Suchergebnisse

The role of social media (social networks) in international relations is analyzed. The international relations as the main contributor to the world information space are singled out. Definitions of the main concepts characterizing the use of Internet technologies in the foreign policy activity of the state are given: foreign policy activity of the state, foreign policy behavior of the state, communication in the system of international relations or foreign policy communication of the state. The study used a set of general and special methods: the method of conceptual analysis in determining the basic characteristics of socio-political communication, comparative analysis, functional analysis (functions of foreign policy communication and activities). Social media and the Internet are turning into a new reality, where the main actors are states. The political image of the state is directly proportional to the image in the social media. The popularity of the state, diplomatic institutions depends on the openness of society and the advancement in social networks.

The only objective of this thesis was to find out if it was or not a good idea and investment to launch Prosernat in Colombia, in other words, if it would be profitable to open Porsernat's offices in Colombia and start operating in the country in a direct way. Today is very easy for any newspaper reader to say that the industry of Oil & Gas is in a very good shape and growing very fast, however, what this people probably do not know is the potential that countries like Colombia have in this subject, and even further,, the political, economical and social strengths and facilities to actually invest in this countries. ; Administrador de Empresas

1. El papel de las políticas macroeconómicas en el fomento delcrecimiento favorable al empleo2. Metas de empleo; 3. Sistemas de protección social favorables al empleo: uncírculo virtuoso de desarrollo económico y social; 4. Fortalecimiento de la no discriminación y la igualdad degénero en el empleo; Anexo 1. Principales normas internacionales del trabajorelacionadas con las políticas de empleo; Anexo 2. Países que han ratificado el Convenio núm. 122; Capítulo 2. Panorama del proceso deformulación de políticas deempleo; Índice.

Introduction. The development of online commerce, which is gradually displacing the traditional one, is a clear trend of global economic transformations. Key aspects of e-commerce, such as online transactions, privacy and consumer protection, and customs clearance, need to be regulated at the international and national levels.The purpose of the article is to study the development of e-commerce in retail goods in the XXI century. in the context of assessing the completeness and effectiveness of international and domesticResearch methods. General scientific and special methods were used to study the legal aspects of e-commerce regulation, namely: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, abstraction and concretization, description, characterization, generalization, comparison. The methodological basis for the study was international regulations (UN Laws, European Union Directives, Acts of International Organizations) and a list of laws of Ukraine on the regulation of the electronic sphere.Results. The analysis of indicators of e-commerce development on the world market is carried out, its rapid dynamics is pointed out. International initiatives to regulate e-commerce are considered. A comparison of aspects of legal regulation of e-commerce in Ukraine and the European Union is carried out. Conclusions are made on the completeness and degree of maturity of the institutional base. Emphasis was placed on the need to strengthen regulatory mechanisms in the field of e-commerce in order to create a modern institutional system adapted to the global and European.Perspectives. It is important to focus future research on the development of guidelines for determining the effectiveness of the implementation of initiatives to regulate e-commerce at the domestic and global levels.

En este informe se abordan dos desafíos decisivos para el siglo XXI: lograr la sostenibilidad ambiental y hacer realidad la visión del trabajo decente para todos. En él se pone de manifiesto que ambos desafíos no sólo son urgentes, sino que están íntimamente relacionados y deberán abordarse de manera simultánea

Nations around the world are currently embarked in deep reforms of their education systems. There is widespread agreement among policymakers, scholars, and educators that one of the keys for success during these reforms is promoting the professional development (PD) of in-service teachers. Every year, governments invest astronomical amounts of money on teacher continuous learning. However, the literature shows that much of the PD offered to teachers is inefficient, having small or no effect on teaching practices and/or student learning. This monograph describes the perspectives and approaches to teacher PD of five nations heavily committed to research and/or practice in this field. Understanding how PD is structured in these nations may guide others in designing more favorable learning opportunities for their teachers. The article from United States provides a general framework regarding the features of high-quality PD and offers examples of recent effective initiatives. The four following articles describe the PD models of Australia, Hong Kong, Finland, and Singapore, among the highest-achievers in education presently. Because teacher continuous learning is a high priority in these nations, strong infrastructures for high-quality PD have been built to meet teachers' needs and interests. The monograph closes with a contribution from Spain, the country where the journal Psychology, Society and Education is edited. The author discusses the five prior articles and reflects on how the ideas presented could improve the PD currently offered to teachers in other nations, particularly Spain.

