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The paper deals with the analysis of the legal nature of international courts' decisions and their impact on the international financial legal order. The author claims that decisions of international courts, creating no new international legal financial norms, act as an additional source of international financial law, having no autonomy, and in combination with other sources of international law, performs the following functions: 1) regulatory-prescriptive (via opinio juris of existing traditions in interstate practice in the financial sphere transforming them into international customary law); 2) regulatory-affirming (confirming the legal nature of the international agreement between the subjects of international financial legal relations which caused a disputable situation). The judicial practice on financial issues and specificity of functioning of such judicial institutions as the Permanent Court of International Justice, the International Court of Justice, the CIS Economic Court, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the Court of Justice of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community, etc. are examined. The features of the provisions of international agreements on financial issues regarding the procedure for resolving disputes between the parties of the agreement about its implementation are analyzed. The paper explores particularities of the origin and development of the idea of the creation of an international financial court. Amid modern processes of the rapid growth of the amount of crossborder financial flows in the context of globalization, which is the consequence of the implementation of numerous international financial agreements, the idea of creation of an international financial court, which was first suggested in 1935, due to the complexity of legal nature of interstate financial disputes, is an objective necessity. The following features intrinsic to decisions of international courts (including decisions on financial issues) have been identified: 1) locality (binding only on the ...

In the paper, the nature of official development assistance (ODA) viewed as a component of general international aid is considered, and mechanisms for providing aid in the context of international promotion of sustainable development are described. Also, the current world trends of providing official development assistance are highlighted, and constantly increasing amount of aid is determined. The latter demonstrates that the donor countries ensure the compliance with their international obligations related to the provision of concessional financing, and technical assistance to support the efforts that are being made by countries in the field of development.The dynamics in the amount of official development assistance is analyzed, and distribution of aid by sources of financing, regions, recipients and sectors is outlined. It is found that the largest flows of ODA go mainly to countries in Africa and Asia, and the smallest go to Europe, primarily to the education and healthcare sector, social infrastructure and economic development.It is pointed out that in Ukraine, one of the largest recipient countries of ODA in Europe, there is no holistic mechanism for analyzing the receipt, distribution and control of official development assistance viewed as an instrument of general international aid.The main challenges of mobilizing foreign assistance to Ukraine are outlined and key steps in addressing these matters are proposed. In order to promote efficient use of aid offered by foreign donors in the form of international assistance for the implementation of development programs in Ukraine, the following steps should be taken: to develop a public strategy for using international aid and a system of control for monitoring over international projects; to design a sound mechanism for analyzing the receipt, distribution and control of foreign assistance; to enhance staff performance in development, support and management of international projects in accordance with the requirements of providers of international aid; to establish a single coordinating body responsible for mobilizing international assistance.Taking these steps will increase the efficiency of using aid offered by foreign donors in the form of international assistance for the implementation of development programs and provide an opportunity to pursue sustainable development goals in Ukraine.

International processes and phenomena transformation, political processes modernization, globalization of all public life, the priority of foreign policy activities to promote both Ukraine and other countries' interests in the world, and the innovativeness of the international interaction tools determine the actualization of the study of the international specialists' of skills and knowledge of foreign language communication and translation importance, aimed at ensuring international interaction and the formation of long-term formal and informal ties between government institutions, international actors, diplomatic institutions and political leaders in order to implement political, economic, security, cultural, social and humanitarian initiatives and projects, as well as to improve the management processes of institutions, both internal and external coordination, improving the state's image in the international arena. The purpose of the article is to study the role of foreign language communication and translation skills and their importance in implementing foreign policy. The research methodology is complex. It is determined by the specifics of the subject of research, its purpose and objectives, as well as an interdisciplinary approach to the research problem. The study concluded that the professional activities of international relations specialists, diplomats, and international actors are a field of international communication, including policies, problems and events of public and state life, and languages spoken in different countries require solutions to bridge the linguistic gap, arising in the implementation of external international relations.

As you know, in public international law there is no hierarchy of sources of law. However, in practice, there are controversial situations when legal relations are subject to legal regulation of various sources of law. This is especially acute in the case of international custom and an international treaty.The purpose of the scientific article is to study the problems of the relationship and interaction of the international treaty and international custom in various aspects of their existence, namely: in aspects of their occurrence, observance and application.The article focuses on the legal analysis of the relationship between the international treaty and international custom in the judicial practice of the International Court of Justice of the United Nations. The analysis is subject, in particular, to the case of the continental shelf of the North Sea (1969), as well as the case of military and paramilitary activities in Nicaragua and against Nicaragua (1986).Based on the analyzed materials, the author of the article came to the conclusion that, firstly, an international treaty may contain customary norms, that have already existed and were in effect even before its conclusion. Secondly, the international treaty may be the last stage in the process of forming the customary norm. And thirdly, an international treaty may propose new legal norms that, due to further practice of subjects of international law, can be the basis for the creation of a new international custom.Moreover, it can be concluded that international customs and international treaties can exist and operate in parallel. However, even if the contractual and customary norm are identical in content, and the subjects of international law who are in disputed legal relations are connected, both by one and the second source of law, then from the point of view of applying these identical norms, they exist independently from each other. ; Як відомо, у міжнародному публічному праві відсутня ієрархія джерел права. Однак в практиці виникають спірні ...

