Suchergebnisse

In today's world where fewer and fewer barriers and borders limit relationships, interactions between things, people, services, it is no wonder that in a globalized economy like ours, interests, connections, needs of various aspects from people all around the world, happen to coexist and working their way out in certain defined places. There are indeed, some places which more than others, for various reasons ranging from political situation, location, economy rather than taxation, have the ability to attract capital and resources from other countries, giving rise to international financial hubs. One on all in Europe is definitively the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg which with an area of 2,586 km² and a population of only 602,005 people, it is home to more than 130 international banks, Europe's number one investment fund centre, World's top ten largest Private Equity houses, Europe's number one cross-border insurance center, and EU-regulatory framework and EU-wide licensing of financial services. The following chapters, indeed, aim to disclose the main features which bring Luxembourg to be that leading financial center in Europe, the reasons why so many international banks and firms choose the Grand Duchy as their home, the most relevant aspects of the country economy with a focus on the leading sectors. The first two chapters will give a global overview of what the situation is in Luxembourg in order to have a picture of today business and highlighting the strength of the grand duchy economy, bringing on aspects and achievements globally acknowledged. The second chapter however will give more insights on the specific of Luxembourg tax system, detailing the appealing tax regime and even so, the support and protection of the double tax conventions signed with countries worldwide, strengthen the business climate in this country. The analysis will go through the key factors that make Luxembourg so attractive, like favourable tax treaty agreements with 57 countries, a very competitive company taxation at 28.59%, no withholding taxes on dividends, paid to EU or double tax treaty resident, lowest VAT rate in Europe at 15%. Will together be analysed, the most used incentives for the entities, as the investment tax credits (Luxembourg tax law, indeed provides a tax credit available and amounts to 13% of the increase in investments in tangible depreciable assets made during the tax year), or the new regime of the intellectual properties which give the possibility to have on a net income from qualifying IP assets, a benefits of an 80% exemption from income taxes. The essay will continue with the coverage of the core business of Luxembourg financial activity; the third chapter will give a detailed analysis of banking and wealth management, asset management services offered, the corporate finance services required by all the entities which are created and have the registered office in the Grand Duchy, followed by the analysis pf private equity and venture capital investments, real estate investment vehicles, and hedge funds which can be considered the main features of the country financial activity. The last two chapters will analyze and emphasize the international character of the system and the future prospective on how the economy, the activities and the services may evolve, giving more insights on which the priorities will be in the near futures and where the efforts will be made in other achieve some certain standard of sustainability. The fourth chapter indeed will focus on the constantly growing relationship established with the Chinese economic world the Arabic world, which both play a very important role in the today economy and happen to be two of the main actors of Luxembourg financial system. The fifth and last chapter will highlight how Luxembourg has a comprehensive domestic climate finance agenda which since 2015, have seen the government and the financial services industry, working together in a dedicated climate finance task force to implement a coherent and fully integrated climate finance strategy. The Luxembourg government contributes to the technical support facility of the Amundi Planet Emerging Green One, the largest green bond fund in the world. This Luxembourg based investment fund targets green bonds emitted by banks in developing countries and at the same time helps develop green bond policies, training programs, and best practices in such markets through the technical support facility.

'Conventional' models of how the field of international political economy should engage with ethics have proposed or assumed the normative primacy of ethical principles and often sought to add reliable empirical economic analysis so that political perspectives on economic systems, institutions and practices can result. James Brassett and Christopher Holmes (2010) have criticized such approaches for overlooking the potentially violent character of ethics as a constitu- tive discourse like any other. The present article defends the conventional method against Brassett and Holmes's critique. Focusing especially on Thomas Pogge's ethics of world poverty as Brassett and Holmes's main conventionalist target, the article argues that: (i) Brassett and Holme s's understanding of 'ethics' is seriously inadequate; (ii) Pogge's 'negative duty not to harm' principle should be maintained against Brassett and Holmes's troublingly 'political' account and facile relativist critique of Pogge's ethics; (iii) Brassett and Holmes, while conceivably critical of Pogge's global level reformist solution as superficially 'neo liberal', cannot see that their own arguably valuable proposal of radical local forms of 'resistance' can coherently complete Pogge's poverty ethics and thus confirms, rather than undermines, the conventional method. Ultimately, Brassett and Holmes's post structural attempt risks being 'violent' itself for implying a renewed international moral skepticism.

