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This thesis examines the spread and promotion of English on a global level, from a historical perspective in particular 'Third World' contexts. The globalization of English as an exclusive language of power is considered to be a trap, when accompanied by an ideology aiming to universalize monolingual and monocultural norms and standards. World-wide English diffusion is related - not to any mystical effects of some psycho-social mechanisms or transmuting alchemy - but to a global rise of military, political, economic, communicational and cultural Euro-American hegemony. The fact that the English language has become perhaps the primary medium of social control and power has not been given a prominent place in the analyses of established social scientists or political planners. On the contrary, the positively idealized dominance of English as a universal medium has become part of a collection of myths seeking to deny the global reality of multilingualism. Not allowing for the existence of any power besides itself, the perpetuation of this hegemony of English within a multilingual scenario has become a contradiction in terms. Centuries of colonialism, followed by neo-colonialism, are seen to have resulted in a world-wide consensus favouring centralization and homogenization of state and world economies, administrations, language, education and mass media systems, as prerequisites to local and global unity. The particular case of India as encountered by a colonizing Britain is used to illustrate the historical clash between differing language and educational traditions and cultures. It was on the strength of their own predominantly positive attitudes towards diversity - encoded in their promotion of complex social and religious philosophies, as well as varied economic and educational practices of pluralism and hierarchy-without-imposition, unity in diversity, etc. - that the people and their leaders finally achieved Indian independence from British colonialism. Contemporary Indian society, however, is still grappling with the legacy of a Eurocentric civilizational model - encoded in the neo-colonial system of English education - and in conflict with its own positively idealized and actively promoted traditions of pluralism. On national and international levels, the destabilization and destruction of diversity continues to threaten more than the linguistic and cultural uniqueness of numerous communities and individuals. For those majorities and minorities who refuse to give up their 'differences', political, economic and physical survival is at stake. A paradoxical reality, seldom acknowledged, is that while for the politically and economically already powerful language groups, the enormous resources spent on formal (language) education have become a means to maintain their material and political capital, whereas for the majority of modern societies' marginalized members, powerful linguistic barriers to full economic or political participation remain firmly in place. The justifications for perpetuating exclusionary policies and sustaining structural inequality have come from monocultural ideological assumptions in education and language policies as one of the key mechanisms for state control of labour. This thesis concludes that the trap of an ideologically exclusive status for English can be avoided by theoretically positivizing and institutionally promoting existing multilingual and multicultural peoples' realities as an integral part of their human rights, in order to resist global Englishization. ; Diese Dissertation ist eine kritische Untersuchung der globalen Ausbreitung der englischen Sprache sowie eine Analyse ihrer dominanten Position in bestimmten Kontexten der 'Dritten Welt'1. Die Globalisierung der englischen Sprache als exklusives hegemoniales Medium wird als Falle betrachtet, wenn sie mit einer eurozentristischen Ideologie (Amin 1989) verbunden ist, die aus einem politischen und kulturellen System besteht, das beabsichtigt, seine eigenen monolingualen und monokulturellen Normen zu universalisieren. Zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt ist die positiv idealisierte universelle Verbreitung und Vorreiterstellung der englischen Sprache Teil einer Sammlung von Mythen geworden, die die globale Existenz der Mehrsprachigkeit verleugnen. Eine weitere Destabilisierung pluralistischer Sprachen und (politischer und kultureller) Wissensstrukturen könnte in der völligen Zerstörung der Vielfalt enden. Um diesen mächtigen Tendenzen entgegenzuwirken und um der universellen Sprache Englisch als Falle zu entgehen, ist mehr erforderlich als eine bloße Anerkennung der Mehrsprachigkeit. Nur eine aktive Ermächtigung und Förderung sowie der alltägliche Gebrauch einer Vielfalt von globalen und lokalen (machtlosen) Sprachen, Kulturen, Traditionen und Praktiken auf allen Ebenen der Administration, Bildung und im akademischen Diskurs kann ihr Überleben sichern. Der spezifische Fall Indiens in seiner Begegnung mit einem kolonialen England wird benutzt, um den historischen Konflikt zweier Zivilisationen aufzuzeichnen, die in radikal unterschiedlichen Sprachtraditionen im Bereich der Bildung, der Administration, der Justiz und der mündlich und schriftlich überlieferten Literatur verwurzelt sind. Die überwiegend positiven Einstellungen der Menschen und ihrer Herrscher des indischen Subkontinents gegenüber dem Pluralismus beweisen, daß eine kulturell und philosophisch vereinte Gesellschaft, die einen linguistischen und sozialen Pluralismus praktiziert, möglich ist. Die Beispiele politischer und kultureller Zentralisierungstendenzen im frühmodernen Europa, die in gesellschaftlichen Umstrukturierungen auf nationaler und homogenisierender Basis mündeten, dienen als Beispiele des Triumphs hauptsächlich negativer Einstellungen gegenüber der Heterogenität. Diese beiden gegensätzlichen Einstellungen der Kolonisatoren und der Kolonisierten haben die Rolle und den Status des Englischen als koloniale und postkoloniale Sprache tief beeinflußt, und das nicht nur auf dem indischen Subkontinent. Im Kontext eines modernen, unabhängigen Landes, wie Indien es ist, behält das Englische weiterhin seinen Stellenwert auf den höheren Ebenen der Bildung, des akademischen Diskurses und der Verwaltungsstrukturen. Die Gleichberechtigung der Sprachen im Bildungswesen, in der Administration und in der Justiz sowie in anderen wichtigen Bereichen des öffentlichen Lebens setzt die Beteiligung aller Mitglieder (Individuen und Gemeinschaften) einer (pluralistischen) Gesellschaft voraus. Eine solche Gleichberechtigung bedarf ebenfalls einer Debatte über Vor- und Nachteile, Theorien und Praktiken präkolonialer, kolonialer und moderner (offener und verdeckter) Sprachplanung. Diese Dissertation kommt zu dem Ergebnis, daß der exklusive Status des Englischen als Falle durch ein theoretisch-positives Entgegensetzen der mehrsprachigen und multikulturellen Realitäten umgangen werden kann. Diverse Gemeinschaften zusammen mit ihren diversen Sprachen auf unterschiedlichen politischen, wirtschaftlichen und kulturellen Ebenen zu fördern und als einen integralen Teil der Menschenrechte anzusehen, mag die einzige Möglichkeit sein, der globalen Anglisierung zu widerstehen.

