Suchergebnisse

After the end of the Cold war the unipolar international system was established and during recent decade it was transformated from strickt unipolarity (1990-2000) to modified unipolarity (2001-2010). Exceptional and multidimensional power with the global reach of the USA was the reason for naming structure of international system as strict unipolar till terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 in the USA. After September 11th the USA started to act less unilaterally than before temporary changing the unilateralism to multilateralism for collective actions against terrorism in Afghanistan. The multilateral response to September 11th terrorist attacks became the first stage of transformation of strict unipolarity based on Article 5 of Washington Treaty. Years of 2001-2003 could be named as the beginning of modified unipolarity: sole superpower acted multilaterally in war against terrorism and at the same time it promoted the enlargement of its influence with NATO enlargement to the post soviet area. Formation of transformed unipolar structure allows speaking about the necessity of defining a new type of unipolarity – modified unipolarity which is theoretically balancing on the dividing lines of unipolarity, multipolarity and nonpolarity concepts. This article consists of broad definition of modified unipolarity, theoretical analysis of polarity and its transformation, also, some preliminary conclusions and insights are made concerning possible transformation of modified unipolarity in the foreseen future.

Analysis of this Master's Paper is developed in three directions: firstly, the author summarized the issues of the international and national criminal law. Attention is drawn to the place of the international treaties in the Lithuanian law, focusing on the national criminal law implications of such treaties; attempting to determine the possibility of direct application of the treaties in the criminal law. The author concludes that international treaties regulating the matters that are relevant to criminal justice should be transferred to national laws. The second part of the Paper analyses the significance of the treaties on the protection of universal human rights and freedoms, such as the Universal Charter on Human Rights, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECPHRFF) and of the conventions adopted by the United Nations Organization in general, to the criminal law of Lithuania. The author does not aim at defining the importance of the particular rules of law to the national criminal law, and distinguishes instead the trends of the national criminal law implications. Analyzing the ECPHRFF, the author emphasizes the special character of this international treaty also drawing attention to the problem of interaction between the blanket dispositions constructed in the Lithuanian criminal law and the principle of nullum crimen sine lege guaranteed by the Convention. The Master's Paper concludes that implementation of the international legal acts guaranteeing the protection of personal rights in terms of criminal law of Lithuania is being implemented with sufficient accuracy. In the final part of the Master's Paper the relevance of the European Union (EU) law with regard to the national criminal law is summarized. In the first instance the author draws attention to the issue of relevance of the primary EU law to the national criminal law, which practically has not been analyzed by the Lithuanian scientists. Analyzing separate types of the secondary legislation passed by the EU authorities, in the first instance the features of each legal act – regulation, directive, decision, framework decision, general actions, recommendations, opinions, guidelines and conventions – are distinguished. The author aims at disclosing the manner in which the features of each secondary legal act of the EU influence the national criminal law. Also, the possibilities of the direct application of regulations, directives and decisions in the national law are elaborate. The author concludes that it is the secondary legislation by means of which the criminal law of the Member States is being approximated, whereas appropriate implementation of the secondary legislation of the EU, as a rule, requires corrections of the criminal law.

Analysis of this Master's Paper is developed in three directions: firstly, the author summarized the issues of the international and national criminal law. Attention is drawn to the place of the international treaties in the Lithuanian law, focusing on the national criminal law implications of such treaties; attempting to determine the possibility of direct application of the treaties in the criminal law. The author concludes that international treaties regulating the matters that are relevant to criminal justice should be transferred to national laws. The second part of the Paper analyses the significance of the treaties on the protection of universal human rights and freedoms, such as the Universal Charter on Human Rights, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECPHRFF) and of the conventions adopted by the United Nations Organization in general, to the criminal law of Lithuania. The author does not aim at defining the importance of the particular rules of law to the national criminal law, and distinguishes instead the trends of the national criminal law implications. Analyzing the ECPHRFF, the author emphasizes the special character of this international treaty also drawing attention to the problem of interaction between the blanket dispositions constructed in the Lithuanian criminal law and the principle of nullum crimen sine lege guaranteed by the Convention. The Master's Paper concludes that implementation of the international legal acts guaranteeing the protection of personal rights in terms of criminal law of Lithuania is being implemented with sufficient accuracy. In the final part of the Master's Paper the relevance of the European Union (EU) law with regard to the national criminal law is summarized. In the first instance the author draws attention to the issue of relevance of the primary EU law to the national criminal law, which practically has not been analyzed by the Lithuanian scientists. Analyzing separate types of the secondary legislation passed by the EU authorities, in the first instance the features of each legal act – regulation, directive, decision, framework decision, general actions, recommendations, opinions, guidelines and conventions – are distinguished. The author aims at disclosing the manner in which the features of each secondary legal act of the EU influence the national criminal law. Also, the possibilities of the direct application of regulations, directives and decisions in the national law are elaborate. The author concludes that it is the secondary legislation by means of which the criminal law of the Member States is being approximated, whereas appropriate implementation of the secondary legislation of the EU, as a rule, requires corrections of the criminal law.

