International Abstract
In: Substance use & misuse: an international interdisciplinary forum, Band 43, Heft 8-9, S. 1283-1313
ISSN: 1532-2491
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In: Substance use & misuse: an international interdisciplinary forum, Band 43, Heft 8-9, S. 1283-1313
ISSN: 1532-2491
In: Substance use & misuse: an international interdisciplinary forum, Band 43, Heft 2, S. 253-269
ISSN: 1532-2491
In: Proceedings of the annual meeting / American Society of International Law, Band 102, S. 450-452
ISSN: 2169-1118
In: International organization, Band 62, Heft 4, S. 621-652
ISSN: 1531-5088
During the past half-century, states have established a large number of international trade institutions, both multilateral and regional in scope. The existing literature on this topic emphasizes that these agreements are chiefly designed to liberalize and increase the flow of overseas commerce. Yet such institutions have another function that has been largely ignored by researchers, namely, reducing volatility in trade policy and trade flows. Exposure to global markets increases the vulnerability of a country's output to terms of trade shocks. Governments seek to insulate their economies from such instability through membership in international trade institutions, particularly the World Trade Organization (WTO) and preferential trading arrangements (PTAs). We hypothesize that these institutions reduce the volatility of overseas commerce. We further hypothesize that, because market actors prefer price stability, trade institutions increase the volume of foreign commerce by reducing trade variability. This article conducts the first large-scale, multivariate statistical tests of these two hypotheses, using annual data on exports for all pairs of countries from 1951 through 2001. The tests provide strong support for our arguments. PTAs and the WTO regime significantly reduce export volatility. In so doing, these institutions also increase export levels.
In: International organization, Band 62, Heft 4, S. 621-652
ISSN: 0020-8183
World Affairs Online
In: Africa research bulletin. Political, social and cultural series, Band 45, Heft 6
ISSN: 1467-825X
In: The international & comparative law quarterly: ICLQ, Band 57, Heft 1, S. 219-224
ISSN: 1471-6895
In: International political sociology: the journal of the International Studies Association, Band 2, Heft 3, S. 265-277
ISSN: 1749-5679
World Affairs Online
In: Security studies, Band 17, Heft 4, S. 685-724
ISSN: 1556-1852
This paper conceptualizes the phenomenon of revenge in international politics and seeks to specify the conditions that increase or diminish the tendency of states to take revenge against enemies. We situate the discussion of revenge within the broader context of emotions in IR. We argue that whether or not a state will take revenge depends on the combinations of three interrelated and mutually constitutive variables: (1) the degree to which a state emotionally experiences harm against it as morally outrageous, (2) the extent of humiliation the harmed state feels, and (3) the degree to which international retaliation is institutionalized by rules and laws that govern the use of cross-border force. We examine the Second Lebanon War (July 2006) as a case of revenge in international politics. Adapted from the source document.
International Strategic Alliance is the combination of two or more firm future objective, which achieved by together practices of the MNCs. The term "strategic alliance" can means many things. In its broadest sense, it can apply to virtually any of collaboration between two or more firms, including one or more of the following activities: design contracts; technology transfer agreements; joint product development; distribution agreement; marketing and promotional collaboration; intellectual advice.
In: Environmental claims journal, Band 20, Heft 1, S. 87-93
ISSN: 1547-657X
In: Millennium: journal of international studies, Band 36, Heft 3, S. 411-640
ISSN: 0305-8298
World Affairs Online
In: The journal of conflict resolution: journal of the Peace Science Society (International), Band 52, Heft 2, S. 175-337
ISSN: 0022-0027, 0731-4086
Hafner-Burton, E. ; Von Stein, J. ; Gartzke, E.: International organizations count. - S. 175-188 Dorussen, H. ; Ward, H.: International organizations and the Kantian peace: a network perspective. - S. 189-212 Hafner-Burton, E. ; Montgomery, A.: Power or plenty: how do international trade institutions affect economic sanctions? - S. 213-242 Von Stein, J.: The international law and politics of climate change: ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention and the Kyoto Protocol. - S. 243-268 Mansfield, E. D. ; Pevehouse, J. C.: Democratization and the varieties of international organizations. - S. 269-294 Hansen, H. E. ; McLaughlin Mitchell, S. ; Nemeth, S. C.: IO mediation of interstate conflicts: moving beyond the global versus regional dichotomy. - S. 295-325 Snidal, D.: Commentary on the special issue. - S. 326-333 Milner, H. V.: Commentary on the special issue. - S. 334-337
World Affairs Online
In: Politics & gender, Band 4, Heft 1
ISSN: 1743-9248
In: Global change, peace & security, Band 20, Heft 2, S. 201-215
ISSN: 1478-1166