N. F. S. Grundtvig: Educationalist extraordinary. Homage of an Indian adult educator[N. F. S. Grundtvig: En usadvanlig folkeoplyser. En anerkendende karakteristik fra en indisk voksenpadagog]Af Asoke BhattacharyaAsoke Bhattacharya er professor i voksenoplysning ved Jadavpur University i Calcutta i Indien.Ved dette universitet leder han samtidig et Center for Grundtvig-Studier. Fra 2004-2005 har prof. Bhattacharya opholdt sig i Danmark for at samle materiale til fortsatte studier over Grundtvigs tanker om livsoplysning med henblik på at kunne gøre disse tanker gældende i en samfundssammenhæng som f.eks. den indiske. Under sit seneste ophold i Danmark har Asoke Bhattacharya været gæst på en række danske folkehøjskoler og fortalt om sit arbejde i Indien. Desuden har han været gæsteforsker ved Vartov-Akademiet og Center for Grundtvigsttudier for at komme videre med sit eget faglige projekt, der drejer sig om at tolke Grundtvigs skoletanker og gøre dem gældende i dag, således at deres relevans for de mange millioner underprivilegerede samfundsborgere i landene på jordens sydlige halvkugle bliver tydelig.Under sit seneste ophold i Danmark har professor Bhattacharya endnu engang undret sig over, hvor begrænset opmærksomhed der tilsyneladende er omkring Grundtvig i sammenligning med den verdensomfattende optagethed af H. C. Andersen og Søren Kierkegaard.Ikke at der overhovedet skulle være anledning til at gøre indsigelse mod den globale begejstring for disse to, men professor Bhattacharya ønsker at pege på, at Grundtvigs tænkning rummer impulser til en nyorientering inden for voksenoplysning og opdragelse til demokratisk kultur, en relevans som forekommer Bhattacharya umiddelbart indlysende set ud fra hans hjemland Indien, men som - det føler han sig overbevist om - tillige gælder alle andre lande på den sydlige halvkugle.Forklaringen på at denne internationale tilegnelse endnu ikke har fundet sted, mener Bhattacharya at kunne finde, i alle tilfælde delvist, i den kendsgerning, at vi i Danmark har været tilbøjelige til at slå kreds om hans tanker i en form for national protektionisme, som om disse tanker var forbeholdt Danmark og kun kunne udfoldes efter deres mening hos os. Over for en sådan tendens til national chauvinisme gør Asoke Bhattacharya med stor styrke gældende, at Grundtvigs tanker har universel adresse.Efter denne programerklæring giver Bhattacharya en skitse over Indiens årtusindgamle kultur, idet han særligt opholder sig ved det paradoks, at denne ærværdige tradition synes at have mistet noget af sit potentiale til at fremkalde dannelse og oplysning for de brede folkemasser. Årsagen mener han at kunne finde i det forhold, at indiske politikere i hovedsagen har været optaget af at fremme industrialiseringen i byerne, hvorimod de har forsømt reformer for befolkningen i landområdeme. Dertil kommer, at den uddannelsespolitiske ambition har været rettet mod elitens uddannelse på de øverste uddannelsestrin, mens man har ladet hånt om behovet for folkeoplysning.Efter at have ridset Gmndtvigs forestillinger om livsoplysning og folkelig dannelse op i deres historiske, samfundsmæssige kontekst fremlægger Bhattacharya en skitse af tre senere pionerer inden for folkeoplysning, som forekommer indlysende nærliggende og relevante at bringe ind i samtalen om, hvordan vi bedst bidrager til en betydningsoverførsel af Grundtvigs tanker til vores egen tid og til andre himmelstrøg end vore egne. Den første af disse tre forgrundskikkelser er den indiske digter, filosof og billedkunstner Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941). I senkolonialismens Indien erkendte Tagore et eklatant behov for at animere til en folkelig vækkelse blandt den underprivilegerede landbefolkning. Da han i 1913 modtog Nobelprisen i litteratur, indbetalte han pengene som bidrag til opbygning af internatskoler på landet i Vest-Bengalen. De vigtigste fag på skolerne var landbrug, kunsthåndværk, syning af bomuldsstoffer samt sundhedsreformer for landbefolkningen.Den anden reformskikkelse inden for voksenoplysningen er Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948). Gandhi er antagelig bedre kendt, blandt andet fordi han fik afgørende betydning i processen, der førte frem til Indiens selvstændighed. På flere måder minder de to indiske folkeoplysere dog om hinanden, f.eks. i henseende til deres betoning af modersmålets betydning for en ægte folkekultur, af den mundtlige fortælling med vægt på poetisk billedsprog samt deres understregning af en fordringsløs livsførelse samt nærende kost til gavn for folkesundheden.Den tredje voksenpædagog, der på tilsvarende måde har ydet et betydningsfuldt bidrag til udformningen af en samfundstænkning, der retter sig mod de brede masser, er den brasilianske filosof og reformpædagog Paolo Freire (1921-1997). Freires program for myndiggørelse af den underprivilegerede befolkning i hans eget hjemland, det nordlige Brasilien, tog frem for alt sigte på at give de undertrykte folkemasser et sprog, der satte dem i stand til at bryde ud af den tavse lidelse og give dem en impuls til frigørelse fra deres uværdige livsvilkår.Asoke Bhattacharya ser afgørende lighedstræk mellem Grundtvigs sans for sand folkelighed og hovedintentionerne hos de tre nævnte poetiske reformpædagoger. Grundtvigs nutidige betydning vil træde frem med stor styrke, hvis det lykkes at tolke og videreføre hans synspunkter i samspil med hans moderne efterfølgere.