Analysis of this Master's Paper is developed in three directions: firstly, the author summarized the issues of the international and national criminal law. Attention is drawn to the place of the international treaties in the Lithuanian law, focusing on the national criminal law implications of such treaties; attempting to determine the possibility of direct application of the treaties in the criminal law. The author concludes that international treaties regulating the matters that are relevant to criminal justice should be transferred to national laws. The second part of the Paper analyses the significance of the treaties on the protection of universal human rights and freedoms, such as the Universal Charter on Human Rights, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECPHRFF) and of the conventions adopted by the United Nations Organization in general, to the criminal law of Lithuania. The author does not aim at defining the importance of the particular rules of law to the national criminal law, and distinguishes instead the trends of the national criminal law implications. Analyzing the ECPHRFF, the author emphasizes the special character of this international treaty also drawing attention to the problem of interaction between the blanket dispositions constructed in the Lithuanian criminal law and the principle of nullum crimen sine lege guaranteed by the Convention. The Master's Paper concludes that implementation of the international legal acts guaranteeing the protection of personal rights in terms of criminal law of Lithuania is being implemented with sufficient accuracy. In the final part of the Master's Paper the relevance of the European Union (EU) law with regard to the national criminal law is summarized. In the first instance the author draws attention to the issue of relevance of the primary EU law to the national criminal law, which practically has not been analyzed by the Lithuanian scientists. Analyzing separate types of the secondary legislation passed by the EU authorities, in the first instance the features of each legal act – regulation, directive, decision, framework decision, general actions, recommendations, opinions, guidelines and conventions – are distinguished. The author aims at disclosing the manner in which the features of each secondary legal act of the EU influence the national criminal law. Also, the possibilities of the direct application of regulations, directives and decisions in the national law are elaborate. The author concludes that it is the secondary legislation by means of which the criminal law of the Member States is being approximated, whereas appropriate implementation of the secondary legislation of the EU, as a rule, requires corrections of the criminal law.

Analysis of this Master's Paper is developed in three directions: firstly, the author summarized the issues of the international and national criminal law. Attention is drawn to the place of the international treaties in the Lithuanian law, focusing on the national criminal law implications of such treaties; attempting to determine the possibility of direct application of the treaties in the criminal law. The author concludes that international treaties regulating the matters that are relevant to criminal justice should be transferred to national laws. The second part of the Paper analyses the significance of the treaties on the protection of universal human rights and freedoms, such as the Universal Charter on Human Rights, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECPHRFF) and of the conventions adopted by the United Nations Organization in general, to the criminal law of Lithuania. The author does not aim at defining the importance of the particular rules of law to the national criminal law, and distinguishes instead the trends of the national criminal law implications. Analyzing the ECPHRFF, the author emphasizes the special character of this international treaty also drawing attention to the problem of interaction between the blanket dispositions constructed in the Lithuanian criminal law and the principle of nullum crimen sine lege guaranteed by the Convention. The Master's Paper concludes that implementation of the international legal acts guaranteeing the protection of personal rights in terms of criminal law of Lithuania is being implemented with sufficient accuracy. In the final part of the Master's Paper the relevance of the European Union (EU) law with regard to the national criminal law is summarized. In the first instance the author draws attention to the issue of relevance of the primary EU law to the national criminal law, which practically has not been analyzed by the Lithuanian scientists. Analyzing separate types of the secondary legislation passed by the EU authorities, in the first instance the features of each legal act – regulation, directive, decision, framework decision, general actions, recommendations, opinions, guidelines and conventions – are distinguished. The author aims at disclosing the manner in which the features of each secondary legal act of the EU influence the national criminal law. Also, the possibilities of the direct application of regulations, directives and decisions in the national law are elaborate. The author concludes that it is the secondary legislation by means of which the criminal law of the Member States is being approximated, whereas appropriate implementation of the secondary legislation of the EU, as a rule, requires corrections of the criminal law.