Este número del Boletin Internacional de Investigación Sindical está dedicado a las campañas y politicas de desarrollo sobre la cuestión de los salarios mínimos en el mundo entero, tema que ha tenido un renovado interés en los últimos años como instrumento no sólo para reducir la pobreza y la desigualdad, sino también para estimular la economía

El estudio conjunto OIT/PNUMA muestra que la transición a una economía verde puede crear más y mejores empleos, ayudar a las personas a salir de la pobreza y promover la inclusión social, siempre y cuando se introduzcan las medidas correctas. El informe demuestra además que el empleo y la inclusión social deben formar parte de cualquier estrategia de desarrollo sostenible

Social rights are a product of human needs and under these has been developed in history as demands which were subsequently accepted by the national law in their constitutions and then, as a result of the global dynamic, in norms of international law, where they are also stablished institutions to which citizens can turn to force the state to fulfill some of these guarantees or compensate damages. On the other hand, the States for they operation adopt economic models and in this way take a position on their role in society. Thus, for decades the neoliberal economic model has been prevailing in national policies, thanks to pressure from the major capital through the global powers and international financial institutions, impacting negatively the effectiveness of social rights. In this context, the article, from the historical analysis of social rights and the study of the new international order, analyzes the role of these rights today. ; Los derechos sociales son un producto de las necesidades humanas y conforme a éstas, se han desarrollado en la historia como exigencias que posteriormente fueron acogidas por los ordenamientos nacionales en sus constituciones y luego, como producto de la dinámica global, en la normatividad internacional, en donde también se establecen instituciones a las que los ciudadanos pueden acudir para obligar al Estado a cumplir algunas de estas garantías o resarcir los daños causados. Por otra parte, los Estados para su funcionamiento se acogen a modelos económicos y de esta manera asumen una posición sobre su papel en la sociedad. Así, desde varias décadas, gracias a las presiones de los grandes capitales por intermedio de las potencias —hegemónicas y emergentes—, y los organismos financieros internacionales, prevalece el modelo económico que privilegia el capital como prioridad en las políticas públicas nacionales creando órdenes internacionales que impactan negativamente la eficacia de los derechos sociales. En este contexto, el artículo, a partir del análisis histórico de los derechos sociales y el estudio del nuevo orden internacional, analiza el rol que estos derechos desempeñan en la actualidad. ; Les droits sociaux sont un produit des besoins humains qui ont été développés au cours de l'histoire comme des exigences qui ont ensuite été acceptées par les lois nationales dans leurs constitutions. Après, elles ont été choisies comme produit de la dynamique mondiale dans le cadre normatif international, où des institutions sont également établies et où les citoyens peuvent faire appel pour forcer l'État à respecter certaines de ces garanties ou à indemniser les dégâts causés. D'autre part, les États pour leur fonctionnement sont soumis à des modèles économiques. De cette manière, ils se positionnent sur leur rôle dans la société. Ainsi, pendant plusieurs décennies, et grâce à la pression des grandes capitales, à travers les puissances —hégémoniques et émergentes— et les organisations financières internationales, le modèle économique prévaut. Il privilégie le capital comme priorité des politiques publiques nationales, créant des ordres internationaux qui ont un impact négatif sur l'efficacité des droits sociaux. Dans ce contexte, l'article analyse le rôle qui jouent ces droits aujourd'hui, basé sur l'analyse historique des droits sociaux et l'étude du nouvel ordre international. ; Os direitos sociais são um produto das necessidades humanas e, como resultado disso, eles se desenvolveram na história como requisitos que foram subsequentemente aceitos pelas leis nacionais em suas constituições e, então, como um produto da dinâmica global, nos regulamentos internacionais, onde Instituições também são estabelecidas para que os cidadãos possam ir para forçar o Estado a cumprir algumas dessas garantias ou para compensar os danos causados. Por outro lado, os Estados para sua operação adotam modelos econômicos e, assim, assumem uma posição sobre seu papel na sociedade. Assim, por várias décadas, graças às pressões do grande capital através dos poderes - organizações financeiras hegemônicas e emergentes - e internacionais, predomina o modelo econômico que privilegia o capital como prioridade nas políticas públicas nacionais ao criar ordens internacionais que impactar negativamente a eficácia dos direitos sociais. Nesse contexto, o artigo, baseado na análise histórica dos direitos sociais e no estudo da nova ordem internacional, analisa o papel que esses direitos desempenham hoje.

