The research aims at establishing which activities or situations in maritime domain, which threaten maritime safety and / or maritime security, fall within the concept of international peace and security. Having demonstrated the validity of the international law principles that safeguard international peace and security in maritime area, the research reveals a changing list of the threats to international peace and security, which now encompasses activities and situations at sea, including terrorism, sea piracy and armed robbery against ships, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, etc. A maritime space safe from such kind of threats generally means maritime security. Thus, a great part of the threats to maritime security are or may constitute threats to international peace and security, subject to their recognition as such threats by the United Nations Security Council in its resolutions. Usually such threats also pose risk to maritime safety (safety at sea, safety of navigation, ships, crew and passengers); however, any threat to maritime safety does not necessarily endanger maritime security or amount to the threat to international peace and security.
The article reviews the transformations and changes of the EU's international trade policy (Common Commercial Policy) since 2021 when the European Commission adopted the new strategic document, which outlines the future guidelines for the trade policy - communication called "Trade Policy Review - An Open, Sustainable and Assertive Trade Policy" (2021). The author examines its provisions by using systemic, historical, linguistical, comparative methods, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis, and concludes that the Trade Policy Review (2021) doesn't intend to completely change the existing trade regulatory framework in the EU or proposes to introduce major innovations regarding trade policies towards specific third countries. However, based on this document we should expect that the EU will continue to actively conclude bilateral free (preferential) trade agreements with the third countries and will implement a protectionist trade regime with the People's Republic of China. Besides, the research, presented in the article shows that the Trade Policy Review (2021) does not, in principle, offer any new fundamental ideas on how the EU's international trade with its other major trading partners (BRICS) should and will be developed - - this can be considered a critical feature of this document
The aim of the research: international trade is one of the most important instruments in the modern globalized economy which is used to achieve wealth and economic growth in all countries of the world that belong to the free trade and open market system governed by such international organizations as World Trade Organization (WTO) or World Customs Organization (WCO). This year (in February 2021) the European Commission also presented and outlined the EU future guidelines/strategy of the international trade and customs policy ("Trade Policy Review", COM (2021) 66 final (European Commission, 2021). Having this in mind, the author of the article reviews the provisions of the above-mentioned document regarding the planned changes in the EU trade policy towards specific third countries (major EU trading partners) and analyses their significance for the EU Member States (including Lithuania)
The aim of the research: international trade is one of the most important instruments in the modern globalized economy which is used to achieve wealth and economic growth in all countries of the world that belong to the free trade and open market system governed by such international organizations as World Trade Organization (WTO) or World Customs Organization (WCO). This year (in February 2021) the European Commission also presented and outlined the EU future guidelines/strategy of the international trade and customs policy ("Trade Policy Review", COM (2021) 66 final (European Commission, 2021). Having this in mind, the author of the article reviews the provisions of the above-mentioned document regarding the planned changes in the EU trade policy towards specific third countries (major EU trading partners) and analyses their significance for the EU Member States (including Lithuania)
Pre-school and pre-primary education is provided in the pre-school education institution. Lithuania complies with the essential principles of quality pre-school education provided by the European Union, as well as the general principles of pre-school education and the principles of the educational process. Children attending pre-school education institutions are also assigned to the "Alfa" generation of children who want answers to their questions immediately, who value relationships with peers, and this is successfully developed carrying out the projects. Projects are planned and organized activities of the teaching / learning process, during which children acquire knowledge closely related to real life practice, there are developed all competencies. Particularly important are international projects which develop children's skills, global communication and cooperation as well as the sharing of experiential activities with other project participants. The most common platforms via which there are carried out international projects in pre-school institutions are eTwinning and Nordplus. The role of the teacher in project activities is not only to encourage and motivate students for proactive activities, but also to perform it, giving students the opportunity to choose activities according to their abilities, hobbies and competencies. 2. Summarizing the results of the research of interviews with teachers, it can be concluded that during the development of projects, there is consulted and cooperated with children in order to improve the missing and deepen existing abilities and competencies, therefore the goals and objectives of international projects are formulated based on these criteria. It should be noted that in the being developed international projects a lot of attention is paid not only to the development of all five, but also to the development of intercultural competence. Especially there is emphasized the importance of the use of ICT for both the teacher and the children. The interviewed teachers emphasize the importance of publicizing / disseminating the results of international projects. The teachers share good practices in various seminars, trainings, and science fairs either.
