів на засадах дизайн менеджменту. Результати. Доведено, що глобалізація виступає основним спонукальним фактором розвитку світової економіки. Глобалізація викликала процеси систематизації у світовій системі господарювання. Почали розвиватися загальносвітові форми та інституції господарювання. Відбувається формування загальних тенденцій певних економічних зрушень в різних країнах, що є наслідком існування єдиного глобального соціально-економічного середовища, що регулюється глобальною кон'юнктурою світової економіки. Негативним наслідком глобалізації є те, що для слабо розвинених держав виникає ризик використання їх ресурсів, виснаження природних ресурсів та переміщення капіталів до розвинених країн, що посилить залежність слабо розвинених країн та погіршить їх економічне становище. Саме тому необхідною умовою ефективного входження у глобалізаційний простір країн із слабо розвиненою економікою є збалансоване стале використання їх ресурсів та ефективне використання іноземних інвестицій. Отже, в умовах єдиного глобального світового економічного простору можуть виникати диспропорції та асиметрії в соціально-економічній та культурній сфері життя населення різних держав. Обґрунтовано, що конкурентоспроможність та інвестиційна привабливість національної економіки залежать не лише від соціально-економічних характеристик, а і від особливостей сприйняття економіки країни та в цілому держави міжнародною спільнотою. Такі особливості формуються в системі так званої іміджевої економіки. Саме тому на сучасному етапі розвитку всіх країн світу важливим є питання брендингу національної економіки, як складової маркетингових технологій, з метою покращення та ствердження позитивного іміджу для залучення іноземних інвестицій, розвитку експортно-імпортних операцій, збільшення потоку туристів, розвитку почуття гордості для населення країни. З точки зору дизайн менеджменту національних трансформаційних процесів, визначено національний брендинг, як вид діяльності, спрямований на виокремлення унікальних особливостей держави, відображення, їх у національному символічному бренді, який має вартісне вираження та спрямований на покращення інвестиційної та туристичної привабливості, конкурентоспроможності та посилення почуття гордості та політичної свідомості. Практичне значення. Доведено, що від єдиного глобального світового економічного простору можуть виникати диспропорції та асиметрії в соціально-економічній та культурній сфері життя населення різних держав, а тому наведені рекомендації допоможуть їх подолати. Перспективи подальших досліджень. Обґрунтовано, що брендинг національної економіки, як складової маркетингових технологій, є метою покращення та ствердження позитивного іміджу для залучення іноземних інвестицій, розвитку експортно-імпортних операцій, збільшення потоку туристів, розвитку почуття гордості для населення країни, чому буде присвячено подальші розвідки автора.

The object of research is methods of approach to risk assessment, each organization independently develops and implements. The author provides practically gained experience in an international company – an effective approach in the use of risk assessment methods.One of the most problematic places is the choice of the method of assessing the organization's risks. The method is in primarily in the compatibility of the mission and the objectives of the organization, and a number of tasks with the selected methods of risk assessment. For a quantitative method of risk assessment, it is the availability of correctly calculated norms, according to which a risk analysis will be carried out. For a qualitative method of risk assessment, it is the availability of qualified experts with sufficient experience in the field of risk assessment. For a mixed method of risk assessment, it is compliance with the balance and appropriateness of use between a quantitative and qualitative method of risk assessment.In accordance with the selected types of economic activity, organizations that require strict compliance with production standards, legislation, licensing, etc., it is advisable to use quantitative methods of risk assessment. As an example, the risks associated with violation of the norms: the rates of environmental tax for emissions of pollutants into the air, stationary sources of pollution; disposal of hazardous waste; control over water use and discharges of enterprises.A mandatory creation of a risk map for each organization is proposed. This is due to the fact that all risks must be structured and investigated, and a risk response method must be chosen for each of the risks. The risk map has a number of features and an important purpose in the corporate governance structure, in particular:risk matrix, or visualization for the top management of the organization;risk table, or working tool for risk management.Risk assessment in any field is very important. Due to this, the company that invests in the improvement of the internal control system (ICS), in ICS support at a given level, subsequently receives effects in the form of savings, the absence of fines, and protection from corruption. As an example, protection against corruption provides timely detection of risks – red flags, which indicate possible manipulations. ; Объектом исследования являются методы подхода к оценке рисков, которые каждая организация самостоятельно разрабатывает и внедряет. Автор предоставляет практически полученный опыт в международной компании – эффективный подход в использовании методов оценки рисков.