Suchergebnisse

Due to the development of the information society, countries face the task of effectively regulating the relevant social relations. The mechanisms of such regulation should correspond to the specifics of such relations. Digitization is one of the modern methods of legal regulation, which is the use of information technology at the state level. The existing scientific achievements on digitalization processes need constant improvement, which corresponds to the specifics of this field. The object of research is digitalization in law in the light of international experience. The article aims to study and analyze digitalization in law in the international legal aspect. The following methods were used during the study: systemic, systemic-functional, comparative, sociological, analysis, synthesis, analogy, observation, classification, and statistical analysis. The article analyzes the phenomenon of digitalization, identifies the main approaches to understanding it. On the example of international experience (such countries as France, Germany, Italy, Georgia, Greece, and Great Britain), the mechanisms of using digitalization in public administration are determined, the legal regulation of informatization is analyzed. Also, based on the study and analysis of doctrinal teachings of international information experience, it is proposed to improve the domestic legal mechanism to ensure the effective functioning of public relations.

After the Cold War a transition occurred in the international relations paradigm, where it was necessary to redefine which was considered as a threat to international security. As a result, human security doctrine was established which suggested that the international security agenda should focus on people and their needs, rather than states. In the globalized and interrelated world, we live nowadays, infectious diseases spread rapidly, and their consequences can be catastrophic. Hence, pandemics should be considered an international security threat. This paper aims to examine the COVID-19 pandemic as such. We discuss the development from international security towards human security, health security as a theoretical framework, the evolution of the pandemic in context of modern international security paradigm and international health security enforcement, and the securitization of the pandemic. In conclusion, based on the evidence presented, it is clear that the COVID-19 has severe effect on the international community, both in human lives and global economic, and has been securitized.

The article examines the special role of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court in strengthening the international legal order. This analysis was carried out through the prism of the study of certain issues: the concept of "Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court" and his place in the system of international criminal justice; the powers of the Prosecutor at certain stages of the proceedings in the International Criminal Court; the principles of strategy and priority in the activities of the Prosecutor. Historical, system-structural, analysis and synthesis, comparative legal, formal-legal, and formal dogmatic methods were used in the research. In the article was made conclution that that the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court has a preventive effect on international crimes, because the work of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court is aimed not only at punishing perpetrators of international crimes, but also at preventing the commitment of such crimes in the future. It is emphasized that such activities of the Prosecutor ultimately have a positive effect on strengthening the international legal order.

The objective of the research was to consider the forms of protection of the rights of individuals in administrative proceedings. The methodological basis used is presented as: comparative-legal and systematic analysis, formal-legal method, hermeneutic method, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis. Everything allows to conclude that, in order to clarify the issue of compliance of methods for judicial protection of the rights of individuals, provided by the Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine, with the criteria of a rule of law and the needs of establishing at each moment the rule of law in concrete reality, the assessment of provisions of the legislation on administrative procedures of: Azerbaijan, Georgia, Estonia, Latvia, Poland, France and the Federal Republic of Germany. Finally, it has been established that administrative courts in Ukraine have significant human rights powers to make decisions on recovery of funds from an authority to compensate for the damage caused by its unlawful administrative act, if such a claim is filed simultaneously with the application for recognition of such act as unlawful.

