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The United Nations held a week-long Congress on Public International Law at its headquarters in New York in 1995 - the year of the celebration of the Organization's fiftieth anniversary - under the general theme `Towards the Twenty-first Century: International Law as a Language for International Relations'. The purpose of the Congress was thus to assist the international community, and in particular the legal profession, to meet the challenges and expectations of the present-day world. Views were expressed, and exchanged, on the codification, progressive development and implementation of public international law, both in theory and in practice, as well as on its teaching and dissemination. The Proceedings of the United Nations Congress contain the presentations and lectures of well-known jurists and professors - in the language given (English, French or Spanish) - as well as discussions that took place after the lectures. Subject matter includes: (1) The principles of international law: theoretical and practical aspects of their promotion and implementation; (2) Means of peaceful settlement of disputes between States, including resort to and full respect for the International Court of Justice; (3) Conceptual and practical aspects of the codification and progressive development of international law: new developments and priorities; (4) New approaches to research, education and training in the field of international law and its wider appreciation; and (5) Towards the twenty-first century: new challenges and expectations

Over seven chapters the book shows how international communication has been shaped by the structure of international political power and how these means of global communication have in turn been strategic tools for the exercise of international political power. There are separate chapters on global news flows, the international trade in cultural products (films, books, advertising, recorded music, periodicals and books), and government propaganda activities. The politics of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the Universal Postal Union (UPU) and the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) are analysed

Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Glossary -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- L -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- 1 The Development and Nature of International Law -- Introduction -- The Historical Development of International Law -- The Binding Nature of International Law -- The Enforcement of International Law -- Centralized enforcement machinery -- Extra-legal considerations -- The enforcement of international law by individual states -- 2 The General Principles of International Law -- States as Sovereign Entities -- What is a state? -- State sovereignty and international law -- States as the Primary Subjects of International Law -- International organizations -- Individuals -- The Sources of International Law -- Customary international law -- Treaties as sources of international law -- Other sources of international law -- 3 International Relations Perspectives on International Law -- The Approach of International Relations Theories to International Law -- Realism -- Institutionalism -- Liberalism -- Constructivism -- Recent Interdisciplinary Work on the Role of International Law -- Byers: custom, power and the power of rules -- Koh: why nations obey -- Arend: do international rules matter? -- Conclusions -- 4 Preventing the Use of Force by States: Korea, the Gulf Conflict and Beyond -- Introduction -- Korea (1950) -- The Gulf Conflict (1990-1) -- The Legality of Subsequent 'Enforcement' Actions -- Iraq (1998) -- Kosovo (1999) -- Conclusions -- 5 Diplomacy and the Threat of Force -- Introduction -- The Threat of Force as a Tool of International Diplomacy -- The Legality of the Threat of Force -- Permissible Threats of Force -- The Legality of the Threat of Force in the Gulf Conflict -- Conclusions -- 6 Extraditing Pinochet -- Introduction -- The Issues -- The Decision in Ex parte Pinochet -- Extraditable crimes.

Preface --Opening Address --Welcoming Address --Congratulatory Address --Introductory Remarks --Is There a Growing International Arbitration Culture? --Is There an Expanding Culture that Favours Combining Arbitration, Conciliation or Other Dispute Resolution Procedures? --To What Extent Do Arbitrators in International Cases Disregard the Bag and Baggage of National Systems? --When and Where Do National Courts Reflect an International Culture, When Deciding Issues Relating to International Arbitration ? --List of Oral Interventions.

Award date: 1990 ; Supervisor: A. Cassese ; First made available online 3 September 2015

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Series Preface -- Introduction -- The Context in the New Millennium -- Recent Crimes and Renewed Challenges I -- Recent Crimes and Renewed Challenges II -- The Enforcement of International Norms -- References -- PART I: THE CONTEXT IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM -- 1 Rethinking the Agenda of International Law -- INTERNATIONAL LAW IN THE CRUCIBLE OF POST-COLD WAR HISTORY -- The Sandinista Innovation -- The Gulf War -- BCCI -- Antarctica -- The Rushdie Fatwa -- Conclusions -- WHICH NEW WORLD ORDER? -- A PROVISIONAL ASSESSMENT -- REFERENCES -- NOTES -- 2 Globalization, Criminogenic Asymmetries and Economic Crime -- A. Introduction -- B. A Definition of Transnational Crime -- C. Criminogenic Asymmetries and Economic Crime -- D. Globalization and Asymmetries -- E. Globalization, Dysnomie and 'Crimes Without Lawbreaking' -- F. Conclusion and Policy Implications -- G. References -- 3 Women and Globalization: The Failure and Postmodern Possibilities of lnternational Law -- ABSTRACT -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. WOMEN AND GLOBALIZATION -- A. Globalization -- 1. The Free Flow of Capital and Free Trade -- 2. Culture -- a. The Lexus and the Olive Tree -- b. The Intercontinental Hotel -- B. Women in the Global Economy -- 1. Data -- a. An Overview: Statistics -- b. A Closer Look: The Feminization of Labor -- i. Wage Differentials -- ii. Women's Work -- iii. Lack of Data -- 2. Snapshots -- a. A Teenager in the Maquiladoras -- b. A Woman and Her Children in the Moscow Subway -- c. A Woman Leaving Her Children in Central Park -- d. A Young Girl in Thailand -- III. THE FAILURE OF CLASSIC INTERNATIONAL LAW -- A. International Human Rights Law -- 1. The System -- 2. Economic Rights -- a. On the State Level -- b. Non-State Actors -- i. International Organizations (lOs)