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In the second part, misconceptions of realism after the Cold War are analysed. It is shown that the shifts in content of contemporary realist theories are path-dependent and rooted in "Waltz paradox". The paradox led to three different modes of realist enterprise: (i) conservative reaction; (ii) "middle way"; and (iii) radical reaction. These stages purport the gradually increasing deviation from the original descriptive principles of realism. Conservative reaction is based on a false assumption that states can follow rational winning strategies. Middle-way "realists" (mis)treat the political struggle for power only as an outgrowth of specific circumstances. More and more of them follow the liberal agenda, trying to find and neutralise the "irrational factors", and thereby secure the rational (universally acceptable) political outcomes. Finally, radical reaction means reconstruction of realism as an entirely prescriptive discourse and moral guidelines for peaceful accommodation and liberal political order. The implications of these theoretical changes are exemplitied by discussing standard "realistic" explanations of US foreign policy after the Cold War. It is shown that none of today's "realist" approaches is realistic enough to grasp the operation of the principles once known to realism. The findings of this research challenge the false truths about the relation between political realism, scientific IR enterprise and political practice.

In the second part, misconceptions of realism after the Cold War are analysed. It is shown that the shifts in content of contemporary realist theories are path-dependent and rooted in "Waltz paradox". The paradox led to three different modes of realist enterprise: (i) conservative reaction; (ii) "middle way"; and (iii) radical reaction. These stages purport the gradually increasing deviation from the original descriptive principles of realism. Conservative reaction is based on a false assumption that states can follow rational winning strategies. Middle-way "realists" (mis)treat the political struggle for power only as an outgrowth of specific circumstances. More and more of them follow the liberal agenda, trying to find and neutralise the "irrational factors", and thereby secure the rational (universally acceptable) political outcomes. Finally, radical reaction means reconstruction of realism as an entirely prescriptive discourse and moral guidelines for peaceful accommodation and liberal political order. The implications of these theoretical changes are exemplitied by discussing standard "realistic" explanations of US foreign policy after the Cold War. It is shown that none of today's "realist" approaches is realistic enough to grasp the operation of the principles once known to realism. The findings of this research challenge the false truths about the relation between political realism, scientific IR enterprise and political practice.

In the second part, misconceptions of realism after the Cold War are analysed. It is shown that the shifts in content of contemporary realist theories are path-dependent and rooted in "Waltz paradox". The paradox led to three different modes of realist enterprise: (i) conservative reaction; (ii) "middle way"; and (iii) radical reaction. These stages purport the gradually increasing deviation from the original descriptive principles of realism. Conservative reaction is based on a false assumption that states can follow rational winning strategies. Middle-way "realists" (mis)treat the political struggle for power only as an outgrowth of specific circumstances. More and more of them follow the liberal agenda, trying to find and neutralise the "irrational factors", and thereby secure the rational (universally acceptable) political outcomes. Finally, radical reaction means reconstruction of realism as an entirely prescriptive discourse and moral guidelines for peaceful accommodation and liberal political order. The implications of these theoretical changes are exemplitied by discussing standard "realistic" explanations of US foreign policy after the Cold War. It is shown that none of today's "realist" approaches is realistic enough to grasp the operation of the principles once known to realism. The findings of this research challenge the false truths about the relation between political realism, scientific IR enterprise and political practice.

The article aims to determine criteria for allocation of international responsibility between the European Union (EU) and its Member States. Firstly, rules on responsibility of the international organizations presented in the Draft articles of the International Law Commission are discussed. Further, the article examines how judicial bodies decide cases related to international responsibility of the EU in different areas of law. Finally, possible formation of lex specialis in case of the EU is assessed and the following three criteria for attribution of conduct and allocation of international responsibility between EU and its Member States are identified: i) nature of EU competence, ii) actors, and iii) remedies. It is concluded that in the areas of exclusive competence, a conduct of EU organs or agents is always attributable to the EU. Whereas in areas of shared competence, a decisive factor is an actor who performs specific conduct. In order to decide on attribution of conduct to the EU or its Member States, the effective control criteria should be followed. Furthermore, especially in the area of human rights, the existence of remedies and their nature prevailing in the particular legal regime are significant factors. Therefore in order to ensure the proper protection of rights of third parties and proper functioning of the specific legal regime, courts may apply international responsibility to the EU Member States even in cases when they are implementing EU law.