La disabilità: una storia tragica nascosta nell'inconscio collettivo; 2. La palingenesi nei più recenti orientamenti legislativi: una tardiva riparazione? 3. La non omogenea nozione di disabilità nelle fonti internazionali; 4. Ma serve veramente una nozione rigida di disabilità? 5. Posto che tutti, in una certa misura, possiamo essere considerati dei disabili; 6. Ma, quindi, le persone affette da minorazioni esistono in quanto categoria? 7. La problematica distinzione tra discriminazione diretta e discriminazione indiretta; 8. Le cause di giustificazione e le deroghe; 9. Il diverso trattamento riservato ai disabili non costituisce discriminazione positiva ma è espressione del principio di uguaglianza; 10. Rimane da capire quando si possa ritenere che le cause di giustificazione siano ragionevoli; 11. Interpretazioni ed omissioni del legislatore italiano; 12. Ma le azioni volte a garantire l'uguaglianza dei lavoratori disabili non si limitano alla disciplina antidiscriminatoria.

Objective: To understand/reveal the experiences of undergraduate students of the Nursing School of the Universidade de São Paulo in international academic mobility. Method: A cross-sectional, descriptive study with a qualitative approach conducted between February and July 2017. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview and submitted to content analysis. Results: Twenty-two (22) students participated in the study. Five analytical categories emerged from the analysis of the interviews: Interinstitutional Relationships Dimension, Personal Dimension, Professional Dimension, Academic Dimension and Cultural Dimension. Conclusion: There are many advantages that international mobility can bring to vocational training. Greater governmental and institutional investment is considered necessary, but with mutual planning and monitoring by the institutions in order for it to contribute to the development of Nursing and the Country. ; Objective: To understand/reveal the experiences of undergraduate students of the Nursing School of the Universidade de São Paulo in international academic mobility. Method: A cross-sectional, descriptive study with a qualitative approach conducted between February and July 2017. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview and submitted to content analysis. Results: Twenty-two (22) students participated in the study. Five analytical categories emerged from the analysis of the interviews: Interinstitutional Relationships Dimension, Personal Dimension, Professional Dimension, Academic Dimension and Cultural Dimension. Conclusion: There are many advantages that international mobility can bring to vocational training. Greater governmental and institutional investment is considered necessary, but with mutual planning and monitoring by the institutions in order for it to contribute to the development of Nursing and the Country.

Networks of nongovernmental organizations dedicated to socio-environmental issues have emerged in recent decades. The involvement of these networks in the international sphere has enabled new approaches to international cooperation. This article introduces the concept of international cooperation and the Global Alliance for Recycling and Sustainable Development (GARSD), a socio-environmental network created by a coalition of NGOs dedicated to promoting recycling of municipal solid waste. This article is the result of a doctoral study conducted using documentary analysis, participant observation and other qualitative data collection methods. The study conclusively finds that it is neessary to analyze the work of these non-state actors within the context of international cooperation between nation states and the possibility of (re)creating political-territorial arrangements, such as networks comprising a variety of actors especially geared towards socio-environmental issues. ; Durante as últimas décadas, surgiram redes de organizações não governamentais que se dedicam aos temas socioambientais. O envolvimento dessas redes com a esfera internacional ocasiona novas abordagens para a cooperação internacional. Apresentar o conceito de cooperação internacional e a rede socioambiental Global Alliance for Recycling and Sustainable Development - GARSD é o objetivo deste artigo. A GARSD, é resultado da coalização de organizações não governamentais dedicadas à promoção da reciclagem de resíduos sólidos urbanos. O artigo é o resultado de pesquisa realizada em processo de doutoramento, que utilizou por procedimentos metodológicos a análise documental, pesquisa participante e a coleta de dados de abordagem qualitativa. Conclusivamente, torna-se inerente analisar as atuações destes atores não estatais diante das relações de cooperação internacional estabelecidas entre Estados Nacionais na possibilidade para a (re)criação de arranjos político-territoriais como a construção de redes entre os diversos atores, especialmente, nos temas socioambientais.