In this essay, we challenge the present dominant emphasis in the Dutch Innovation Debate on the creation of technological innovations, the focus on a few core technologies, and the allocation of more financial resources. We argue that managerial capabilities and organizing principles for innovation should have a higher priority on the Dutch Innovation Agenda. Managerial capabilities for innovation deal with cognitive elements such as the capacity to absorb knowledge, create entrepreneurial mindsets, and facilitate managerial experimentation and higher-order learning abilities. These capacities can only be developed by distinctive managerial roles that enhance hierarchy, teaming and shared norms. Utilizing these unique managerial capabilities requires novel organizing principles, such as managing internal rates of change, nurturing self-organization and balancing high levels of exploration and exploitation. These managerial capabilities and organizing principles of innovation create new sources of productivity growth and competitive advantage. The dramatic fall back of the Netherlands in the league of innovative and high productivity countries of the World Economic Forum-Report can be mainly attributed to the present lack in the Netherlands of these key managerial and organizational enablers of innovation and productivity growth. We provide various levers for building unique managerial capabilities and novel organizing principles of innovation. Moreover, we describe the necessary roles that different actors have to play in this innovation arena. In particular, we focus on the often neglected but important role of strategic regulations that speed up innovation and productivity growth. They are the least expensive way to boost innovation in organizations in both the Dutch private and public sector. Finally, we discuss the implications for the Dutch Innovation Agenda. It should start with setting a challenging ambition, namely the return of The Netherlands within the WEF- league of the top-ten most innovative and productive countries of the world. Considering the under-utilization of available knowledge stemming from technological innovations, managerial and organizational determinants of innovation should receive first priority. These determinants have a high strategic relevance and should receive more public recognition. We suggest to organize an annual innovation ranking of the most outstanding Dutch firms, to develop an innovation audit that measures firms' non-technological innovation capacity, and to create an overall innovation policy for fast diffusion of new managerial capabilities and adequate organizing principles throughout the Dutch private and public sector. In conclusion, we add five new items to the Dutch Innovation Agenda: 1. Prioritize administrative innovations Investments in management and organization determinants of absorption of knowledge and its successful application (administrative innovation) should have a higher priority than investments in technological innovations. 2. Build new managerial capabilities and develop novel organizing principles For these administrative innovations to succeed, firms have to build managerial capabilities (broad knowledge-base, absorptive capacity, managerial experimentation, higher-order learning) and various management roles (hierarchy, teaming, shared norms) to increase the assimilation of external knowledge and the utilization for innovation. Moreover, they have to develop novel organizing principles that increase internal rates of change, nurture self-organization and synchronize high levels of exploration and exploitation. 3. Set levers of innovation by creating selection environments that favor innovation and by redefining the roles of key actors Management has to create a proper organizational context to foster entrepreneurship and innovation (internal selection environment). Governmental agencies have to focus on innovation and productivity enabling strategic regulations (external selection environment). Moreover, research institutes, business schools, and consulting firms should not only focus on technological knowledge, but also on managerial and organizational knowledge for innovation. In the end, private small and large firms and public institutions have to recognize that they all must contribute to the national goal of increasing innovation and productivity growth. 4. Create a new challenging national ambition: return of the Netherlands within the top-10 The Netherlands has to return to the top-ten most innovative and productive countries in the world as reflected in international rankings such as the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Index. 5. Proliferate an awareness and passion for innovation: Create public awareness and recognition of the societal relevance of outstanding managerial capabilities and organizing principles to innovation and productivity growth: o Initiate a Dutch innovation ranking in terms of management and organization; o Develop proper assessment tools for innovations in management and organization; o Enhance reporting on the progress on managerial and organizational innovation as part of modern corporate governance and as part of outstanding annual reports. These issues may contribute to rethinking the fundamental sources of innovation, productivity growth and sustainable competitive advantage of the Dutch economy.