According to the nature of the Westphalian system, the independent state is the central actor in international relations. However, the discipline has not developed theoretical approaches regarding the independence process, which is considered more a concern of the international law and the political interests of state actors. Then, in this article, the issue of independence is analyzed as a basic step for political entities to access statehood, becoming a basisfor understanding the role of the independent state in the Westphalian order. It is necessary to observe the variations in the conception of independence, especially regarding self-determination and recognition principle, acknowledging the existence of deep changes in the international system. This principle has had greater relevance since the 1990s due to the disintegration processes of some countries, particularly the case of Kosovo. Taiwan is also a relevant experience. Another key point is the weakening process of the state, with the appearance of variants that question the status and existence of the state actor. At the end of this paper, a brief reference is made to the Latin and Central Americanexperience, which shows particularities since the 19th century. ; El actor central en las relaciones internacionales es el Estado soberano independiente, según la naturaleza del sistema westfaliano; sin embargo, en la disciplina no se han desarrollado enfoques teóricos sobre el proceso de independencia. Se considera más un asunto del derecho internacional y de los intereses políticos de los actores estatales. Por ello, se analiza en este trabajo, la cuestión de la independencia como un paso básico para que las entidades políticas accedan a la categoría de Estado, lo que sirve de fundamento para entender el papel del Estado independiente en el orden westfaliano. Al reconocer que hay cambios profundos en el sistema internacional, es necesario observar las variaciones en la concepción de independencia, sobre todo en relación con el principio de autodeterminación y el reconocimiento.Esto tiene mayor relevancia a partir de la década de 1990, por los procesos de desintegración de algunos países, en particular, el caso de Kosovo; otra experiencia relevante es Taiwán. A lo anterior, se suma el debilitamiento del Estado, con la aparición de variantes que cuestionan la estatidad y la existencia del actor estatal. Al final,se hace una breve referencia a la experiencia latinoamericana y centroamericana, que muestran particularidades desde el siglo XIX.

Esta infografía, entre otros, anota que la corrupción vulnera a la democracia y a los derechos humanos, atenta contra la ley, fomenta la concentración de poder, produce pobreza e inequidad, exacerba el crimen, genera daño ambiental. Transparency International exige la rendición de cuentas, defiende los derechos y las libertades fundamentales para garantizar el buen aprovechamiento de los recursos públicos y la aplicación efectiva de la ley y justicia; asimismo, apoya a los ciudadanos en sus esfuerzos para vencer a la corrupción y promover el bien común.

Today, sport is one of the most developed and highly profitable industries. According to various sources, the annual revenue of industry participants is estimated at at least $145 billion. The article analyzes the relevant international anti-corruption legal acts. We would like to emphasize that the adoption of these documents and the ratification of most of them is an important step in the fight against corruption in sport. At the same time, most of these international standards are aimed at combating corruption, that is, they offer active and punitive measures to combat it. Instead, the authors insist on the priority of preventive measures against corruption. The author's classified approach to measures to combat corruption in sport is proposed. It is concluded that the first step should be to combat corruption in international sports organizations. The effectiveness of anti-corruption measures in this area depends mainly on the transparency of their activities. Another area of corruption in sport is determined to be grassroots corruption. The oldest form of corrupt sport is that which arises spontaneously during competitions between two participants or two teams.

Based on the analysis of theoretical developments, provisions of current legislation, generalizations of police practice and through the scientific method and philosophical refelexion, the article reveals the essence of the legal regulation of the police at the international level. The experience of democracies developed in the field of legal regulation of police activities has been studied to improve the execution of law enforcement functions by the Ukrainian National Police. To harmonize national legislation in the field of management in police forces and units with international standards, proposals were made to improve the legal regulation of the activities of the Ukrainian National Police. The common characteristics of police structures in the countries of the Roman-Germanic legal family have been revealed. In conclusion, it is based on the desirability of adopting the Polish experience of structuring and legal regulation of the police forces, without giving them paramilitary features. It is argued about the advisability of defining in the Regulations of the National Police the main tasks related to the provision of police services.