The article aims to determine criteria for allocation of international responsibility between the European Union (EU) and its Member States. Firstly, rules on responsibility of the international organizations presented in the Draft articles of the International Law Commission are discussed. Further, the article examines how judicial bodies decide cases related to international responsibility of the EU in different areas of law. Finally, possible formation of lex specialis in case of the EU is assessed and the following three criteria for attribution of conduct and allocation of international responsibility between EU and its Member States are identified: i) nature of EU competence, ii) actors, and iii) remedies. It is concluded that in the areas of exclusive competence, a conduct of EU organs or agents is always attributable to the EU. Whereas in areas of shared competence, a decisive factor is an actor who performs specific conduct. In order to decide on attribution of conduct to the EU or its Member States, the effective control criteria should be followed. Furthermore, especially in the area of human rights, the existence of remedies and their nature prevailing in the particular legal regime are significant factors. Therefore in order to ensure the proper protection of rights of third parties and proper functioning of the specific legal regime, courts may apply international responsibility to the EU Member States even in cases when they are implementing EU law.

The article aims to determine criteria for allocation of international responsibility between the European Union (EU) and its Member States. Firstly, rules on responsibility of the international organizations presented in the Draft articles of the International Law Commission are discussed. Further, the article examines how judicial bodies decide cases related to international responsibility of the EU in different areas of law. Finally, possible formation of lex specialis in case of the EU is assessed and the following three criteria for attribution of conduct and allocation of international responsibility between EU and its Member States are identified: i) nature of EU competence, ii) actors, and iii) remedies. It is concluded that in the areas of exclusive competence, a conduct of EU organs or agents is always attributable to the EU. Whereas in areas of shared competence, a decisive factor is an actor who performs specific conduct. In order to decide on attribution of conduct to the EU or its Member States, the effective control criteria should be followed. Furthermore, especially in the area of human rights, the existence of remedies and their nature prevailing in the particular legal regime are significant factors. Therefore in order to ensure the proper protection of rights of third parties and proper functioning of the specific legal regime, courts may apply international responsibility to the EU Member States even in cases when they are implementing EU law.

The article aims to determine criteria for allocation of international responsibility between the European Union (EU) and its Member States. Firstly, rules on responsibility of the international organizations presented in the Draft articles of the International Law Commission are discussed. Further, the article examines how judicial bodies decide cases related to international responsibility of the EU in different areas of law. Finally, possible formation of lex specialis in case of the EU is assessed and the following three criteria for attribution of conduct and allocation of international responsibility between EU and its Member States are identified: i) nature of EU competence, ii) actors, and iii) remedies. It is concluded that in the areas of exclusive competence, a conduct of EU organs or agents is always attributable to the EU. Whereas in areas of shared competence, a decisive factor is an actor who performs specific conduct. In order to decide on attribution of conduct to the EU or its Member States, the effective control criteria should be followed. Furthermore, especially in the area of human rights, the existence of remedies and their nature prevailing in the particular legal regime are significant factors. Therefore in order to ensure the proper protection of rights of third parties and proper functioning of the specific legal regime, courts may apply international responsibility to the EU Member States even in cases when they are implementing EU law.

The European Union's international influence and external policies are very difficult to analyze using the traditional International Relations theoretical toolkit. Although the EU's international actorness is still disputed within the academic discourse, the study of its external actions and policies is nonetheless subject to the oldest methodological puzzle of IR discipline – the so-called level-of-analysis problem. This article provides an overview of the contemporary research programme on EU's international role as a selection of different levels of analysis. In the end it is suggested that studying the EU's external impacts and policies requires a modification of the level-of-analysis debate itself by putting a special emphasis on the regional level and regional actorness. There is also a call for integrating different levels of analysis and different (meta)theoretical traditions because contemporary racionalist and constructivist theories provide only partial explanation on every level.

The European Union's international influence and external policies are very difficult to analyze using the traditional International Relations theoretical toolkit. Although the EU's international actorness is still disputed within the academic discourse, the study of its external actions and policies is nonetheless subject to the oldest methodological puzzle of IR discipline – the so-called level-of-analysis problem. This article provides an overview of the contemporary research programme on EU's international role as a selection of different levels of analysis. In the end it is suggested that studying the EU's external impacts and policies requires a modification of the level-of-analysis debate itself by putting a special emphasis on the regional level and regional actorness. There is also a call for integrating different levels of analysis and different (meta)theoretical traditions because contemporary racionalist and constructivist theories provide only partial explanation on every level.

The European Union's international influence and external policies are very difficult to analyze using the traditional International Relations theoretical toolkit. Although the EU's international actorness is still disputed within the academic discourse, the study of its external actions and policies is nonetheless subject to the oldest methodological puzzle of IR discipline – the so-called level-of-analysis problem. This article provides an overview of the contemporary research programme on EU's international role as a selection of different levels of analysis. In the end it is suggested that studying the EU's external impacts and policies requires a modification of the level-of-analysis debate itself by putting a special emphasis on the regional level and regional actorness. There is also a call for integrating different levels of analysis and different (meta)theoretical traditions because contemporary racionalist and constructivist theories provide only partial explanation on every level.

