Am 26. Oktober 1986 und 4. Dezember 1986 waren es genau zehn bzw. fünf Jahre, seitdem Transkei und Ciskei ihre Unabhängigkeit erhalten hatten. Betrachtung der innenpolitischen und wirtschaftlichen Entwicklungen dieser Gebiete innerhalb dieses Zeitraums; nationale Integration, politische Stabilität, Entstehung und Bedeutung von Oppositionsparteien. Ciskei ist wirtschaftlich besser gefahren, während Transkei innenpolitisch stabiler war. Das Problem der internationalen (Nicht-)Anerkennung; Gegensätze zwischen beiden Gebieten, die eine Verschmelzung zu einem einzigen Xhosa-Staat verhindern. Zukunftsperspektiven. (DÜI-Hlb)
Vier Phasen sind bei der Entstehungsgeschichte des PAC zu unterscheiden: Die Gründung der 'ANC Youth League' (1944) als Interessensvertretung nur der Schwarzen innerhalb des ANC und deren spätere Abspaltung vom ANC (1940-58); die Status-Kampagne der beiden Befreiungsbewegungen vor dem Hintergrund des Aufstandes von Sharpeville (1960) und dem offiziellen Verbot von ANC und PAC (1959-63); der organisatorische Aufbau des PAC außerhalb der RSA und interne Richtungskämpfe innerhalb der Organisation (1964-81) sowie schließlich die Bemühungen um internationale Anerkennung (1981-85; Anerkennung und Unterstützung vor allem durch Simbabwe, Iran, Libyen und die VR China). (DÜI-Hlb)
Darlegung der Ursprünge, die zur sogenannten Zuzugskontrolle (influx control) mit den damit verbundenen Paßgesetzen in der RSA geführt haben. Anschließend Diskussion der Folgen, die mit der Abschaffung dieser Gesetze im Jahre 1986 verbunden sein werden. Der Prozeß der Verstädterung und der zwangsläufig damit verbundene Eigentumserwerb von Schwarzen in Stadtgebieten wird weiter gehen. Zahlreiche weitere Reformgesetze sind mit der Aufhebung der Zuzugskontrolle verbunden, andere werden noch folgen. (DÜI-Hlb)
Inhaltliche Diskussion des im April 1986 von der Regierung vorgestellten Weißbuchs zur zukünftigen Verstädterungspolitik einschließlich der damit zusammenhängenden sozialen, wirtschaftlichen und infrastrukturellen Fragen/Probleme. Ihre Bewältigung als Aufgabe des Staates und der Priwatwirtschaft. Zusammenhang zwischen Verstädterung, Arbeitsmöglichkeiten und Arbeitslosigkeit. Wanderungsbewegungen als Ausdruck zunehmender Urbanisierung. Räumlich-infrastrukturelle, wirtschaftliche und administrative Voraussetzungen für eine geordnete Verstädterungsstrategie. (DÜI-Hlb)
Katastrophale Lage der sambischen Wirtschaft, die nach wie vor einseitig in fast allen Bereichen vom Kupfer abhängt. Produktion und Preise sind seit den siebziger Jahren stetig gefallen, so daß der zunehmend kostenaufwendige Untertagebau immer unwirtschaftlicher wird. Skizzierung der gegenwärtigen Probleme in den verschiedenen Wirtschaftsbereichen. Starker Kursverfall der überbewertenen Währung, Einführung eines gespaltenen Wechselkurses, hohe Inflation und hohe Verschuldung reflektieren die Fehlentwicklungen der vergangenen Jahre. Ein weiteres Fragezeichen setzt das unverändert hohe Bevölkerungswachstum von mehr als 3 %. Notwendigkeit einer alternativen Strategie, die der Landwirtschaft die höchste Priorität einräumt. (DÜI-Hlb)
Mit einem realen Wirtschaftswachstum von 6,8% p.a. im Zeitraum von 1960-1982 ist Botswana eine Ausnahmeerscheinung unter den schwarzafrikanischen Staaten. Erschließung der mineralischen Ressourcen des Landes (Kupfer/Nickel, Kohle, Diamanten), die politische Stabilität und die wirtschaftliche Verflechtung mit Südafrika als die wichtigsten Ursachen dieses Wachstums. Strukturelle Probleme liegen vor allem in der Notwendigkeit, für die wachsende Bevölkerung Arbeitsplätze schaffen zu müssen, in der rasch zunehmenden Urbanisierung und in der starken Abhängigkeit vom Außenhandel. Die pragmatische Entwicklungsstrategie wird anderen schwarzafrikanischen Staaten als nachahmenswertes Vorbild empfohlen. (DÜI-Hlb)