Dos años después del inicio de la catastrófica pandemia de covid-19, el Índice de Percepción de la Corrupción (CPI) advierte que el nivel de corrupción se encuentra estancado en todo el mundo. A pesar de sus compromisos sobre el papel, 131 países no han registrado ningún avance significativo en la última década, y este año 27 países se encuentran en el nivel más bajo de su trayectoria. Al mismo tiempo, los derechos humanos y la democracia se ven amenazados en todo el planeta. Con una puntuación media de 43 por tercer año consecutivo, los países de las Américas están paralizados en la lucha contra la corrupción. A pesar de tener un amplio desarrollo legislativo y un compromiso regional para luchar contra este mal, la corrupción en las Américas continúa debilitando la democracia y los derechos humanos. Los resultados del IPC2021 para El Salvador, indican que se mantiene un estancamiento en la lucha contra la corrupción: desde el año 2012 no se superan los 40 puntos. El país se ubica por debajo del promedio global. La atención sanitaria por la COVID-19 ha facilitado un clima de opacidad y afectación al derecho de acceso a la información pública. De igual forma, durante el último año se ha continuado con las medidas de cooptación de las instituciones de control. En general, los resultados para el año 2021, revelan que los niveles de corrupción se han mantenido en los últimos diez años, en medio de un entorno de abusos a los derechos humanos y deterioro de la democracia. Este año, los resultados del Índice de Percepción de la Corrupción indican que los países que protegen adecuadamente las libertades civiles y políticas suelen controlar mejor la corrupción. Las libertades fundamentales de asociación y expresión son esenciales en la lucha por un mundo libre de corrupción.

Through materialist dialectics, the article is dedicated to the study and solution of theoretical and practical questions related to the right of a person not to declare or give explanations about himself, his relatives, or close relatives. Interested here was the thorough review of the doctrinal sources of this right, the meaning and methodology of its research, the concept and content of the right of a person not to testify, the peculiarities of this right in Ukraine and in the world, its legislation, as well as its guarantee of implementation. In addition, based on the analysis of the legislation of each country, the authors identify the characteristics of the guarantee, analyze the theoretical aspects and the practical problems of granting the police and judicial authorities the right not to declare or give explanations about themselves. It is concluded that the immunity of witnesses means a set of rules that exempts certain groups of witnesses from the obligation to testify in criminal proceedings, as well as from the obligation of the witness to testify against himself. In this sense, immunity for a witness is divided into two types of imperatives: (absolute, unconditional) and device (relative, conditional).

The article addresses the qualification problems of armed conflicts. The study was conducted through the analysis of international legal doctrine, international treaties, decisions of international organizations. Attention is paid to the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Court. It is noted that International Humanitarian Law has been in place since the beginning of the armed conflict. Therefore, the application of International Humanitarian Law does not require any recognition of the existence of armed conflict (international or non-international); this conflict exists because of armed clashes. It is emphasized that the need to classify the conflict arises in view of domestic and international legal factors (to bring to international criminal justice those who have committed war crimes; state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts, etc.). Attention was paid to the non-existence of a single body, which was empowered to determine the existence of an armed conflict. Different international agencies may have different qualifications for the same armed conflict. It is concluded that it is necessary to establish a Committee of Experts under the UN Secretary-General, to avoid different qualifications from the same armed conflict.

Sports activities, which were originally considered entertainment, have become a large industry and, consequently, their commercial dimensions have gained special prominence. Iurged to address this problem in the form of scientific research the fact that, now, sport is an independent commercial phenomenon, both in civil and international trade. Thus, in the first place, the concept of sports contracts is analyzed. This research has used descriptive, analytical methods and bibliographic research with valid legal sources to collect information. The results ofthe study showed that the formation and dissolution ofthe sports contract is subject to special rules, international and national, which have distinguished it from the general rules of other contracts. Therefore, due to the expansion of professional sport, special regulations in various sports-related fields are an undeniable necessity and, at the same time, a novel field for scientific legal study.

The purpose of the research is to highlight international cooperation in investigation of economic crimes of a transnational nature. The main content. It is emphasized that the concept of "international cooperation in fight against crimes" is in the sphere of action of various legal systems of both international public law and domestic law of states (countries) taking part in cooperation.". It is established that it is necessary to clearly delineate the subject of international legal regulation of this type of interaction between states and international organizations. Methodology. Review of materials and methods based on analyzing documentary materials of international cooperation in investigating economic crimes of transnational nature. Conclusions. Due to objective reasons and circumstances modern international relations are characterized by expansion of legal cooperation in investigating economic crimes of transnational nature. At the same time, certain entities can be clearly distinguished in the circle of participants of such cooperation. Considering their goals of creation, their range of powers and features of their implementation such entities operate only in the fight against crimes at the international level - these are international law enforcement organizations.