Одним из самых проблемных мест является выбор метода оценки рисков организации. Метод, который заключается в первую очередь в совместимости миссии и целей организации, и ряда задач с избранными методами оценки рисков. Для количественного метода оценки рисков – это наличие корректно рассчитанных норм, согласно которым будет проводиться анализ рисков. Для качественного метода оценки рисков – это наличие квалифицированных экспертов с достаточным и соответствующим сфере оценки рисков опытом. Для смешанного метода оценки рисков – это соблюдение баланса и целесообразности использования между количественным и качественным методом оценки рисков.В соответствии с выбранными видами ведения экономической деятельности (далее КВЭД) организации, которые требуют точного соблюдения норм производства, законодательства, лицензирования и т. д., в таком случае целесообразно использовать количественные методы оценки рисков. Как пример, риски связанные с нарушением норм: ставки экологического налога за выбросы в атмосферный воздух загрязняющих веществ, стационарными источниками загрязнения; утилизации опасных отходов; контроля за использованием воды и сбросами предприятий.Предложено обязательное создание карты рисков для каждой организации. Это связано с тем, что все риски должны быть структурированы и исследованы, а также по каждому из рисков должен быть избран метод реагирования на риск. Карта рисков имеет ряд особенностей и важное назначение в структуре корпоративного управления, в частности это:матрица рисков, или визуализация для топ руководства организации;таблица рисков, или рабочий инструмент для управления рисками.Благодаря этому обеспечивается возможность для организаций, акции которых котируются на бирже, получить инструмент по соблюдению правил и законодательства (финансовая отчетность и управление рисками). Как пример, защита от коррупции обеспечивает своевременное выявление рисков – красных флажков, которые указывают на возможные манипуляции. ; Об'єктом дослідження є методи підходу до оцінювання ризиків, які кожна організація самостійно розробляє та впроваджує. Автор надає практично здобутий досвід у міжнародній компанії – ефективний підхід у використанні методів оцінювання ризиків.Одним з найбільш проблемних місць є вибір методу оцінювання ризиків організації. Метод, який заключається в першу чергу в сумісності місії та цілей організації, та ряду задач з обраними методами оцінювання ризиків. Для кількісного методу оцінювання ризиків – це наявність коректно розрахованих норм, згідно яких буде проводитьсь аналіз ризиків. Для якісного методу оцінювання ризиків – це наявність кваліфікованих експертів з достатнім та відповідним до сфери оцінювання ризиків досвідом. Для змішаного методу оцінювання ризиків – це дотримання балансу та доцільності використання між кількісним та якісним методом оцінювання ризиків.Відповідно до обраних видів ведення економічної діяльності (далі КВЕД) організації, які потребують точного дотримання норм виробництва, законодавства, ліцензування і т. д., доцільно використовувати кількісні методи оцінювання ризиків. Як приклад, ризики пов'язані з порушенням норм: ставки екологічного податку за викидів в атмосферне повітря забруднюючих речовин, стаціонарними джерелами забруднення; утилізації небезпечних відходів; контролю за використанням води та скидами підприємств.Запропоновано обов'язкове створення мапи ризиків для кожної організації. Це пов'язано з тим, що всі ризики повинні бути структуровані та досліджені, а також по кожному з ризиків має бути обрано метод реагування на ризик. Мапа ризиків має ряд особливостей та важливе призначення в структурі корпоративного управління, зокрема це:матриця ризиків, або візуалізація для топ керівництва організації;таблиця ризиків, або робочий інструмент для управління ризиками.Оцінка ризиків у будь-якій сфері є дуже важливою. Завдяки цьому компанія, яка інвестує в удосконалення системи внутрішнього контролю (СВК), в підтримку СВК на заданому рівні у подальшому отримує ефекти у вигляді заощаджених коштів, відсутності штрафів, захист від корупції. Як приклад, захист від корупції забезпечує своєчасне виявлення ризиків – червоних прапорців, які вказують на можливі маніпуляції.