The payment is one of the most popular topics in today's society. Caring for a fair and adequate wage is democratic domestic policy priority. Wages have always been relevant to the economic and legal problem. Employee wages and salaries are the main source of livelihood, his primary income, individual's and his family material well-being. International labor laws governing wages can be noticed in international instruments, such as (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, United Nations Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966, the International Labour Organization Convention, the European Social Charter (corrected), 1996, and others.). The basic principles of international law are reflected in the United Nations Charter, the Declaration of Principles of International Law, Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Obligations. International labor laws, international agreements are in our country legal system. Working conditions, wage regulation in Lithuania are part of the international labor law, which indirectly allows Lithuania to the rule of law commitments. International labor law is binding on our country, they must take precedence over Lithuanian law. The paper attempts to clarify what specific international regulations governing Lithuania, in order to determine the minimum wage, payment for work beyond a normal working conditions, labor remuneration is organized as an employer becomes insolvent, which guarantees workers can have the company bankruptcy case, and others.

The payment is one of the most popular topics in today's society. Caring for a fair and adequate wage is democratic domestic policy priority. Wages have always been relevant to the economic and legal problem. Employee wages and salaries are the main source of livelihood, his primary income, individual's and his family material well-being. International labor laws governing wages can be noticed in international instruments, such as (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, United Nations Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966, the International Labour Organization Convention, the European Social Charter (corrected), 1996, and others.). The basic principles of international law are reflected in the United Nations Charter, the Declaration of Principles of International Law, Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Obligations. International labor laws, international agreements are in our country legal system. Working conditions, wage regulation in Lithuania are part of the international labor law, which indirectly allows Lithuania to the rule of law commitments. International labor law is binding on our country, they must take precedence over Lithuanian law. The paper attempts to clarify what specific international regulations governing Lithuania, in order to determine the minimum wage, payment for work beyond a normal working conditions, labor remuneration is organized as an employer becomes insolvent, which guarantees workers can have the company bankruptcy case, and others.

Despite the implementation of the forced and compulsory labour prohibition principle in various international and national legal acts, forced or compulsory labour as such remains a huge problem both in economically developed and developing countries. Millions of people around the globe are still performing forced or compulsory labour. Analysis of the forced and compulsory labour prohibition principle and it's implementation in national and international law is the subject of this master thesis. The main topics covered in the thesis include analysis of legal acts and court cases, related to the subject of the forced and compulsory labour prohibition, and the overview of the practical implementation of forced and compulsory labour principle. The Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29), the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105), the European Convention on Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, International Labour Organization reports concerning forced and compulsory labour are the key international documents that were used for analysing the topic. The key national legal acts that were used in the master thesis are the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, the Labour Code of the Republic of Lithuania and the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania. The master thesis covers analysis of national and international literature as well as an overview of the most important cases related with forced or compulsory labour, examined by the European Court of Human Rights.

Despite the implementation of the forced and compulsory labour prohibition principle in various international and national legal acts, forced or compulsory labour as such remains a huge problem both in economically developed and developing countries. Millions of people around the globe are still performing forced or compulsory labour. Analysis of the forced and compulsory labour prohibition principle and it's implementation in national and international law is the subject of this master thesis. The main topics covered in the thesis include analysis of legal acts and court cases, related to the subject of the forced and compulsory labour prohibition, and the overview of the practical implementation of forced and compulsory labour principle. The Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29), the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105), the European Convention on Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, International Labour Organization reports concerning forced and compulsory labour are the key international documents that were used for analysing the topic. The key national legal acts that were used in the master thesis are the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, the Labour Code of the Republic of Lithuania and the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania. The master thesis covers analysis of national and international literature as well as an overview of the most important cases related with forced or compulsory labour, examined by the European Court of Human Rights.

The subject matter of master thesis is the concept of the crime of genocide in national and international law. Analysis begins by explaining the origins of this concept and following it's evolution in both legal systems. In order to give a full and particular account on the notion of the crime of genocide, the concept is examined by splitting it into several different elements, while using the traditional scheme of analysis in Lithuanian criminal law (object, objective side, subject and subjective side are researched separately). Master thesis also points out the problems related to defining the meaning of separate elements of the concept of genocide. By examining and comparing various opinions expressed by official institutions and scientists on these questions, author seeks to find a solution which poses least problems in legal and practical terms. In master thesis attention is also given to comparative analysis of the concept of genocide in national and international law. Author examines the differences between these concepts and historical, legal and political reasons behind said differences and their present and possible impact to criminal law theory and practice. Master thesis was written while using international legal documents (Convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide, statutes of international criminal tribunals, the Statute of International Criminal Court), international and national case law, Lithuanian legal acts, scientific literature. In author's opinion, given analysis is useful to persons, who specialize in criminal law, to law students and generally to everyone interested in the so-called "crime of crimes" – genocide.