Apesar das diferenças estruturais e regulatórias que caracterizam as organizações internacionais individuais, a doutrina de hoje é unânime em afirmar a capacidade de cada organização de criar seu próprio sistema jurídico interno. A relação de trabalho dentro dessas organizações reproduz claramente muitas das características da relação de trabalho internas a um Estado e, embora haja uma falta de regras internacionais uniformes sobre o emprego, e cada organização internacional tenha absoluta autonomia jurídica e administrativa, é possível identificar certas obrigações e direitos dos funcionários internacionais que se replicam, de forma ampla e homogênea, na maioria das organizações. O artigo analisa resumidamente, em termos gerais, os direitos e deveres dos funcionários nacionais e internacionais, referindo-se aos "Standards of Conducts for the International Civil Service" e examinando os regulamentos internos da Organização Internacional do Trabalho (ILO, na sigla em inglês) e do World Bank (WBG, em inglês) com foco na evolução do dever de confidencialidade, tanto em nível nacional como internacional. Com efeito, apesar da reversão drástica da tendência que tem caracterizado os Estados democráticos, conduzindo a uma reformulação restritiva do sigilo administrativo e do dever de confidencialidade, este dever ainda está muito vivo e continua a desempenhar um papel importante. Não parece, portanto, desarrazoado afirmar que, dada a substancial afinidade entre as disposições regulamentares em matéria de dever de confidencialidade, esta pode ser qualificada como um princípio geral. Por outro lado, o que representa um importante ponto de distinção entre os ordenamentos jurídicos nacionais e internacionais é a lógica que move os diversos legisladores na regulamentação desse dever. ; Despite the structural and regulatory differences that characterize individual international organizations, today's doctrine is unanimous in affirming the ability of each organization to create its own internal legal system. The employment relationship within these organizations clearly replicates many of the features of the employment relationship within a State and, although there is a lack of uniform international rules on employment and each international organization has absolute legal and administrative autonomy, it is nevertheless possible to identify certain obligations and rights of international civil servants which replicate in most organizations, in a broad homogeneous way. The paper briefly analyzes, in general terms, the rights and duties of national and international civil servants referring to the "Standards of Conducts for the International Civil Service" and examining the internal regulations of the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the World Bank Group (WBG) focusing on the evolution of the duty of confidentiality, both on a national and international level. Indeed, despite the drastic reversal of the trend which has characterized democratic States leading to a restrictive reformulation of administrative secrecy and the duty of confidentiality, this duty is still very much alive and continues to play an important role. Therefore, it does not seem unreasonable to claim that, on the one hand, given the substantial affinity between the regulatory provisions on the duty of confidentiality, this can be classified as a general principle. On the other hand, what represents an important point of distinction between national and international legal systems is the logic that moves the different legislators in the regulation of this duty. ; Nonostante le differenze strutturali e normative che caratterizzano le singole organizzazioni internazionali, la dottrina odierna è unanime nell'affermare la capacità di ciascuna di creare un proprio ordinamento giuridico interno. Il rapporto di impiego nell'ambito di tali organizzazioni replica in modo evidente molte caratteristiche tipiche del rapporto di impiego nell'ambito statale e, sebbene manchi una disciplina uniforme dell'impiego internazionale e ciascuna organizzazione internazionale vanti assoluta autonomia giuridica ed amministrativa, è tuttavia possibile individuare alcuni obblighi e diritti dei funzionari presenti, in modo sostanzialmente omogeneo, nella maggior parte delle organizzazioni. Il paper analizza brevemente, in termini generali, i diritti e i doveri dei funzionari nazionali e internazionali, facendo riferimento agli "Standards of Conducts for the International Civil Service" ed esaminando le normative interne dell'Organizzazione Internazionale del Lavoro (acronimo ILO in inglese) e del World Bank Group (WBG), mettendo in evidenza, in particolare, l'evoluzione che ha caratterizzato il dovere di riservatezza gravante sui dipendenti pubblici, sia a livello nazionale che internazionale. Infatti, a fronte della drastica inversione di tendenza che ha caratterizzato gli ordinamenti degli Stati democratici, il dovere di riservatezza è stato sicuramente riformulato in termini più restrittivi, ma sopravvive e continua a giocare un ruolo importante. Non sembra, perciò, irragionevole affermare che, da un lato, in ragione della sostanziale affinità tra le previsioni normative in tema di dovere di riservatezza, questo possa essere qualificato come un principio generale. Ciò che, invece, rappresenta un importante punto di distinzione tra gli ordinamenti nazionali e internazionali è la ratio che muove i vari legislatori nel disciplinare tale dovere.