Conclusion: During the past three decades there has been a significant transformation of work arrangements in countries like Australia, characterized by a relative decline in permanent/secure full-time employees and a commensurate growth in short-term contract, casual and other contingent work arrangements. This shift poses a significant challenge for OHS legislation that was designed on a presumption of employment relationships and a level of unionization that are now no longer the norm. In particular, these changes undermine the mechanisms for worker involvement that were a critical component of post-Robens legislative reform in Australia and many other countries and which have been shown to be important in achieving tangible improvement in health and safety outcomes. This paper has highlighted the extent of these deficiencies, including the virtual exclusion of subcontractors, the self-employed and leased workers, from participatory mechanisms (notably workplace health and safety committees and being represented by HSRs). There is also evidence that the involvement of temporary employees and home-based workers (who are employees) in workplace committees is problematic even though they are not formally excluded by legislation. Further, it was noted that declines in union membership had weakened the logistical infrastructure for effective worker involvement, especially in industries and workplaces were insecure or contingent work arrangements are pervasive. The paper then explored a number of ways of remedying these deficiencies, including revising general duty and participation provisions and associated codes and regulations; and developing new forms of representation. It has argued that new and more embracing responsibilities on consultation should be aimed at employers in multi-employer worksites and it suggests that the WorkCover NSW OHS Consultation Code may be a good example of one step in this direction. It points out that while the original measures on worker representation and consultation established a useful floor of rights, they were based on assumptions about the structure and organization of work as well as about the power of trade unions which no longer apply in the changed world of work we describe in the early part of the paper. As these changes appear to have negative consequences for both the health and safety and the representation of the increasing number of workers that experience them, we argue that measures on representation and consultation are in need of revision. We suggest for example that existing Australian measures on 'deeming' and qualifications in relation to 'designated work groups' may be both limiting and inadequate in addressing the realities of supporting representation on health and safety in a changed world of work. Moreover, we note that issues of representation on health and safety for workers in small enterprises strongly overlap with those in the other increasingly fragmented and precarious employment situations that we have described. Importantly, we have derived several further observations from this. First that there is some evidence that representing workers' interests in small enterprises through the use of mobile representatives from outside the enterprises such as is the case in a number of European countries does lead to improved health and safety arrangements in the enterprises concerned. Second that legislative support for such representation is one of the factors that enhances both its coverage and effectiveness of workers as can be demonstrated in countries such as Sweden and Italy where such provisions exist and can be inferred from the limited and partial nature of both coverage and effectiveness of voluntary measures in countries in which they are the norm. Conversely, measures that exempt small enterprises from legislative provisions on health and safety and/or worker representation do nothing to support the improved health and safety outcomes in these firms. Furthermore there is a strong argument to suggest that such measures are in fact discriminatory and promote inequality at work. Suggestions about the need for new and innovative regulatory approaches to address the unfavourable situations that are a product of the new structure and organization of work does not imply that existing measures have been entirely successful in dealing with the situations for which they were intended. We have noted that on some issues such as for example, training, issuing notices, risk assessment and consultation in advance of change there is still some way to go before such measures can be claimed to be fully operational — even in traditional workplaces. We have suggested that discussion of regulatory reform needs to take this observation into account alongside those we have made concerning the new situations of work. This account has been specifically focused on regulatory reforms that could address current weaknesses in the Australian situation. However, it should be clear that there are similar challenges in most advanced market economies. This means there is much more to be learned from international comparative analysis of both regulatory and non-regulatory strategies in this field.