Pre-school and pre-primary education is provided in the pre-school education institution. Lithuania complies with the essential principles of quality pre-school education provided by the European Union, as well as the general principles of pre-school education and the principles of the educational process. Children attending pre-school education institutions are also assigned to the "Alfa" generation of children who want answers to their questions immediately, who value relationships with peers, and this is successfully developed carrying out the projects. Projects are planned and organized activities of the teaching / learning process, during which children acquire knowledge closely related to real life practice, there are developed all competencies. Particularly important are international projects which develop children's skills, global communication and cooperation as well as the sharing of experiential activities with other project participants. The most common platforms via which there are carried out international projects in pre-school institutions are eTwinning and Nordplus. The role of the teacher in project activities is not only to encourage and motivate students for proactive activities, but also to perform it, giving students the opportunity to choose activities according to their abilities, hobbies and competencies. 2. Summarizing the results of the research of interviews with teachers, it can be concluded that during the development of projects, there is consulted and cooperated with children in order to improve the missing and deepen existing abilities and competencies, therefore the goals and objectives of international projects are formulated based on these criteria. It should be noted that in the being developed international projects a lot of attention is paid not only to the development of all five, but also to the development of intercultural competence. Especially there is emphasized the importance of the use of ICT for both the teacher and the children. The interviewed teachers emphasize the importance of publicizing / disseminating the results of international projects. The teachers share good practices in various seminars, trainings, and science fairs either.
The object of this master's thesis is the right to strike at the International Labour Organization, the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights. The main aim of the work is to identify the main problems associated with the recognition of the right to strike in the International Labour Organization, the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights. The main objectives of the work: To study the regulation of the right to strike in the International Labour Organization, the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights. Analyze the current problems associated with the recognition of the right to strike in the above-mentioned international organizations. Determine the potential and possible prospects for the development of the right to strike in modern international law. The implementation of the tasks led the author to the conclusion that, despite the wide recognition of the right to strike in the regulating international bodies and national laws of most countries in the world, the right to strike is now in a precarious position when it comes to practice. The stable position of right to strike in ILO standards, which has long allowed regulatory bodies to protect and promote trade union rights, has been replaced by a "controversial consensus" following a conflict between employers and workers at the 2012 International Labour Conference. As will be discussed in this master's thesis, this consensus was reached rather as a quick and temporary solution to the problem, and not as a joint solution to the conflict by the ILC participants. At the same time, the issue of confrontation between the freedom of movement of businesses and collective labor rights, including the right to strike, has not yet been resolved in the international bodies of the European Union. More generally, the confrontation between the economic and social values of the European Union.
The object of this master's thesis is the right to strike at the International Labour Organization, the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights. The main aim of the work is to identify the main problems associated with the recognition of the right to strike in the International Labour Organization, the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights. The main objectives of the work: To study the regulation of the right to strike in the International Labour Organization, the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights. Analyze the current problems associated with the recognition of the right to strike in the above-mentioned international organizations. Determine the potential and possible prospects for the development of the right to strike in modern international law. The implementation of the tasks led the author to the conclusion that, despite the wide recognition of the right to strike in the regulating international bodies and national laws of most countries in the world, the right to strike is now in a precarious position when it comes to practice. The stable position of right to strike in ILO standards, which has long allowed regulatory bodies to protect and promote trade union rights, has been replaced by a "controversial consensus" following a conflict between employers and workers at the 2012 International Labour Conference. As will be discussed in this master's thesis, this consensus was reached rather as a quick and temporary solution to the problem, and not as a joint solution to the conflict by the ILC participants. At the same time, the issue of confrontation between the freedom of movement of businesses and collective labor rights, including the right to strike, has not yet been resolved in the international bodies of the European Union. More generally, the confrontation between the economic and social values of the European Union.
The relevance of the research topic is not in doubt both theoretically and practically, in particular to clarify some theoretical provisions and develop practical proposals affecting the electoral process in the ICC and ICJ. As concerns about the conduct of judges of the ICC in the judiciary and beyond have grown, more attention is being paid to the election of ICC judges and how to improve this process. ICC judges play an important role in ensuring the long-term health of the institution: they manage its work well, create timely and authoritative judicial practice and give a general idea of the mission and goals. Without a proper process for the appointment and election of judges, the ICC as an institution will suffer. The hypothesis: the politicization in the ICC and ICJ electoral process leads to an increase in the number of incompetent judges, a distortion of fundamental human rights, a distortion of the judicial process, and question its fairness and objectivity. The object of study is the ICC and ICJ electoral system. The subject of the study is the particularities of the international legal regulation of the electoral activities of ICC and ICJ. The aim of this work is to consider and analyse the problems that arise in the ICC and ICJ election system, as well as to find recommendations for solving them. Tasks of this work is to analyse the system of international criminal judiciary and the procedure for the election of ICC and ICJ judges, also to determine the characteristics of some of the few nominated candidates and to identify shortcomings occurring during the ICC and ICJ election process. As the methodological basis of the study are logical and legal, comparative - legal, system - structural, theoretical modelling, some other methods. In the process of writing, the achievements of the science of international, criminal, criminal procedure law were applied. The practical significance of the study is the possibility of using the results of the work to develop criteria for the election of judges in the ICC and ICJ. The literature under consideration and other sources of information that are devoted to the issue of elections to the ICC and ICJ examine both the legal and political sides of the issue. At the same time, there is a comprehensive analysis of the election procedure, which can reflect the problems present. From which it follows that openly available literature allows us to consider and analyse the development of this institution, its election system and the problems of this issue.