Version française d'un texte publié en italien] Taillibert, Christel. « L'ICE e la politica estara del fascismo », Bianco e Nero, Rome, Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia, n°547, hiver 2003-04, pp. 107-115. ; International audience

Version française d'un texte publié en italien] Taillibert, Christel. « L'ICE e la politica estara del fascismo », Bianco e Nero, Rome, Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia, n°547, hiver 2003-04, pp. 107-115. ; International audience

OBJECTIVE: To describe the scope and limitations of the main strategies of cooperation in health, adopted between 2005 and 2017, in the context of the triple border Brazil, Colombia and Peru. METHOD: Single, explanatory, qualitative, integrated case study carried out in 2017, in the context of the triple Amazon border, Brazil, Colombia and Peru, in the city of Tabatinga, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Our sources of evidence were: documentary data; interviews with health managers of the State Health Secretariats of Amazonas and Municipal Health of Tabatinga, Municipal Health Council of Tabatinga and Consulate of Peru in Colombia; and direct observations in four health services of Tabatinga. Data were organized with MaxQDA12® software. RESULTS: Data analyzed showed that, during the study period, the Brazilian federal government made several health cooperation agreements with both Peru and Colombia and that the state government of Amazonas undertook strategies to improve the health conditions of the dwellers of Tabatinga and the region of Alto Solimões, which indirectly reached the populations of neighboring countries, supporting the interrelationships between the countries of the region. Regarding the municipal government, we verified the existence of health integration agreements, established informally, to minimize the adversities of the local health. CONCLUSION: The cooperation strategies in health adopted in the triple Amazon border have different purposes, benefits and limitations. It is noteworthy that the existence of cooperation agreements between the federal governments of Brazil, Colombia and Peru and the presence of informal cooperation agreements between the municipal governments of Tabatinga (Brazil), Leticia (Colombia) and Santa Rosa (Peru). The limitations of this study are the lack of knowledge of local managers about the cooperation agreements established between federal governments and the lack of legitimacy of the informal agreements established by the Tabatinga government. ; OBJETIVO: Descrever o alcance e as limitações das principais estratégias de cooperação em saúde, adotadas entre 2005 e 2017, no contexto da tríplice fronteira Brasil, Colômbia e Peru. MÉTODO: Estudo de caso único, explicativo, qualitativo e integrado realizado no ano de 2017, no contexto da tríplice fronteira no município de Tabatinga, Amazonas, Brasil. Como fontes de evidências foram utilizados: dados documentais, observações diretas em quatro serviços de saúde do município de Tabatinga e entrevistas com gestores da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Amazonas, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Tabatinga, Conselho Municipal de Saúde de Tabatinga e Consulado do Peru na Colômbia. Os dados foram organizados com o software MaxQDA12® . RESULTADOS: Os dados analisados demonstraram que, no período estudado, o governo federal do Brasil realizou diversos acordos de cooperação em saúde, tanto com o Peru quanto com a Colômbia, e que o governo do estado do Amazonas empreendeu estratégias para melhoria das condições de saúde da população de Tabatinga e região do Alto Solimões, as quais indiretamente alcançaram as populações dos países vizinhos, favorecendo as inter-relações entre os países da região. Quando ao governo municipal, verificou-se a existência de acordos de integração de saúde, estabelecidos informalmente, com o intuito de minimizar as adversidades da saúde local. CONCLUSÃO: As estratégias de cooperação em saúde adotadas na tríplice fronteira amazônica apresentam diferentes finalidades, benefícios e limitações. Destacam-se como benefícios a existência de acordos de cooperação em saúde entre os governos federais do Brasil, Colômbia e Peru e a presença de acordos informais de cooperação entre os governos municipais de Tabatinga (Brasil), Letícia (Colômbia) e Santa Rosa (Peru). As limitações são o desconhecimento dos gestores locais sobre os acordos de cooperação estabelecidos entre os governos federais e a falta de legitimidade dos acordos informais estabelecidos pelo governo de Tabatinga.