Проаналізовано особливості етнокультурної ситуації в Україні та проблеми щодо забезпечення етнокультурних прав української державотворчої нації, національних меншин у контексті реалізації Угоди про асоціацію. Доведено, що одним із пріоритетів державної етнополітики України є захист національно-культурних прав та свобод національних меншин та дотримання взятих на себе міжнародних зобов'язань у цій сфері. З'ясовано, що поза увагою держави в контексті здійснення публічного управління етнополітичними відносинами залишаються проблеми забезпечення розвитку української державотворчої нації та взаємодія останньої із національними меншинами у напрямку національної консолідації. Запропоновано основні заходи щодо забезпечення етнокультурних потреб української державотворчої нації. ; Problem setting. Ensuring cultural development of all the ethnic components of society is one of the tasks of a democratic state in the context of the implementation of a public ethnic policy. European integration desires encourage the Ukrainian country to implement a responsible and well-considered public policy in order to ensure the cultural rights of national minorities. However, currently, the ethnocultural aspect of public administration in the field of ethnopolitical relations in the context of European integration of Ukraine needs to be considered not only through the prism of providing the language and cultural, and religious needs of national minorities, but also the state-building Ukrainian nation. This is required by the specific ethnocultural situation that has occurred in Ukraine today.Recent research and publications analysis. Some aspects of ensuring the rights and freedom of national minorities in Ukraine have been investigated by M. Almashi, V. Lemak, L. Masenko, V. Ovcharenko, N. Papish, O. Fedun. The issues of national identity and nation consolidation have been analyzed by V. Kriachko, O. Nelha, O. Orzhel.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The peculiarities of the ethnopolitical situation in Ukraine require the public authorities to take decisive steps to ensure the ethnocultural development of the Ukrainian state-building nation, which would not contradict Ukraine's commitments to the EU in the context of the implementation of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union.The purpose of the article is to analyze the state of ensuring the ethno-cultural rights of the Ukrainian state-building nation and national minorities in Ukraine in the context of the implementation of the Association Agreement and to propose the ways to solve problems in this area.Paper main body. Legislation and public management practices in Ukraine ensure all aspects of preserving the national identity and originality of national minorities, including the right of the national minorities to exist, the right to use their native language and cultural achievements, the functioning of schools where teaching is conducted in the native language of the national minorities, the right of national minorities to representation in public authorities and local self-government bodies. The Action Plan for the implementation of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union provides for the implementation of activities related to the protection of the rights of national minorities by the ministries and departments of Ukraine. As part of the implementation of its commitments to the EU, Ukraine has adopted the Law of Ukraine "On the Principles of Prevention and Combating of Discrimination in Ukraine", "National Human Rights Strategy", in which the strategic goal was defined to support and development of tolerant international relations in society. One of the areas of state anti-discrimination policy on ethnic grounds is the improvement of the situation of the Roma. In order to ensure equal rights and opportunities of representatives of the Roma minority, the "Strategy for the Protection and Integration of the Ukrainian Society of the Roma National Minorities for the Period up to 2020" has been adopted and implemented. The national minorities in Ukraine widely use the right to learn their language, to attend classes at the elementary school and to visit cultural centers.Today, the ethnocultural aspect of public administration in the field of ethnopolitical relations in Ukraine needs to be considered not only through the prism of providing the language and cultural and religious needs of national minorities, but also the state-building Ukrainian nation. One of the ethnocultural problems in Ukraine is the lack of ethnic and language and cultural orientation of a significant part of its population. To overcome the deformations of the national linguage and cultural, and linguage and information space caused by the centuries-old assimilation policy of the Ukrainian nation, there is a problem of ensuring the full functioning of the Ukrainian language in all spheres of public life throughout the country. To ensure the ethnocultural needs of the Ukrainian state-building nation, it is necessary to implement a complex of activities, aimed at the development of Ukrainian culture, functioning of the Ukrainian language in all spheres of public life throughout Ukraine, the development of Ukrainian book publishing, creating a single canonical Ukrainian local churchConclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The public administration practice in the field of ethnopolitical relations in Ukraine demonstrates the proper level of guaranteeing and ensuring the ethnocultural rights of national minorities, especially in education, concerning the right to study in their native language. Ethnopolitical situation in Ukraine, in which Ukrainians are discriminated on the basis of their mother tongue, requires public authorities to take decisive steps to ensure the ethnocultural needs of the Ukrainian state-building nation, the basic of which should be: the adoption of language legislation; protection at the legislative level of the Ukrainian information space from foreign influence; state support in the process of creation and popularization of high-quality Ukrainian-language cultural products; filling of the media space of Ukraine (television, radio), Internet resources in the Ukrainian-language cultural product.