This dissertation comprises a collection of self-contained game theoretical essays on different and detailed facets of power, freedom, and success. Chapter 1 is a brief introduction to the basic meaning of these concepts and their importance in welfare economics. The chapter includes a brief tour of the essays and how they conceptually and methodologically tie together. Chapter 2, 'Preferences and the Measurement of Power', which was written in collaboration with Manfred J. Holler and forthcoming in Journal of Theoretical Politics, examines a recent debate in the literature on power indices in which classical measures such as the Banzhaf, Shapley-Shubik, and Public Good indices have been criticized on the grounds that they do not take into account player preferences. It has been argued that an index that is blind to preferences misses a vital component of power, namely strategic interaction. In this vein there has been an attempt to develop so-called strategic power indices on the basis of non-cooperative game theory. This essay argues that the criticism is unfounded and that a preference-based power index is incompatible with the definition of power as a generic ability: 'the ability to effect outcomes'. It is claimed that power resides in, and only in, a game form and not in a game itself. Chapter 3, 'The Measurement of Freedom', which has been submitted to the American Political Science Review (APSR), is about the measurement specific freedoms – the freedom of an agent to undertake some particular action. In a recent paper in the APSR, Dowding and van Hees discuss the need for, and general form of, a 'freedom function' that assigns a value between 0 and 1 to a right or freedom and that describes the expectation that a person may have about being in a position to exercise ('being free to perform') that freedom or legal right. An examination of the literature shows that such a measure has never been properly defined. Based on the framework of a game form, this essay develops a very simple and natural measure of specific freedom that turns out to be the conditional variant of 'success', a measure that we know from the literature on voting power. Some properties and characteristics of the measure are discussed. Chapter 4, 'The Success of a Chairman', re-examines the so-called 'chairman's paradox' that was first noticed by Farquharson in his path breaking tract on sophisticated voting, Theory of Voting (1969). The Chairman's paradox is concerned with the case of a three member committee in which a particular player who has a regular and a tie-breaking vote – the 'chairman' – not only will do worse in specific instances under the plurality procedure for three alternatives than if he did not have such a vote, but will also do worse overall. That is, the chairman's a priori probability of success ('getting what one wants') for all possible games with linear (strict) preference orders is lower than that of the two regular members. It is demonstrated that this result, which comes about if voters act strategically rather than sincerely, is not as robust as it has been thought to be. By merely replacing the standard assumption of linear preference orders that do not allow for players to be indifferent with weak preference orders, which allow for indifference, we can escape from the paradox for the canonical case of three players and three alternatives. With weak preference orders, the a priori success of the chairman is now greater than that of the other two players. A new paradox of sophisticated voting is also detected and discussed. Chapter 5, 'Voting Rules in Insolvency Law: A Simple-Game Theoretic Approach', which was written in collaboration with Frank Steffen and published in the International Review of Law and Economics concerns an analysis of the voting rules in modern insolvency law. A chief characteristic of this law in Canada, Germany, the UK, and the US is the provision for 'workouts' or 'schemes of arrangement' by which insolvent companies can attempt to rehabilitate the business. If reorganization is chosen, the debtor has to devise a plan of action which will be voted upon by claimants. The voting rules, however, differ in each jurisdiction to a greater or lesser extent and as yet have not been analysed in any rigorous manner. This paper provides an approach based upon the theory of simple games to analyse the rules in terms of the ease which each of these regimes can pass (or hinder) plans and how these rules distribute value among claimants. Particular attention is given to the role of classification and the effect of coalition formation.

This report is the first of a two-part report addressing different aspects of the priority setting process. The priority setting process includes standpoints, choices, information acquisition, information interpretation, decisions, and activities to win support for the various steps in this type of process. Setting priorities for collective resources requires conscious choices between different options, it takes place at different levels in a society, and it involves different types of actors (politicians, administrators, health care personnel, patients, and the public). This report presents several broad strategies from the body of international literature on priority setting in health care. The muddling through elegantly strategy dissociates itself from general rules or formulas for allocating resources in health care since these tend to make the process static. Rather, health care personnel should have substantial freedom to make decisions about the distribution of resources. The public has limited insight into the priority setting process, but is given the opportunity to judge the results. In the strategy for rational decision making, the acquisition of information is a key activity – usually the most important. Only the best available information, preferably acquired through scientific methods, should serve as a foundation for making decisions. Decision makers at different levels are expected to act rationally, i.e. guided by the available information they seek the optimum solution without allowing themselves to be influenced by extraneous factors. The strategy for pluralistic bargaining implies that priority setting involves the ability to make socially acceptable decisions, and that this bargaining process must be repeated again and again. According to this strategy, we reach the best possible solution to the prioritisation problem through transparency, participation of many different parties in the process, the ability to consider and analyse opposing arguments, and finally viewing the decision as being "reasonable". The community approach strategy assumes that strain on society will increase to gigantic proportions if we attempt to finance all potential medical interventions. There is a risk that along the way we will stray from the essential values of what constitutes a "humane society" and a "good life". A broad discussion should be initiated in the community to deal with the "impossible" value systems that lead in the wrong direction. The public should participate in this discussion, whereupon politicians and administrators need to develop "categorical standards" that are applied by health care personnel. The model of health care requirements combines elements of the rational and the pluralistic strategies. It includes the clarification of goals and principles, the utilisation of good information, and the understanding that prioritisation must be a continuous process at different levels that also considers the viewpoints of lay persons (consultation of patients and the public). Explicit and implicit decision making refers to the situation where elected officials are forced to explicitly indicate what should be financed while implementation of decisions at other levels involves an implicit process of prioritisation (not so much a conscious choice as a compelling condition). The transparency at one level serves as "protection" for the concealed process that must be carried out at other levels. If we focus solely on the transparency issue, the strategies themselves do not appear to differ substantially, except on a few points. However, such a conclusion would be entirely erroneous – substantial differences begin to appear as we carefully scrutinise the various strategies. This review suggests that we are not dealing with a single priority setting process, but rather with two processes – one concerning internal legitimacy and another concerning external legitimacy. Only when we make this sharp distinction does the content of the different strategies become truly apparent. The process of internal legitimacy is characterised by the ability to identify a knowledge base (scientific) and arguments for establishing priorities based on that knowledge. This is the only way that knowledge-based organisations like health services can begin to gain trust for the priorities. The model of health care requirements describes a reasonable model for establishing internal legitimacy in a priority setting process. Pluralistic bargaining, the community approach, and muddling through elegantly are priority setting processes concerned with improving the conditions for external legitimacy. However, they present two fundamentally different perspectives: to prospectively (ex ante) build confidence through guiding principles and a transparent and pluralistic decision making process, or to retrospectively (ex post) provide an opportunity to review and revise the results. Of the strategies reviewed, two emerge as being more attractive in regard to developing a priority setting process for health services in Sweden. These are the model of health care requirements to assure internal legitimacy and pluralistic bargaining to enhance the conditions for external legitimacy. ; This report is a translation from the Swedish report Prioriteringsprocessen Del I: Övergripande strategier with the same serial number 2003:3.