In the beginning of the 21st century different features of the transformation of the contemporary international system could be studied. Among these features changes in nature of threats, actions of main actors of international system concerning changing security environment, appearance of new centers of power and military confrontation between the USA and Russia could be distinguished. Impact of polarity of the international system towards international security was one of the most popular topics of international relations in the second half of the 20th century. Concept of polarity as certain distribution of power in international system became very popular due to Realism school of international relations. Many different studies were made concerning this topic in the Cold War period, but after the end of the Cold War topics of international system and polarity in the international system seemed as unimportant and lost its significance. The new importance of polarity conception was brought by the emergence of new types of threats to international security and by unequal distribution of power in the international system that created unipolar structure with one superpower and several smaller centers of power in the beginning of the 21st century. In this article few presumptions and conclusions concerning the transformation of the contemporary polar structure of international systems were made. First presumption is that contemporary international system is transforming from strict unipolarity with one exceptionally strong superpower to modified unipolarity with one superpower and several emerging centers of power.[.].

In the beginning of the 21st century different features of the transformation of the contemporary international system could be studied. Among these features changes in nature of threats, actions of main actors of international system concerning changing security environment, appearance of new centers of power and military confrontation between the USA and Russia could be distinguished. Impact of polarity of the international system towards international security was one of the most popular topics of international relations in the second half of the 20th century. Concept of polarity as certain distribution of power in international system became very popular due to Realism school of international relations. Many different studies were made concerning this topic in the Cold War period, but after the end of the Cold War topics of international system and polarity in the international system seemed as unimportant and lost its significance. The new importance of polarity conception was brought by the emergence of new types of threats to international security and by unequal distribution of power in the international system that created unipolar structure with one superpower and several smaller centers of power in the beginning of the 21st century. In this article few presumptions and conclusions concerning the transformation of the contemporary polar structure of international systems were made. First presumption is that contemporary international system is transforming from strict unipolarity with one exceptionally strong superpower to modified unipolarity with one superpower and several emerging centers of power.[.].

In the beginning of the 21st century different features of the transformation of the contemporary international system could be studied. Among these features changes in nature of threats, actions of main actors of international system concerning changing security environment, appearance of new centers of power and military confrontation between the USA and Russia could be distinguished. Impact of polarity of the international system towards international security was one of the most popular topics of international relations in the second half of the 20th century. Concept of polarity as certain distribution of power in international system became very popular due to Realism school of international relations. Many different studies were made concerning this topic in the Cold War period, but after the end of the Cold War topics of international system and polarity in the international system seemed as unimportant and lost its significance. The new importance of polarity conception was brought by the emergence of new types of threats to international security and by unequal distribution of power in the international system that created unipolar structure with one superpower and several smaller centers of power in the beginning of the 21st century. In this article few presumptions and conclusions concerning the transformation of the contemporary polar structure of international systems were made. First presumption is that contemporary international system is transforming from strict unipolarity with one exceptionally strong superpower to modified unipolarity with one superpower and several emerging centers of power.[.].

Due to the effective use of the new communication technologies international non-governmental organizations have increased its working boundaries, the number of activities, members involved, as well as it's influence to the important decision making of the governments and intergovernmental organizations. The international non-governmental organizations are specific, as it is working in many different countries, which has different culture and economic situation, while the branches of these organizations often consists of many volunteers, giving their spare time to the idea of the organization. That's why the cultural and individual basis are more important to the non-governmental organizations, because each of the volunteer have an important influence. The differences of the individuals also causes the different use of new communication technologies. The aim of the paper is to analyze the work of the non-governmental organizations, as an investigation source using it's internal social networks and to determine the role of the computer mediated communication in it's activities. The research of the articles about the international non-governmental organizations, social networks and computer-mediated communication was made in order to investigate the selected international non-governmental organizations use of the communication technologies. The paper can be useful to the chairpersons and manages of the communication as well as to each member or staff in the international non-governmental organization.

Due to the effective use of the new communication technologies international non-governmental organizations have increased its working boundaries, the number of activities, members involved, as well as it's influence to the important decision making of the governments and intergovernmental organizations. The international non-governmental organizations are specific, as it is working in many different countries, which has different culture and economic situation, while the branches of these organizations often consists of many volunteers, giving their spare time to the idea of the organization. That's why the cultural and individual basis are more important to the non-governmental organizations, because each of the volunteer have an important influence. The differences of the individuals also causes the different use of new communication technologies. The aim of the paper is to analyze the work of the non-governmental organizations, as an investigation source using it's internal social networks and to determine the role of the computer mediated communication in it's activities. The research of the articles about the international non-governmental organizations, social networks and computer-mediated communication was made in order to investigate the selected international non-governmental organizations use of the communication technologies. The paper can be useful to the chairpersons and manages of the communication as well as to each member or staff in the international non-governmental organization.