A Organização Mundial da Saúde lançou em maio de 2019 a nova Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID), 11ª revisão. Como contribuição a essa transição, o objetivo deste texto é apresentar as principais mudanças da versão revisada da classificação e indicar os desafios mais prementes. Após 30 anos da publicação da CID-10, identificam-se desafios importantes quanto à nova classificação, que foi apresentada para adoção dos Estados-membros e entrará em vigor em janeiro de 2022. A finalidade da pré-visualização é permitir aos países planejar o uso e treinar seus profissionais. A nova versão é completamente digital, diminuindo assim os erros de notificação e facilitando a divulgação e consolidação da nova versão. A atualização deixa transparecer os avanços da compreensão cientifica e exige dos governos ações estruturantes e eficiência na implementação, para que todos que tratam da assistência possam se comunicar numa mesma linguagem, em escala mundial. ; The World Health Organization launched in May 2019 the new International Classification of Diseases (ICD), 11th revision. As a contribution to this transition, this article aims to present the main changes of the revised version of the classification and indicate the most pressing challenges. After 30 years of the ICD-10 publication, we identified significant challenges regarding the new classification, which was presented for adoption by several countries and will be in force in January 2022. The purpose of the preview is to allow countries to plan its use and train their professionals. The new version is completely digital, thus reducing notification errors and facilitating the dissemination and consolidation of this new version. The update highlights the advances in scientific understanding, and it demands structural actions and implementation efficiency from governments, so that everyone who deals with assistance can speak the same language, on a global scale.

Introduction: This article presents a comparative panorama between the current strategic maps of three of the world's major regulatory agencies, in order to allow the analysis of the future objectives of these entities, as well as to understand the alignments and particularities of each organization. Objective: To analyze and compare the strategic maps of the National Health Regulatory Agency in Brazil (Anvisa); the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States; and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in the European Union. Method: This is a qualitative research which used the content analysis method and the technique of meaning condensation to structure and interpret findings. Results: It can be seen that all the analyzed entities have, in the organization of their management, the definition of planning processes, with the design of strategic objectives in synthetic maps and focused on problems, declaring their strategy with clarity, conciseness and objectivity. In addition, the degree of homogeneity of issues, as well as a text that is coherent with the state of the art of the regulatory field, favor the alignment between such agencies, making possible a greater international regulatory convergence. Conclusions: Explaining the strategy in the right way helps to provide organizational management with systemic analysis, focus, direction and intentionality,which certainly influences the achievement of the expected results. ; Introdução: Esse artigo apresenta um panorama comparativo entre os mapas estratégicos atualmente vigentes de três das grandes agências reguladoras de peso mundial, de modo a possibilitar a análise dos objetivos de futuro desses entes, assim como entender alinhamentos e particularidades de cada organização. Objetivo: Analisar e comparar os mapas estratégicos da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa), no Brasil; do US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), nos Estados Unidos; e da European Medicines Agency (EMA), da União Europeia. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, que utilizou o método de análise de conteúdo e a técnica de condensação de significados para estruturar e interpretar os achados. Resultados: Percebe-se que todas as entidades analisadas têm, na organização de sua gestão, a definição de processos de planejamento, com o desenho de objetivos estratégicos em mapas sintéticos e focados em problemas, declarando a estratégia com clareza, concisão e objetividade. Além disso, o grau de homogeneidade de temas, assim como a redação coerente com o estado da arte do campo regulatório favorecem o alinhamento entre tais agências, possibilitando maior convergência regulatória internacional. Conclusões: Explicitar a estratégia da maneira correta ajuda a dotar a gestão organizacional de análise sistêmica, foco, direção e intencionalidade, o que certamente influi no atingimento dos resultados esperados.