The relevance of the research topic is not in doubt both theoretically and practically, in particular to clarify some theoretical provisions and develop practical proposals affecting the electoral process in the ICC and ICJ. As concerns about the conduct of judges of the ICC in the judiciary and beyond have grown, more attention is being paid to the election of ICC judges and how to improve this process. ICC judges play an important role in ensuring the long-term health of the institution: they manage its work well, create timely and authoritative judicial practice and give a general idea of the mission and goals. Without a proper process for the appointment and election of judges, the ICC as an institution will suffer. The hypothesis: the politicization in the ICC and ICJ electoral process leads to an increase in the number of incompetent judges, a distortion of fundamental human rights, a distortion of the judicial process, and question its fairness and objectivity. The object of study is the ICC and ICJ electoral system. The subject of the study is the particularities of the international legal regulation of the electoral activities of ICC and ICJ. The aim of this work is to consider and analyse the problems that arise in the ICC and ICJ election system, as well as to find recommendations for solving them. Tasks of this work is to analyse the system of international criminal judiciary and the procedure for the election of ICC and ICJ judges, also to determine the characteristics of some of the few nominated candidates and to identify shortcomings occurring during the ICC and ICJ election process. As the methodological basis of the study are logical and legal, comparative - legal, system - structural, theoretical modelling, some other methods. In the process of writing, the achievements of the science of international, criminal, criminal procedure law were applied. The practical significance of the study is the possibility of using the results of the work to develop criteria for the election of judges in the ICC and ICJ. The literature under consideration and other sources of information that are devoted to the issue of elections to the ICC and ICJ examine both the legal and political sides of the issue. At the same time, there is a comprehensive analysis of the election procedure, which can reflect the problems present. From which it follows that openly available literature allows us to consider and analyse the development of this institution, its election system and the problems of this issue.
The object of this master thesis is the problem of domestic violence against women. The goal of this thesis is to identify international legal standards in the field of combating domestic violence against women and ways to implement these standards in national legislation on the example of the Republic of Belarus and the Republic of Lithuania. The main tasks of the thesis are: to define the concept of domestic violence; define the importance of combating domestic violence; track the evolution of standards for combating domestic violence; to define the existing international legal standards for combating domestic violence at the universal and regional levels; find out how international legal standards on combating domestic violence against women are implemented in national legislation on the example of the Republic of Belarus and the Republic of Lithuania; identify problematic aspects of national legislation related to the regulation of combating domestic violence and propose changes based on established international standards in this area. The usage of such methods as sociological, feminist, and evolutionary, analysis, synthesis, deduction, and comparative legal method led to a conclusion that over the past few decades, there has been a radical transformation in the international community's attitude towards violence against women, including domestic violence. The consolidation of guarantees of protection against domestic violence against women at the international level, as well as the development of jurisprudence on this issue, have played a huge role in shaping international standards related to this problem. To eradicate domestic violence, it is necessary to require states to fulfill positive obligations to prevent domestic violence, and the adoption of a specialized law is the first step to combat domestic violence by complying with international obligations.
The object of this master thesis is the problem of domestic violence against women. The goal of this thesis is to identify international legal standards in the field of combating domestic violence against women and ways to implement these standards in national legislation on the example of the Republic of Belarus and the Republic of Lithuania. The main tasks of the thesis are: to define the concept of domestic violence; define the importance of combating domestic violence; track the evolution of standards for combating domestic violence; to define the existing international legal standards for combating domestic violence at the universal and regional levels; find out how international legal standards on combating domestic violence against women are implemented in national legislation on the example of the Republic of Belarus and the Republic of Lithuania; identify problematic aspects of national legislation related to the regulation of combating domestic violence and propose changes based on established international standards in this area. The usage of such methods as sociological, feminist, and evolutionary, analysis, synthesis, deduction, and comparative legal method led to a conclusion that over the past few decades, there has been a radical transformation in the international community's attitude towards violence against women, including domestic violence. The consolidation of guarantees of protection against domestic violence against women at the international level, as well as the development of jurisprudence on this issue, have played a huge role in shaping international standards related to this problem. To eradicate domestic violence, it is necessary to require states to fulfill positive obligations to prevent domestic violence, and the adoption of a specialized law is the first step to combat domestic violence by complying with international obligations.