Nowadays, the issue of resource saving is increasingly brought up for discussion. This is due to serious concerns about the problem of Ecology, depletion of land resources and economic efficiency of production. Resource saving is a set of measures associated with the economical and efficient use of different production factors. The Government plays a significant part in the formation and development of resource saving in the country. Such important instruments of regulation of spheres of economic activity as investment, monetary, tax, price, legislative, program–target, informational, administrative–organizational and managerial and stimulating, on the one hand, allow to support organizations, on the other hand, limit and control them, setting the direction of development of their activities to conserve natural resources. As the title implies the article describes the main factors of influence and directions of state regulation of the resource–saving development management system of the enterprise in different countries. Factors of external and internal influence on the management of the development of resource conservation of the enterprise were clustered and considered. The article gives a detailed analysis the crucial of public policy for development resource conservation of enterprises, because a major reforms, modernization and re–equipment process of enterprises are impossible without strong state support. Much attention is given to determinate some directions of state policy in the management system of resource saving on the example of different countries of the world. A system of principles of resource conservation in developed countries is proposed and justified. Moreover, the main motivational incentives for the use of renewable energy sources by the CIS and European Union countries are considered. The article touches upon the main issues of state regulation and management of the development of resource conservation of enterprise. The article also reveals the main problems from the point of view of ...

Arab countries; politics and government

Представлена стаття присвячена дослідженню окремих аспектів та особливостей колізійного регулювання договірних відносини у сфері міжнародного змішаного перевезення вантажів. Відсутність чіткого та уніфікова ного підходу у визначенні колізійних правил, що застосовуватимуться до договірних відносин змішаного пере везення у міжнародному сполученні, породжують невизначеність, нестабільність цих відносин та жодним чином не сприяють розвитку мультимодалізму. Авторкою виокремлено основні колізійні принципи, що застосовуються до договорів перевезення вантажів із території однієї держави на територію іншої та джерела їх закріплення, а також констатовано можливість їх застосування до договорів міжнародного змішаного перевезення. Виділено колізійні прив'язки, а також підстави для обмеження у застосуванні таких прив'язок, які встановлені міжнародними договорами та конвенціями. Зроблено висновок про необхідність затвердження уніфікованого та обов'язкового до застосування міжна родного документа, що б визначав єдиний режим колізійного врегулювання міжнародних договорів змішаного перевезення. Акцентовано увагу на особливостях та правилах визначення органу, вповноваженого на вирішення спору в справах цієї категорії, а також права, яким цей орган повинен послуговуватись під час вирішення спору, окремо для держав учасниць Європейського Союзу та України зокрема. Авторка доходить висновку, що для досліджуваних правовідносин можна виділити такі 3 групи колізійних прив'язок: а) загальні колізійні принципи; б) набір колізійних прив'язок, визначений унімодальними транспорт ними конвенціями; в) формули прив'язок, які використовуються залежно від використовуваного транспорту. ; The article is devoted to the study of certain aspects and features of collision regulation of contractual relations in the field of international mixed cargo transportation. The lack of a clear and unified approach in defining the conflict rules to be applied to contractual relations of mixed transport in international traffic creates uncertainty, instability of these relations, and, at the same time, in no way contribute to the development of multimodalism. The main collision principles applied to the contracts of cargo transportation from one state to the territory of another, and the source of their consolidation, as well as the possibility of their application to the agreements of international mixed transportation. Collision factors have been identified, as well as grounds for limiting the application of such bindings as established by international treaties and conventions. It is concluded that it is necessary to adopt a unified and binding international document that would determine the unified regime of collision settlement of international agreements of mixed carriage. It focuses on the peculiarities and rules of determination of the body authorized to resolve the dispute in this category, as well as the rights that this body should use in resolving the dispute, separately for the member states of the European Union and Ukraine, in particular. The author concludes that for the studied legal relations the following 3 groups of conflict bindings can be distinguished: a) general conflict principles; b) the set of collision bindings is defined by unimodal transport conventions; c) binding formulas used depending on the transport used.

The research paper has been dedicated to the generalization and systematization of scientific achievements of representatives of international environmental direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues.The notion of «Ukraine's international studies» has been defined at the research. They are both studies of regularities and peculiarities, factors, subjects, values, directions, priorities, formation and realization of Ukraine's politics on the international arena and international studies in which Ukraine is an object.Reviewed scientific results of author's abstracts of Ukrainian doctoral and candidate theses, economic directions of Ukraine's international studies have been proposed. They are: theoretical, competitive, foreign economic, integration, security and international environmental. Theoretical direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues deals with phenomena of social-economic systems, a national economy, a cooperation between society and state in economic processes and an economic component of society functioning. Competitive direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues investigates phenomena of a national competitiveness, its components and a transit potential of Ukraine. Integration direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues researches phenomena of the international and regional integration of Ukraine. The security direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues investigates phenomena of the economic security of Ukraine and its components. Foreign economic direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues deals with phenomena of international economic relations of Ukraine, her foreign economic activity and her trans-boarder cooperation. International environmental direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues investigates international factors of the development of the national economic of Ukraine.Scientific results of representatives of the international direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues have been under analysis at the research paper. They had proposed new scientific results and further elaboration of phenomena of the economic sovereignty of Ukraine, the stability of the national economy, a local clasterization, the foreign debt of Ukraine, an international investment, an international technical assistance, the international trade of tourist services, an international migration, a transnationalization, a state regulation of the national economy and the international image of Ukraine.Key words: Ukraine's international issues; economic studies; international environmental direction. ; Узагальнено науковий доробок представників міжнародносередовищевого напряму економічних досліджень української міжнародної проблематики. Висвітлено наукові результати дисертаційних праць дослідників цього напряму з розробки феноменів економічного суверенітету держави, стійкості національної економіки, локальної кластеризації, зовнішньої торгівлі, іноземних кредитів, зовнішнього боргу, іноземних інвестицій, міжнародної технічної допомоги, міжнародної торгівлі туристичними послугами, міжнародної міграції, транснаціоналізації, державного регулювання національної економіки, міжнародного іміджу країни.Ключові слова: українська міжнародна проблематика; економічні дослідження; міжнародносередовищевий напрям.