L'importanza del settore manifatturiero meridionale poggia sull'attrattività internazionale dei suoi prodotti di eccellenza. Le filiere agroalimentare, abbigliamento-moda, automobilistica, aeronautica (le cosiddette 4A) e farmaceutica, in particolare, esprimono oltre il 40% del valore aggiunto manifatturiero dell'intera area, assumendo dunque grande rilievo per il peso sull'economia interna, per il contributo al sistema economico nazionale e internazionale, per l'elevato effetto indotto. L'analisi mostra inoltre che si tratta di settori particolarmente internazionalizzati e aperti anche a mercati al di fuori dell'Unione Europea. Il contributo si propone di indagare, pertanto, i punti di forza, quelli di debolezza e le potenzialità di queste filiere, che, pur non racchiudendo l'intero valore produttivo dell'area, rappresentano i settori maggiormente orientati ai mercati esteri e all'innovazione. Obiettivo finale è comprendere quali siano le prospettive per una migliore integrazione nelle catene del valore globali, condizione oramai indiscussa per acquisire maggiore competitività sui mercati internazionali. ; The importance of the southern manufacturing sector relies on the international attractiveness of its products of excellence. The aeronautic, agri-food, clothing-fashion, automotive and pharmaceutical sectors, in particular, express over 40% of the manufacturing value added in the area and assume therefore great importance both for the economic weight on the internal economy, and for the contribution to the national and international economic system, and for the high induced impact. The analysis also shows that these are internationalized sectors, also open to other markets outside the European Union. This contribution aims to investigate strengths, weaknesses and potentials of these chains, which, although not including the entire production value of the area, represent the sectors most oriented to foreign markets and innovation. The objective is to understand the perspectives for a better integration in global value chains that is a fundamental condition for gaining greater competitiveness on international markets.

La contiguità delle successioni con altre materie ad esse connesse porta a difficoltà nell'applicazione del regolamento (UE) 650/2012 e, specificamente, nell'esatta delimitazione del suo ambito di applicazione rispetto alle materie da questo escluse, così che si rende necessario indagare tali zone "di confine". La prima zona di confine che viene analizzata è quella del rapporto tra il regolamento e le altre convenzioni vigenti in materia successoria. La seconda delimita invece il campo di applicazione del regolamento da quello di altre materie, da questo escluse, che non siano state oggetto di armonizzazione. Tra queste, spiccano la natura dei diritti reali e le questioni disciplinate dalla legge applicabile alle società e ad altre persone giuridiche. La terza segna i limiti di applicazione del regolamento rispetto ad aree del diritto armonizzate, come per esempio le donazioni, le obbligazioni alimentari e i regimi patrimoniali tra coniugi e tra partner uniti civilmente. Alcune riflessioni a sé stanti merita inoltre il tema del rapporto tra il regolamento successioni e il regolamento (UE) 2015/848 sull'insolvenza transfrontaliera. L'analisi delle singole zone di confine permette di scorgere delle linee conduttrici, che portano ad alcune riflessioni conclusive. Si tratta, in primo luogo, di definire come le questioni non coperte dal regolamento, ma comunque indispensabili per regolare una successione, possano venire conosciute alla stregua di questioni preliminari, e quale sia il valore di queste in relazione al rilascio di un certificato successorio europeo. In secondo luogo, gli argomenti analizzati portano a ragionare della costruzione di una nozione di adattamento condivisa a livello di Unione Europea, nozione di cui il regolamento (UE) 650/2012 si dimostrerebbe il promotore. Né questa constatazione deve stupire, perché maggiori sono le interconnessioni tra ambiti attigui del diritto, più grande è anche la necessità di definire gli strumenti di risoluzione di antinomie applicative dovute a siffatte interconnessioni. ; The contiguity of successions with other related matters leads to difficulties in the application of Regulation (EU) 650/2012 and, specifically, in the exact delimitation of its scope with respect to matters excluded from it, so that it is necessary to investigate these "border" areas. The first border area analysed is that of the relationship between the Regulation and the other conventions in force in matters of succession. The second delimits the scope of application of the Regulation from that of other, excluded matters that have not been harmonised. These include the nature of rights in rem and questions governed by the law applicable to companies and other legal persons. The third one marks the limits of application of the Regulation with regard to harmonised areas of law, such as gifts, maintenance obligations and matrimonial and civil partnership property regimes. The topic of the relationship between the Succession Regulation and the Regulation (EU) 2015/848 on cross-border insolvency also merits separate consideration. The analysis of the individual border areas allows us to discern a number of guiding lines, which lead to some concluding reflections. Firstly, it must be understood how questions not covered by the Regulation, but nevertheless indispensable for settling a succession, can be known as preliminary questions, and what value these have in relation to the issuance of a European Certificate of Succession. Secondly, the arguments analysed lead to the question of the construction of a concept of adaptation shared at European Union level, a concept of which Regulation (EU) 650/2012 would prove to be the promoter. Nor does this appear surprising, since the greater are the interconnections between adjacent areas of law, the greater is the need to define the means of resolving application inconsistencies due to such interconnections. Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)