The article analyses the development of the concept of international crime in the "Hague" period, which covers the last decades of the last century and is closely related to the establishment of ad hoc international tribunals in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. The article reveals the legal grounds for the establishment of these tribunals, the features of their activities, jurisdiction and principles of responsibility of persons who committed crimes in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. The establishment of international justice bodies by UN Security Council decisions has provoked a number of debates about their legitimacy, but it is undeniable that the activities of ad hoc international tribunals have contributed to the initiation of a new stage in the development of international criminal justice, further development of international criminal law, in particular in the development of the Rome Statute and the Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the International Criminal Court. All types of tribunal jurisdictions are disclosed, but special attention is paid to the substantive and personal jurisdictions of tribunals, which became the basis for the theoretical justification of the "Hague" modification of international crime, as well as the practical implementation of this concept in tribunal decisions. It is shown that the categories of international crimes that constitute the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (serious violations of the Geneva Conventions, violations of the laws or customs of war, genocide and crimes against humanity) and the categories of crimes defined in the Statute of the International Tribunal for Rwanda against humanity and violations of the Geneva Conventions) in the documents of the tribunals have been developed in comparison with the Nuremberg and post-Nuremberg periods. ~ 74 ~ ВІСНИК Київського національного університету імені Тараса Шевченка ISSN 1728-3817 It is shown that the substantive jurisdiction of the ICTY and the ICC does not coincide with the provisions of the Nuremberg and Tokyo tribunals. The differences relate to the list of categories of crimes; parallel jurisdiction of international ad hoc tribunals and national courts; extending the competence of ad hoc tribunals to cases of crimes committed both during wars between states and during internal armed conflict, etc. The content of the categories of crimes, their composition, the subjects of responsibility have been clarified. In particular, the characteristic features of the crime of genocide and crimes against humanity are identified; the conditions, elements and subjects for the recognition of their qualifications are indicated. The author pays attention to the principles of personal jurisdiction, shows that in the decisions of international tribunals ad hoc has developed the principle of individual responsibility for international crimes that constitute substantive jurisdiction. The application of the principle of universal jurisdiction in the activity of tribunals is revealed. The author concludes that the establishment of ad hoc international criminal tribunals and their activities has contributed to the development of the concept of international crime and the separation of a special "Hague" modification. Keywords: international crime, tribunal, "Hague" modification, international justice, jurisdiction, criminal liability

Transparencia Internacional considera que los gobiernos y las organizaciones de sociedad civil reunidas en la VIII Cumbre de las Américas deben aprovechar esta oportunidad para generar consensos y recomendaciones sobre las áreas estratégicas que realmente contribuyan a atacar la raíz de la corrupción. Los recientes escándalos en la region confirman que las áreas estratégicas para combatir la corrupción son: financiamiento de partidos y campañas, compras y contrataciones públicas y sistema de justicia. Asimismo, los compontes transversales de cada una de estas áreas son el derecho de acceso a la información, la rendición de cuentas de calidad y la participación ciudadana efectiva. Acá se presentan las propuestas concretas de los capítulos de Transparencia Internacional de América Latina y el Caribe para la VIII Cumbre de las Américas.