This scientific article analyzes the importance of the conceptual ideas put forward in the address of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan to the Parliament of December 28, 2018. Special attention is paid to their importance in raising large-scale reforms in the country to a new level, carried out on the basis of an Action strategy. In particular, the issues of deepening globalization processes occurring in the world and difficult international situation under its influence, the need to take into account the international situation in the process of independent political development, the main tasks of further improving the effectiveness of the political system, democratizing society at the current stage of our country are illuminated in it. The President's address paid special attention to improving the practice of strengthening parliamentary oversight over decisions, passing laws and applying democratic mechanisms in the activities of parliament. The article also deals with the optimization of the executive system, justified in the address of the President, about topical issues of increasing the efficiency of the activities of the Cabinet of Ministers. The author of the article talks about the most advanced models of modern democracy being implemented in our country. In particular, he sets forth his analytical thoughts on such concepts as "Democracy of monitoring", "Deliberative democracy", "E-democracy", "Mobile democracy" and on other new models of democracy. The article analyzes the great goals and objectives related to the achievement of great results, based on modern mechanisms and principles of democracy in the context of the implementation of innovative state policy containing the actual needs of our country's renewal and development based on the most advanced requirements of our time, which were set forth in the address of the President. At the same time, it is shown that the leading principles, the philosophy of the implementation of innovation policy express the expectations and aspirations of our people. In this regard, the article presents the conclusions about the importance of the implementation of modern innovative democratic development in society.
The role and place of public diplomacy in international relations, peace and stability, and the strengthening of mutual relations among nations are constantly increasing in the context of globalization. People's diplomacy plays an important role in shaping friendly relations between Uzbekistan and the international community with political, diplomatic and economic ties. In the development of public diplomacy, scientists, science and culture representatives, educational institutions, public and religious organizations, as well as public associations founded by fellow citizens, play a key role in the development of public diplomacy. The article aims to provide a systematic illustration of the history of cooperation of the Republic of Uzbekistan with Germany within the framework of public diplomacy. It follows from the following tasks: The Role of Public Diplomacy in Foreign Policy of Uzbekistan; Opening of the main directions of the German cooperation in the field of public diplomacy; The role of societies in the cooperation of the Republic of Uzbekistan with public diplomacy with Germany. The research has been used in the analysis, synthesis, history, logic research ways. The external mining partnership, formed in connection with public diplomacy, has given its results in the short run. In 1992, the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Uzbekistan received 36 representatives from 9 countries (England, Germany, Israel, India, Malaysia, Turkey, USA, France and JAR). In 1993, about 160 countries recognized the independence of Uzbekistan and established diplomatic relations with 60 countries. In 1993, The First President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov visited Germany, France, England, the Netherlands, Japan and India. As a result of the visit, an agreement on cultural cooperation was signed with India, Turkey, Germany, France, Great Britain and China. The development of public diplomacy has played a significant role in the Uzbek Culture Days in Germany and the German Cultural Days in Uzbekistan. At the same time, the role of art and theater days in the countries in the development of cooperation between two countries in the sphere of culture was particularly significant. The role of friendship societies and cultural centers in the development of bilateral relations between two states in Eurasia – Germany and Uzbekistan is immense. The role of "Uzbekistan-Germany" Friendship Society and "Germany-Uzbekistan" societies, which unite representatives of two nations in the development of cooperation within the framework of people diplomacy are unique.