PubMed: 30608764 ; 2-s2.0-85059112614 ; Measurements of fragmentation functions for jets associated with an isolated photon are presented for the first time in pp and Pb-Pb collisions. The analysis uses data collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV. Fragmentation functions are obtained for jets with pTjet>30 GeV/c in events containing an isolated photon with pT?>60 GeV/c, using charged tracks with transverse momentum pTtrk>1 GeV/c in a cone around the jet axis. The association with an isolated photon constrains the initial pT and azimuthal angle of the parton whose shower produced the jet. For central Pb-Pb collisions, modifications of the jet fragmentation functions are observed when compared to those measured in pp collisions, while no significant differences are found in the 50% most peripheral collisions. Jets in central Pb-Pb events show an excess (depletion) of low (high) pT particles, with a transition around 3 GeV/c. This measurement shows for the first time the in-medium shower modifications of partons (quark dominated) with well-defined initial kinematics. It constitutes a new well-controlled reference for testing theoretical models of the parton passage through the quark-gluon plasma. © 2018 CERN, for the CMS Collaboration. Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the »https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/» Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by SCOAP3. ; ST/I003622/1, ST/I505580/1, ST/J004871/1, ST/J005479/1, ST/K003542/1, ST/L005603/1, ST/M004775/1, ST/N000242/1 National Science Foundation, NSF National Institutes of Health, NIH U.S. Department of Energy, USDOE Hispanics in Philanthropy, HIP CS Fund, CSF Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (COLCIENCIAS) California Earthquake Authority, CEA Secretaría de Educación Pública, SEP Türkiye Atom Enerjisi Kurumu, TAEK Louisiana Academy of Sciences, LAS Missouri University of Science and Technology, MST CERN College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, CAS Norwegian Sequencing Centre, NSC Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology, IPST Mountain Equipment Co-operative, MEC Science and Technology Facilities Council, STFC: ST/F007434/1, ST/N001273/1 Royal Astronomical Society, RAS Ministry of Education - Singapore, MOE Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India, ???? Science Foundation Ireland, SFI Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft, HGF Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, FAPESP National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC Research Promotion Foundation, ???? Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, FCT Russian Foundation for Basic Research, ???? Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES Academy of Finland Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Austrian Science Fund, FWF Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS, FNRS Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, FWO Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACYT Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft, BMWFW General Secretariat for Research and Technology, GSRT Hungarian Scientific Research Fund, OTKA Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, MSIP Ministry of Science and Technology, MOST National Research Foundation of Korea, NRF Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, JINR Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, INFN National Science and Technology Development Agency, ????: Thailand Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, SENESCYT Universiti Malaya, UM Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, FAPERJ Ministry for Business Innovation and Employment, MBIE National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, NASU Ministry of Education and Science, MES Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, IPM Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, BUAP Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, SEIDI European Regional Development Fund, FEDER Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CINVESTAV Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, PAEC State Fund for Fundamental Research of Ukraine, SFFR Department of Science and Technology, Government of West Bengal, DST Federal Agency of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMWFW and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NIH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, Federal Agency of Atomic Energy of the Russian FederationRosAtom, RAS, RFBR and RAEP (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI and FEDER (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA).