VTT Tiedotteita - Meddelanden - Research Notes 2038 ; The planning project for the Personal Navigation (NAVI) programme proposes a three-year national programme. About one hundred experts from enterprises, the administration, research institutes and universities took part in the planning project under the leadership of VTT Information Technology. The development of technologies and markets, the usability of devices and services, and legal and ethical issues were examined in the planning project to serve as the background and starting point for the programme. This report summarises the information gathered in the planning project and seeks to present an intelligible analysis of the topic. Chapter one examines the creation of the mobile multimedia market, the structure of personal navigation's value chain, different scenarios and concepts concerning the nature of the market and competition, and co-operation issues. Location-based services are expected to become a significant part of the mobile multimedia market globally. There will be intense competition between mobile portals, and user groups' own services will play a key role in shaping the usage culture. Chapter two deals with the key functions and service contents of personal navigation. Personal navigation involves positioning the user and using information on positioned sites, phenomena and services to help the user choose the route and mode of transport necessary to reach a particular destination in both indoor and outdoor environments. Navigation services should answer the user's questions about the location of the user him/herself, some other person or selected site, and should provide guidance by different routes and modes of transport. It is generally assumed that the personal communicator, i.e. the terminal device, will be a mobile phone or some other small portable device capable of accessing data network services. Chapter three describes positioning methods based primarily on terrestrial radio or satellite positioning systems. Requirements set for the accuracy of positioning will become greater as the positioning technology is developed. The accuracy of consumer devices has improved from a few hundred metres to a few tens of metres over the past twenty years, and the aim is to achieve an accuracy of a few metres in the near future. The accuracy requirement of consumer devices in particular will be limited by factors such as the costs of devices and infrastructure as well as the size and power consumption of the positioning device. Current methods are not particularly suitable for indoor positioning. Chapter four outlines the service architecture that would not only be clear and simple from the perspective of device and service compatibility, but also capable of offering a sufficiently diverse range of services. The information system architecture in personal navigation will be a distributed one. The format of the information to be communicated will be a key criterion for the compatibility of applications. Application interfaces should be based on international standards in widespread use, and should be open so that they support free competition in service supply. Internet and WAP standards represent a key starting point. The most important standardisation co-operation bodies as far as personal navigation is concerned are presented at the end of the chapter. Chapter five examines user needs and motives and the shaping of usage culture. Identification of user groups and their needs is the starting point for user-centred product development when defining product concepts and functions. Technology offers the tools necessary for the development of new devices and services, but the essential thing is how the different usage cultures will adopt new products and how demand and supply will meet one another. User-centred product development will ensure that the products meet the needs and likings of users. Finally, the methods of user-centred product development are described. Chapter six deals with many legal questions concerning the positioning of people and the exploitation of location data. Topics such as data protection, consumer protection, copyrights to service contents and other rights are examined. Key questions are: When can location data be used? What rights apply to service contents and to whom do these rights belong? What restrictions should be placed on the monitoring of people's movements and what kind of new legislation would the provision of location services require? The final chapter considers ethical questions posed by the development of personal navigation and the technology that it requires. Innovations and their increasingly widespread use are raising questions and fears among users. For example, on whose terms is the technology being developed and what will its consequences be? An ethical audit and the criteria developed for it will seek to reveal the perspectives of different stakeholder groups and to engage them in the innovation process. Human conceptions and world views are influencing background factors, and a set of values should be defined as a starting point for interaction. On-going projects concerning the topic of personal navigation as well as the themes of the EU's Fifth Framework Programme's IST programme are presented in the report's appendices.