Vor dem Hintergrund der bereits erfolgten und noch drohenden Sanktionsbeschlüsse gegenüber der RSA kann für die nördlich an Südafrika angrenzenden SADCC-Staaten die Bahnverbindung nach Beira zu einem sehr wichtigen Tor zur Außenwelt werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden behandelt: Strategische Bedeutung der Beira-Bahn; Abhängigkeit der SADCC-Staaten von der RSA auf dem Transportsektor; gegenwärtige Kapazität und notwendige Investitionen zur Verbesserung der Bahnverbindung und des Hafens von Beira; Möglichkeiten zu deren Finanzierung. (DÜI-Hlb)
In this article, the conceptual and doctrinal foundations of the ideas of non-use of force and ensuring peace in the foreign policy of Uzbekistan are investigated in chronological order. The foreign policy of Uzbekistan is, first of all, a course aimed at ensuring vital tasks, primarily for the state and society. Uzbekistan's foreign policy strategy is primarily aimed at ensuring integration into the world community. The deepening of the country's integration into the world community in the current difficult conditions of international relations is an important task facing the foreign policy of Uzbekistan. The conceptual idea of foreign policy and foreign policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan is the indivisibility of security and joint and partnership actions to ensure it. The problem of national and regional security occupies an important place in Uzbekistan's foreign policy. One of the main tasks in the foreign policy of Uzbekistan was the formation of a system of regional security, which is necessary both for the republics of Central Asia and for the vast geographical area bordering the region. Another advanced idea for Uzbekistan's foreign policy is the postulate that the problems of the Central Asian region should be solved without the intervention of external forces and only by the countries of the region. Given all this, the cornerstone of Uzbekistan's foreign policy remains the non-use of force and the threat of force, and the maintenance and observance of peace. The article examines the changes occurring in the foreign policy of Uzbekistan, their regulatory consolidation, guidelines for the short, medium and long-term perspective, and on the basis of this, a number of scientific conclusions and practical recommendations are given.
The so-called "land question" is a well known theme in South African political discourse. Much has been written on the subject in recent times, but also in the historical development of South African politics. This article articulates thoughts concerning the political meaning of land by way of framing the land question as a space of political contestation in South Africa, simultaneously discussing it against a wider international background, acknowledging that the land question is not unique to South Africa and that it also relates to many historical and contemporary political struggles. It is suggested that such an approach possibly may contribute to contextualise the matter and to shed some of the emotional baggage that often pertains to it. The article contextualises land as political contestation while suggesting an interpretation of what politics is. Attention is afforded to the understanding of politics as conflict, but also as reconciliation and compromise against an underlying context of power and its purposes. The latter determining in what kind of country political actors would want to live and relating to interests and values that political actors hold in common. The possibility exists that if reconciliation and compromise are not possible, politics will come to an end, which will not contribute to a sustainable democracy or a solution to the land question. The broader conflicting nature of positions and understandings of the land question in South Africa is further highlighted within the context of political contestation, after which attention is afforded to the positioning of political actors within this contestation.The position of the government and political parties is highlighted within this conflict based framework, noting the different understandings of the land question as well as the commonalities that parties share. Reference is briefly made to non party political actors (formal and informal) which represents the same conflictual positions, but which also alludes to other factors relevant to the land question whereafter these factors are highlighted. These include the broader social and economical issues (which are also understood as political), as well as an agricultural and rural bias in the land question, while it is also a matter of political and socio-economic rights within an urban context. The question is also asked whether solutions to the land question should not be found in a forward looking manner, rather than a romanticised understanding of land. The article concludes with a discussion in regard to the land question, when it is viewed from the perspective of political contestation, as defined in this article, as well as considering the possible outcome of the land question. A suggestion is made that consideration could be given to a re-negotiation of this space of political contestation, as land reform will remain unsuccessful if the politics thereof is not addressed; although this would also entail its own dangers for a democratic South Africa where democracy is not yet fully consolidated. OPSOMMING: Grond en die sogenaamde "grondvraagstuk" is 'n welbekende tema in die Suid-Afrikaanse politieke diskoers. Heelwat is reeds hieroor geskryf in die hedendaagse tydsgewrig, maar ook in die historiese verloop van die Suid-Afrikaanse politiek. Hierdie artikel artikuleer gedagtes rondom die betekenis van grond as politieke stryd (en ook binne die konteks van 'n bepaalde begrip van politiek) in Suid-Afrika, maar plaas dit ook teen 'n wyer internasionale doek. Moontlik kan so 'n benadering bydra om die saak te kontekstualiseer en te ontdaan van die emosionele bagasie wat dikwels daarmee gepaardgaan. Die benadering van die artikel is dat grond as politieke stryd hanteer word, waarna aandag geskenk word aan hoe politieke akteurs hulself posisioneer binne hierdie stryd. Daar word ook kortliks verwys na ander faktore wat 'n rol speel in hierdie politieke stryd. Die artikel sluit af met 'n gevolgtrekking ten opsigte van die grondvraagstuk, wanneer dit vanuit die perspektief van politieke stryd, soos in hierdie artikel omskryf, beskou word en die moontlike uitkoms van die grondvraagstuk oorweeg word. ; http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_issues&pid=0041-4751&lng=en&nrm=iso