Due to the effective use of the new communication technologies international non-governmental organizations have increased its working boundaries, the number of activities, members involved, as well as it's influence to the important decision making of the governments and intergovernmental organizations. The international non-governmental organizations are specific, as it is working in many different countries, which has different culture and economic situation, while the branches of these organizations often consists of many volunteers, giving their spare time to the idea of the organization. That's why the cultural and individual basis are more important to the non-governmental organizations, because each of the volunteer have an important influence. The differences of the individuals also causes the different use of new communication technologies. The aim of the paper is to analyze the work of the non-governmental organizations, as an investigation source using it's internal social networks and to determine the role of the computer mediated communication in it's activities. The research of the articles about the international non-governmental organizations, social networks and computer-mediated communication was made in order to investigate the selected international non-governmental organizations use of the communication technologies. The paper can be useful to the chairpersons and manages of the communication as well as to each member or staff in the international non-governmental organization.

Due to the effective use of the new communication technologies international non-governmental organizations have increased its working boundaries, the number of activities, members involved, as well as it's influence to the important decision making of the governments and intergovernmental organizations. The international non-governmental organizations are specific, as it is working in many different countries, which has different culture and economic situation, while the branches of these organizations often consists of many volunteers, giving their spare time to the idea of the organization. That's why the cultural and individual basis are more important to the non-governmental organizations, because each of the volunteer have an important influence. The differences of the individuals also causes the different use of new communication technologies. The aim of the paper is to analyze the work of the non-governmental organizations, as an investigation source using it's internal social networks and to determine the role of the computer mediated communication in it's activities. The research of the articles about the international non-governmental organizations, social networks and computer-mediated communication was made in order to investigate the selected international non-governmental organizations use of the communication technologies. The paper can be useful to the chairpersons and manages of the communication as well as to each member or staff in the international non-governmental organization.

This article, as first of set of publications, analyses international tax competition, its common aspects and measures that countries take to counteract its harmful effects on national income from taxes, trying to prove, that, despite apparent political inspirations, tax competition is also relevant legally. It is proposed, that real tax competition is not complex tax policy decisions (to reduce rates, introduce flat rate or progressive ones etc.) in order to encourage different economic or social processes, but those, aimed at non-resident taxpayers, when taxes become the main or even only reason for their certain business or investment decisions. International tax competition is discussed using two basic categories offered by the OECD and widely accepted by international community - "preferential tax regimes" and "tax havens", also acknowledging, that phenomenon besides pure tax regulation also includes different regulations for financial services and business as a whole, limits of authority of state institutions etc. It is concluded, that clear identification of mentioned above is relevant not only politically, but legally as well, because that not only shows states' "competitive orientation" but also directly influences effectiveness and functionality of measures used to counter its harmful effects.

This article, as first of set of publications, analyses international tax competition, its common aspects and measures that countries take to counteract its harmful effects on national income from taxes, trying to prove, that, despite apparent political inspirations, tax competition is also relevant legally. It is proposed, that real tax competition is not complex tax policy decisions (to reduce rates, introduce flat rate or progressive ones etc.) in order to encourage different economic or social processes, but those, aimed at non-resident taxpayers, when taxes become the main or even only reason for their certain business or investment decisions. International tax competition is discussed using two basic categories offered by the OECD and widely accepted by international community - "preferential tax regimes" and "tax havens", also acknowledging, that phenomenon besides pure tax regulation also includes different regulations for financial services and business as a whole, limits of authority of state institutions etc. It is concluded, that clear identification of mentioned above is relevant not only politically, but legally as well, because that not only shows states' "competitive orientation" but also directly influences effectiveness and functionality of measures used to counter its harmful effects.

This article, as first of set of publications, analyses international tax competition, its common aspects and measures that countries take to counteract its harmful effects on national income from taxes, trying to prove, that, despite apparent political inspirations, tax competition is also relevant legally. It is proposed, that real tax competition is not complex tax policy decisions (to reduce rates, introduce flat rate or progressive ones etc.) in order to encourage different economic or social processes, but those, aimed at non-resident taxpayers, when taxes become the main or even only reason for their certain business or investment decisions. International tax competition is discussed using two basic categories offered by the OECD and widely accepted by international community - "preferential tax regimes" and "tax havens", also acknowledging, that phenomenon besides pure tax regulation also includes different regulations for financial services and business as a whole, limits of authority of state institutions etc. It is concluded, that clear identification of mentioned above is relevant not only politically, but legally as well, because that not only shows states' "competitive orientation" but also directly influences effectiveness and functionality of measures used to counter its harmful effects.