In the past two decades major focus has been placed on child's rights, survival and development. This has occurred both on an international level and, since the inception of the Government of National Unity (GNU) in South Africa, nationally, provincially and locally through various development programmes. Development in a child concerns the sequential acquisition of cognitive, motor and social skills. Adverse biological and environmental factors will have a major negative impact on a child's development. It is therefore crucial that children affected by these adverse factors are identified as early as possible, to prevent disability or facilitate intervention to ensure that they reach their maximum developmental potential. The global prevalence for developmental disability (DD) is 7-10% of the population. The national prevalence for South African children is not known but a recent Disability Survey by the Department of Health in 1998 quotes 5. 7% - 6.1 % for the overall population. Developmental disability is therefore an important priority to be addressed, especially at the primary health care level. This has been highlighted in the White Paper on Integrated National Disability Strategy of the GNU in 1997. The efficacy of intervention for developmental disabilities is debated. Scientifically this efficacy has not been proven unequivocally but there is consensus from parents, professionals and advocacy groups that early intervention is beneficial. Taken that early identification is essential, screening is the ideal method in the South African context for detection of developmental disability. There are numerous screening tools used for this purpose which need to fulfil certain criteria to ensure effectiveness. Important issues around existing developmental screening tools have been: time taken to administer the test; reliability, validity and sensitivity; measurement methods; ease of administering; and applicable age range. Questions which record parents' or caregivers' observations of their child's developmental skills have been used as effective screening tools for developmental disability. A large study which assessed prevalence of disability using a "Ten Question" format has been used extensively in Bangladesh and found to be effective. A 10-question tool was developed to screen for developmental disabilities in 9-month-old infants, the age of attendance at clinics for measles immunisation. The questions focused on the four areas traditionally tested in developmental assessments, namely speech and hearing, gross and fine motor, vision and personal/social functions. Other factors such as weight, head circumference, dysmorphic features and chronic illness were documented concurrently. The 9-month screening tool in this study was tested at Site B Clinic (Khayelitsha) and Eastridge Clinic (Mitchells Plain) and extended to high risk clinics such as the Neonatal Elevated Risk, Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Clinics of Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital. This was a prospective observational study. 235 9-month-old infants were seen between the period September 1996 to January 1997. The interviews were conducted in Xhosa (53%), Afrikaans (28%) and English (19%). The questionnaire was administered to the parent or caregiver of each infant. This was followed by an examination and neurodevelopmental assessment of the infant. On assessment 192 infants (82%) had no disability, 39 (16%) had developmental disability and 4 (2%) were at risk for motor disability. A further analysis of the 39 infants with developmental disability revealed that 25 (64%) were language impaired only, 2 (5%) were motor disabled and 12 (31%) were globally disabled (i.e. in both language and motor areas). Males and females were equally affected. The results showed that the 9-month screening questionnaire is a valid tool for the screening for developmental disability. The overall sensitivity of the questionnaire was 97.7% (95% Confidence interval [CI] of 95.8 - 99.6) and specificity 88.5% (95% CI of 84.4 - 92.6). The positive predictive value was 65.6% and negative predictive value 99.4%. Only one infant who was at risk for motor disability was missed by the questionnaire. On evaluation of the questions in specific areas (i.e. speech, hearing, motor, vision, squint), the numbers assessed were too small for meaningful analysis. As personal and social development involves motor, language and hearing skills, this area was not used on its own in the overall assessment of the infant, but those questions were incorporated into other areas of the screen. Of concern was that a number of infants screened positive for DD on certain questions (e.g. language), but on assessment were found to have disability i n a different developmental area (e.g. motor). In these cases, the questionnaire identified the children with disability - but for the incorrect reason. Certain issues would need to be addressed prior to implementation of the screening tool to ensure an adequate, appropriate screening procedure and prevention of falsely raising the expectations of parents. This involves personnel training, monitoring of screening, referral mechanisms, intervention once DD is identified and involvement of the family as a partner in the process.