Alex De Waal's new book, Mass Starvation: The History and Future of Famine, cannot be assessed as an enjoyable read; instead it is a book that will (and should) leave the reader unsettled, concerned and angry.". we have come full circle, back to where we were before the invention of "Famine", in which we understand famines as desperate societal crises, including hunger and other forms of distress, that threaten a way of life, created by the powerful, resisted and mediated by human skills and societal structures." (De Waal 2018 p52)The author presents a well-researched account of famines, over the last two centuries and uses his research and experience, to reflect on the future of famines. His presentation of famines begins with "the year without a summer" (De Waal pg. 54), the 1816 famine caused by crop failure, due to the eruption of a volcano, in Indonesia. This was the last famine, De Waal reflects, that was caused by an act of nature. He then moves onto act one of a 'tragedy in five acts", which refers to the Imperial Holocausts from 1870 until 1914. These are famines caused by colonial settlers, using hunger to subjugate indigenous populations. Although he begins his reflections in 1870, he notes correctly that such famines have occurred down through the ages. However reliable data does not exist in relation to numbers affected prior to this time. Act two brings the merging of the two world wars into one extended world war from 1915 – 1950. He presents this period as the worst for famine deaths in modern history, where forced starvation was used a means of extermination or tolerated for military gains. Act three, 1950-1985, reveals one of the worst famines in history, when Mao Zedong's 'Great Leap Forward' resulted in 25-30 million famine deaths between 1958 and 62. The smaller famines related to wars from 1960s onwards is set out in act four, occurring largely in war torn countries of Sub Saharan Africa.The book catalogues all recorded calamitous and great famines since 1870, estimating that over 103 million people have lost their lives through famines in this time span. Of these deaths, 77 million occurred during war or periods of political repression. He demonstrates that between 1870 and 1970 an average of about 1 million lives were lost every year due to famine. However, fewer deaths are being lost since then due to increasingly professional humanitarian responses and improvements in health care and prevention strategies, such as routine immunisation programmes—a fact that many aid agencies and donors would like global media to take more notice of. One may begin to feel relief at such progress being presented, only to have such hope dispelled by De Waal's increasing concern on the recent increased use of hunger as a political tool. De Waal (pg. 172) summarises the basic thesis of his book as ".better politics have led to fewer famines" and better general health services have reduced the deaths caused as a result of continuing famines. Over half of all famine deaths since 1870 were actually Chinese citizens. Setting out famines in this way challenges common lay perceptions of famine deaths occurring only in Sub Saharan Africa due to a simple, ongoing lack of food. De Waal's evidenced-based approach towards Malthusian population principles is refreshing, in a world where such perceptions continue to be cited by many academic scholars and political parties as a reason to justify limiting population size and curbing migration flows. De Waal presents evidence to show that rising population levels have not resulted World Nutrition 2018;9(1)71in more famine and deaths. However, he does not seek to paint a happy ending, he challenges the global complacency which allows hunger to co-exist in a world with enough food for all. De Waal waits until chapter ten to discuss act five, "the new atrocity famines". He seeks to answer the question: are we seeing "the resurgence of great famines?" (pg. 179). Chapter ten begins with the fact that in 2017 there was 70 million people in acute need of aid, an increase from 45 million in 2015. He goes on to state that there were twenty million people, in four countries (Nigeria, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen), facing the risk of famine. The people in these countries are suffering from hunger due to political decisions and conflict, not a shortage of food--a failure of political leaders to implement international laws. In act four De Waal presents the good news that famines and the deaths they led to had dramatically reduced, being localised to SSA. However, the most dramatic food shortages, due to conflict, in this decade, have occurred in the Middle East. With countries like Syria denying food and aid to its citizens as a weapon of war, while 51% of the citizens in Yemen are in urgent need of assistance that is not reaching them. Due to the role of politics in present day famines, De Waal calls for forced starvation to be classed asan atrocity, in a similar way to genocide. His book presents compelling arguments, which will fuel many a midnight debate, between scholars and students alike. However, as an academic practitioner, I find his analysis to be a welcome trumpet call, in the present wilderness of false news. This book will be of interest to aid workers, nutritionists and activists who believe that social justice approaches to development need to take precedence over neo-liberal economic growth models. De Waal's book will become a new core reader on my list of essential books for students, as I strive to fuel the debate to support the right to food and health for all amongst the future leaders in the field of Global Public Health Nutrition.