Intellectual freedom has a continual implementation at library, particularly in collection development.This article first examines intellectual freedom and censorship in some statements of IFLA, of few European library associations and, last, of ALA. The ALA's tools to defend intellectual freedom are then analyzed, focusing in particular, compliant to the specific ALA "manual", on collections development and selection policies and on resources reconsideration procedure, as tools for prevention and defense policies against challenges to intellectual freedom in library. Then this article explains the main types of censorship concerning library collections, including the self-censorship, also called "silent censorship", its characteristics and strategies against it; furthermore this paper deals with a particular type of commercial pressure in the process of selection, with the risk of overlapping collections. Finally, this article exposes the position of Michael Gorman in relation to intellectual freedom, reaffirming again: intellectual freedom is a value also for collections development and selection. ; La libertà intellettuale ha una continua applicazione in biblioteca, particolarmente nell'ambito dello sviluppo delle collezioni. Questo articolo in primo luogo esamina la libertà intellettuale e la censura nelle dichiarazioni dell'IFLA, di alcune associazioni bibliotecarie europee e, infine, dell'ALA. Quindi vengono analizzati gli strumenti dell'ALA a difesa della libertà intellettuale, soffermandosi in particolare, seguendo lo specifico "manuale" dell'ALA, sulle politiche di sviluppo e di selezione delle collezioni e sulla procedura di riconsiderazione dei materiali, in quanto policies fondamentali a prevenzione e difesa dagli eventuali attacchi alla libertà intellettuale in biblioteca. Vengono poi esaminate le principali tipologie di censura che riguardano le collezioni delle biblioteche ed anche l'autocensura, detta anche "censura sileziosa", le sue caratteristiche e le strategie di difesa, e si fa riferimento ad un particolare tipo di pressione commerciale nel processo di selezione, tendente all'omologazione delle collezioni. Infine viene presa in considerazione la posizione di Micheal Gorman relativamente alla libertà intellettuale, riaffermando ancora la libertà intellettuale come un valore anche per la selezione e lo sviluppo delle collezioni.

