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Literaturverz. S. [233] - 258. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The commonwealth on the world stage

My article aims at presenting the role of regions in the decision-making process of the European Union. After analyzing different channels used by regions to influence UE decisions, I try to put my conclusions in wider theoretical context. Although central governments arc still major and dominant players in the UE, they must more often compete with others actors, especially with sub- -national authorities. Growing activity of regions raises questions about relations between territoriality, sovereignty and state. Of help is the introduction of the post-westphalian national state. It is post-westphalian, because it does not have absolute control over its territory, it does not have monopoly over international politics (actually distinction between domestic and international is blurred) and it is more and more fragmented (possibility of tensions between central and subcentral authorities on European level). However, it is still national, because power is still legitimized in national terms. ; Anna Sałgut

Polish-German relations are currently shaped by mutual understanding and collaboration. However, this does not prevent conflict of interests occurring between the two states with respect to foreign policy, or their standpoints, presented on the European arena. Nevertheless, these conflicts are a regular and permanent element of international relations, and the consequence of different geographical locations differences in the level and development directions of the economy of bcountries,d particularly of the primary responsibility of each state to act in the interest of its own citizens. ; Polish-German relations are currently shaped by mutual understanding and collaboration. However, this does not prevent conflict of interests occurring between the two states with respect to foreign policy, or their standpoints, presented on the European arena. Nevertheless, these conflicts are a regular and permanent element of international relations, and the consequence of different geographical locations differences in the level and development directions of the economy of bcountries,d particularly of the primary responsibility of each state to act in the interest of its own citizens.

Canada took part in creating United Nations Organization and actively participated in many UN specialized organizations. It was also the co-author of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Contributed in negotiations in the matter of the prohibition of continuing the experiences with the nuclear weapon, supported Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems. Canada acted as a leader of the British Commonwealth, the allied of United States, moderator in the Atlantic Alliance, mediator in solving international conflicts. Canada was involved as the economic power in solving global problems, and also offered help for undeveloped states. Beginning from the end of years 60. the politics of Canadian governments brought to the reduction of defense expenses, and in the result brought some problems with the Canadian identity. The Canada balances among the necessity of the co-operation with United States and the protections of own independence. New defense strategy introduced in 2008, Canada First. Defense Strategy, created possibilities of change in the defense policy. New strategy give possibility of the armed forces strengthening and the strengthening of the international position of the Canada, however these introduced changes are meeting some difficulty after years of negligence s.

The process of forming the European Union Battlegroups has become an important factor in developing the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) of the European Union (EU). Creation of immediate reaction capacity in the EU' military and anti-crisis actions increase the cohesion throughout the Union. This is also a strong motive to intensifying other security actions; e.g. development of the capacity of strategic military transfer or foundation of regular operational command structures. Political role of the future European Union Battlegroups is worth mentioning, they could provide new perspectives throughout CSDP. This project would serve to strengthen European identity, as well as increase the significance of the Union on the international/global political scene. For success in becoming an effective EU strategic reserve the Battlegroups should be, however, active and appropriately used. In order to do that the European Union needs more solidarity in concepts and actions (due to national differences the CSDP still lacks integration). Meanwhile, the EU still poses new challenges (e.g. the state of affairs Georgia and Afghanistan).

In the article there was shown the issue of the power division and balance, which is regulated by the Republic of Poland Constitution. The rule of power division appears in the shaped constitutional state organs. There are different practical solutions connected with the realization of the power division and the agreement between the rules and their effects is described as the rule system. The real meaning of the tree division power rule accomplishes by the description the relations of the model between the legislature and executive. The Constitution of the Republic of Poland regards the division and balance rule of the legislature, executive and judiciary as the base of the Polish political system and expresses it directly in the content of the art.10 of the Constitution. The base of the democratic law state is the rule of the power division. The most important is the Constitution of the state and international treaties which regulate the human and civil rights.

In the article conceptual bases of collaboration of Ukraine are examined with Europe, which are based on a policy which determines support of supremacy of right and strengthening of democracy as bases of relations between Ukraine and incorporated Europe. The idea of European belonging of Ukraine means, from one side, the radical turn of historical fate of the state, from other is determination of the Ukrainian way to European community, taking into account that Ukraine is the state which changes, obtains reputation in the international area,take partner relationships with the key countries of the world. Expansion of Europe opens new possibilities and growings prospects of deepening of eurointegration strategy of Ukraine. ; Artykuł prezentuje koncepcyjne podstawy współpracy Ukrainy z Europą, które są oparte na polityce determinującej wsparcie nadrzędności prawa i wzmocnienia demokracji jako podstawy stosunków między Ukrainą a Zjednoczoną Europą. Idea przynależności Ukrainy do Europy oznacza z jednej strony radykalny przełom historyczny losów tego państwa, z drugiej zaś jest określeniem drogi Ukrainy do Unii Europejskiej, biorąc pod uwagę, że jest ona państwem, które podlega zmianom, wzrasta jej znaczenie na arenie międzynarodowej, podejmuje partnerskie relacje z kluczowymi krajami świata. Rozszerzenie UE otwiera nowe możliwości i perspektywy wzrostów zależnie od przyjętej strategii eurointegracji Ukrainy.