This paper discusses the main problems encountered by users on the Internet, namely: blocking applications, sites, personal pages of users. Insufficient legal regulation of copyright protection on the Internet is one of the most pressing problems in the territory of the Russian Federation, since Russia ranks first in Europe in terms of the number of users of the global network, the audience of Internet users aged 16 and older in 2019 is 90 million people , which is 75.4% of the adult population of Russia. Such a large percentage of the population who are Internet users leads to the necessary legal regulation on the Internet, especially with regard to personal information provided by users. The object of the research is - social relations arising in connection with the use of copyright objects on the Internet. The subject of the research is current legislation, international legal acts and acts of the Russian Federation that regulate the Internet and copyright in it. When writing this work, such research methods were used as: the method of studying scientific literature, regulatory documents on this topic, the method of studying and generalizing domestic and foreign practice, the method of comparison, synthesis. The work aims to analyze and compare the current legislation of the Russian Federation related to the publication of information and copyright objects on the Internet, review the development trend and analyze the current state of the legal framework related to publications on the Internet. To achieve the set goals, it was necessary to perform the following tasks: to determine the boundaries of the legal field of the Internet and copyright in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, to analyze the legal regulation of the Internet and copyright in comparison with EU legislation, to define the Internet site as an object of copyright and to find weak places in the Legislation of the Russian Federation relating to the publication of information on the Internet. The fulfillment of the tasks set led the author of this work to the conclusion that the adoption of serious legal norms in the regulation and protection of intellectual property, at least at the initial stage of the formation of a legal framework, will find a more positive response in society than the complete absence of any legal prerequisites for the protection copyright on the Internet.
This paper discusses the main problems encountered by users on the Internet, namely: blocking applications, sites, personal pages of users. Insufficient legal regulation of copyright protection on the Internet is one of the most pressing problems in the territory of the Russian Federation, since Russia ranks first in Europe in terms of the number of users of the global network, the audience of Internet users aged 16 and older in 2019 is 90 million people , which is 75.4% of the adult population of Russia. Such a large percentage of the population who are Internet users leads to the necessary legal regulation on the Internet, especially with regard to personal information provided by users. The object of the research is - social relations arising in connection with the use of copyright objects on the Internet. The subject of the research is current legislation, international legal acts and acts of the Russian Federation that regulate the Internet and copyright in it. When writing this work, such research methods were used as: the method of studying scientific literature, regulatory documents on this topic, the method of studying and generalizing domestic and foreign practice, the method of comparison, synthesis. The work aims to analyze and compare the current legislation of the Russian Federation related to the publication of information and copyright objects on the Internet, review the development trend and analyze the current state of the legal framework related to publications on the Internet. To achieve the set goals, it was necessary to perform the following tasks: to determine the boundaries of the legal field of the Internet and copyright in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, to analyze the legal regulation of the Internet and copyright in comparison with EU legislation, to define the Internet site as an object of copyright and to find weak places in the Legislation of the Russian Federation relating to the publication of information on the Internet. The fulfillment of the tasks set led the author of this work to the conclusion that the adoption of serious legal norms in the regulation and protection of intellectual property, at least at the initial stage of the formation of a legal framework, will find a more positive response in society than the complete absence of any legal prerequisites for the protection copyright on the Internet.
How do emotions contribute to mobilizing the international community to join massive protests against climate change? Although it is common to superficially state that protests are full of various emotions, it remains unclear how emotions become collective on the international level and how they ensure the spread of mass mobilization. This research paper examines the process of collectivization of emotions and how it explains mass mobilization in the case of international climate change strikes. This paper raises the question of how the emotional environment was favourably constructed in Greta Thunberg's case in order to mobilize international society to join climate change strikes, and it aims to reveal how group emotions play an important role in successful international mobilization. Based on Sarah Ahmed's theory of cultural politics of emotions and James M. Jasper's theory linking emotions and social movements, it is assumed that specific emotions were circulated to create a distinct emotional environment that inspired the international community to join Thunberg's climate strike. An Emotional Discourse Analysis revealed that Thunberg's speeches are full of emotional potential that provokes reactive emotions such as fear, anger and hope in the global society and establishes an injustice-based framing of the problem as well as the dichotomy between the political elite and the global society. This study contributes to the research field of emotions in international relations by exploring in more depth the collectivization of emotions and expands the theory of cultural politics of emotions to include explanations of international politics phenomena such as mass mobilization.