Anche se le regolazioni sul commercio dei prodotti agricoli si sono evoluti dagli obiettivi di piena liberalizzazione perseguiti per il commercio dei prodotti industriali, le regole del GATT sono state applicate fin dall'inizio. L'autore dell'articolo ricostruisce il quadro normativo delle fonti internazionali, con particolare attenzione all'Accordo SPS (sulle misure sanitarie e fitosanitarie), all'Accordo TBT (sulle barriere tecniche al commercio), e all'Accordo TRIPs (Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights; Accordo sugli aspetti commerciali dei diritti di proprietà intellettuale). La seconda parte dello studio approfondisce il tema del commercio e dell'informazione a garanzia del diritto internazionale umanitario, partendo da un esame del caso del vino israeliano e dalla motivazione della sentenza della Corte di giustizia dell'Unione europea (C-368/18). Da quando l'OMC è stata istituita sono avvenuti molti cambiamenti, ma soprattutto c'è stata un'inversione di rotta da parte dei Paesi industrializzati che hanno scelto di stimolare accordi commerciali bilaterali rispetto al sistema multilaterale, minando così l'importanza delle regole dell'OMC. La novità più significativa di questa evoluzione è che tali accordi bilaterali non sono più da considerare come ulteriori sviluppi nella costruzione del sistema multilaterale, ma sono spesso diventati dei veri e propri ostacoli alla ricostruzione. Per l'autore, sono proprio le regole del commercio internazionale stabilite con l'OMC a offrire le migliori garanzie di fronte alla crescita degli scambi e alla conquista sempre più crescente di quote significative del mercato mondiale da parte dei Paesi più aggressivi. Le crisi economiche degli ultimi anni e, soprattutto, i recenti sconvolgimenti dei mercati internazionali a seguito della pandemia hanno mostrato la necessità di rinnovare l'agenda globale, legando indissolubilmente la circolazione delle merci (soprattutto agricole) ad ulteriori obiettivi che non possono prescindere dal cambiamento climatico, dalla lotta all'inquinamento e dalla soluzione dei problemi ambientali che sono diventati temi da considerare come tasselli di un unico grande mosaico. Questi obiettivi richiederebbero un rilancio del multilateralismo e confermerebbero l'importanza di trovare un anello comune all'interno dell'OMC. ; Mimo że regulacje dotyczące handlu produktami rolnymi są wynikiem procesu liberalizacji handlu produktami przemysłowymi, to w przypadku produktów rolnych od początku stosowane były zasady GATT. W artykule dokonano rekonstrukcji ram regulacyjnych źródeł międzynarodowych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem porozumienia SPS (środki sanitarne i fitosanitarne), porozumienia TBT (bariery techniczne w handlu) i porozumienia TRIPs (prawa własności intelektualnej związane z handlem). Następnie przedstawiono zagadnienia handlu i informacji gwarantujących międzynarodowe prawo humanitarne, w tym analizę sprawy izraelskiego wina i uzasadnienia wyroku Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej (C-368/18). Od czasu utworzenia WTO zaszło wiele zmian, przede wszystkim zmiana orientacji w krajach najbardziej uprzemysłowionych, które zdecydowały się na zawieranie dwustronnych umów handlowych zamiast wielostronnych, podważając tym samym sens przepisów WTO. Uważa się bowiem, że porozumienia dwustronne nie przyczyniają się już do rozwoju systemu wielostronnego, ale często stoją mu na przeszkodzie. Według autora zasady handlu międzynarodowego ustanowione w ramach WTO mogą stanowić najlepszą gwarancję wobec rozwoju handlu i zdobywania coraz większych udziałów w rynku światowym przez najbardziej ekspansywne kraje. Kryzysy gospodarcze ostatnich lat, a zwłaszcza wstrząsy na rynkach międzynarodowych spowodowane pandemią, pokazały, że konieczny jest powrót do globalnego programu działań, łączący przepływ towarów (zwłaszcza rolnych) z innymi celami, których osiągnięcie powiązane jest ze zmianami klimatycznymi, walką z zanieczyszczeniem i rozwiązaniem problemów środowiskowych, gdyż są to elementy jednej całości. Wymagałoby to jednak postępowania zgodnie z zasadami multilateralizmu i znalezienia wspólnego mianownika w ramach WTO. ; Even though the regulation on the trading in agricultural products has evolved from the objectives of full liberalisation pursued for the trade in industrial products, the GATT rules have been applied to agricultural products from the very outset. The author of this article reconstructs the regulatory framework of international sources, with particular attention to the SPS Agreement (the Sanitary and PhytoSanitary measures), the TBT Agreement (the Technical Barriers to Trade), and the TRIPs Agreement (Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights). The second part of the essay delves into the issue of trade and information to guarantee international humanitarian law, starting from the examination of the Israeli wine case and the reasoning of the Court of Justice of the European Union in its judgment (C-368/18). Since the establishment of the WTO, many changes have taken place, but above all there has been a reversal of direction by the most industrialized countries that have chosen to stimulate bilateral trade treaties over the multilateral system, thus undermining the importance of the WTO rules. The most significant novelty of this evolution is that such bilateral agreements are no longer to be considered as further developments in the construction of the multilateral system, but have often become real obstacles to this reconstruction. For the author, it is precisely those rules of international trade established with the WTO that can offer the best guarantees in the face of trade growth and the ever-increasing conquest of significant shares of the world market by the most aggressive countries. The economic crises of the recent years and, above all, the recent upheaval in international markets following the pandemic have shown the need to renew the global agenda, indissolubly linking the movement of goods (especially agricultural goods) to further objectives that cannot be separated from climate change, the fight against pollution and the solution to environmental problems which have become issues to be considered as pieces of a single large mosaic. These objectives would require a relaunch of multilateralism and confirm the importance of finding a common link within the WTO.