Books reviewed in this article:García Canclini, Nestor (trans. Christopher L. Chiappari and Silvina L. López (1995), Hybrid Cultures: Strategies for Entering and Leaving ModernityBeverley, John, Oviedo, José and Aronna, Michael (eds) (1995), The Postmodernism Debate in Latin AmericaStuempfle, Stephen (1996), The Steelband Movement: the Forging of a National Art in Trinidad and TobagoBrowning, Barbara (1995) Samba: Resistance in MotionVargas, Lucila (1995), Social Uses and Radio Practices: the Use of Participatory Radio by Ethnic Minorities in MexicoParanagua, Paulo Anntonio (ed.) (1995), Mexican CinemaValderrama Fernández, Ricardo and Escalante Gutierrez, Carmen (original eds), Gelles, Paul H. and Martinez Escobar, Gabriela (translation, annotations and revised glossary) (1996) Andean Lives: Gregorio Condori Mamani and Asunta Quispe HuamPnHendrickson, Carol (1995) Weaving Identities: Construction of Dress and Self in a Highland Guatemala TownMorales, Edmundo (1995) The Guinea Pig: Healing, Food, and Ritual in the AndesBrandon, George. (1993), Santeria from Africa to the New World: the Dead Sell MemoriesPeña, Milagros (1995) Theologies and Liberation in Peru: the Role of Ideas in Social MovementsLovell, W. George (1995) A Beauty that Hurts: Life and Death in GuatemalaStarn, Orin, Degregori, Carlos Ivan and Kirk, Robin (eds) (1995), The Peru Reader: History, Culture, PoliticsBethell, Leslie (ed.) (1996) Cambridge History of Latin America. Vol. 10. Latin America since 1930: Ideas, Culture and SocietyHelg, Aline (1995) Our Rightful Share: the Afro‐Cuban Struggle for Equality, 1886–1912Brunk, S. (1995), Emiliano Zapata: Revolution and Betrayal in MexicoDi Tella, Torcuato S. (1996) National Popular Politics in Early Independent Mexico, 1820–1847Mallon, Florencia E. (1995), Peasant and Nation: the Making of Postcolonial Mexico and PeruPosada‐Garbó, Eduardo (1996) The Colombian Caribbean: a Regional History, 187&1950Joseph, Gilbert M. and Szuchman, Mark D. (eds) (1996), I Saw a City Invincible: Urban Portraits of Latin AmericaWalter, Richard J. (1994), Politics and Urban Growth in Buenos Aires: 191&1942Kleinpenning, Jan M. G. (1995), Peopling the Purple Land: a Historical Geography of Rural Uruguay, 1500–1915Avellaneda, José Ignacio (1995), The Conquerors of the New Kingdom of GranadaCraig, Alan K. and West, Robert C. (eds) (1994), In Quest of Mineral Wealth. Aboriginal and Colonial Mining and Metallurgy in Spanish AmericaVelázquez, Primo Feliciano (1995, 3rd edition), Codex ChimalpopocaBierhorst, John (1992) History and Mythology of the Aztecs: the Codex ChimalpopocaNickson, R. Andrew (1995), Local Government in Latin AmericaSmith, Hazel (1995), European Union Foreign Policy and Central AmericaBresser Pereira, Luiz C. (1996), Economic Crisis and State Reform in Brazil: Toward a New Interpretation of Latin AmericaCamp, Roderic Ai (1993), Political Recruitment Across Two Centuries: Mexico, 1884–1991Mainwaring, Scott and Scully, Timothy R. (eds) (1995), Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin AmericaHaggard, Stephan and Kaufman, Robert R. (1995), The Political Economy of Democratic TransitionsRyan, David (1995), US‐Sandinista Diplomatic Relations: Voice of IntoleranceHall, Linda B. (1995), Oil, Banks and Politics: the United States and Postrevolutionary Mexico, 1917–1924Philip, George (1994), Political Economy of International OilJones, Richard C. (1995), Ambivalent Journey: US Migration and Economic Mobility in North Central MexicoDosal, Paul J. (1993), Doing Business with the Dictators: a Political History of United Fruit in Guatemala, 1899–1944Jenkins, Rhys (1995), Trade Liberaiisation and Manufacturing in BoliviaFrenkel, Roberto (ed.) (1994), Strengthening the Financial Sector in the Adjustment ProcessMorley, Samuel A. (1995) Poverty and Inequality in Latin America: the Impact of Adjustment and RecoveryLustig, Nora (ed.) (1995) Coping with Austerity: Poverty and Inequality in Latin AmericaPattullo, Polly (1996) Last Resorts: the Cost of Tourism in the CaribbeanMurray, Douglas L. (1995) Cultivating Crisis: the Human Cost of Pesticides in Latin AmericaChevalier, Jacques M. and Buckles, Daniel (1995) A Land Without Gods: Process Theory, Maldevelopment and the Mexican NahuasPeritore, N. Patrick and Galve‐Peritore, Ana Karina (eds) (1995), Biotechnology in Latin America: Politics, Impacts and RisksStewart, Douglas I. (1994), After the Trees: Living on the Transamazon HighwaySimonian, Lane (1995), Defending the Land of the Jaguar: a History of Conservation in MexicoBose, Christine E. and Acosta‐Belén, B. Edna (eds) (1995), Women in the Latin American Development ProcessAlatorre, Javier, Careaga Gloria, Jusidman, Clara, Salles, Vania, Talamante, Cecilia and Townsend, John (1994), Las mujeres en la pobreza, El Colegio de Mexico and Grupo Interdisciplinario sobre MujerJohnston, Francis E. and Low, Setha M. (1995), Children of the Urban Poor: the Sociocultural Environment of Growth, Development, and Malnutrition in GuatemalaSchneider, Cathy Lisa (1995), Shantytown Protest in Pinochet's ChileFiddian, Robin (ed.) (1995), Garcia MárquezMarzan, Julio (1995), The Numinous Site: the Poetry of Luis Palés MatosO'Connell, Joanna (1995), Prospero's Daughter: the Prose of Rosario CastellanosBergman, Emilie L. and Smith, Paul Julian (eds) (1995), ¿Entiendes?: Queer Readings, Hispanic WritingsAgosín, Marjorie (ed.) (1995) A Dream of Light and Shadow: Portraits of Latin American Women WritersHalperin Donghi, Tulio, Jaksié, Iván, Kirkpatrick, Gwen, and Masiello, Francine (eds) (1994), Sarmiento, Author of a Nation

Course Summary 1. Title 2. Duration 3. Venue 4. Organizer 5. Accommodations = 6. Participating Countries(17) 7. List of Trainees 8. Program 9. Itinerary 10. Useful Tips in Korea Trade Promotion Policy and Strategy of Hong Kong / Mary Wong Ⅰ. Hong Kong's Position in the Global Trade Ⅱ. Hong Kong as an International Trading and Service Centre Ⅲ. Trade Performance in Retrospect Ⅳ. Export Market Scenario - A Strategy of Diversification Ⅵ[Ⅴ]. New Market Focus - Growth of lntra-regional Trade Ⅶ[Ⅵ]. Hong Kong as a Springboard to China Ⅷ[Ⅶ]. Prospects The Uruguay Round Negotiations and The Korean Economy / Tae Ho BARK 1. Introduction 2. Korea's Participation in the Uruguay Round 3. The Impact of the Uruguay Round on the Korean Economy 4. Tasks Facing Korea 5. Major Difficulties Faced by Korea in the Uruguay Round 6. Concluding Remarks Endnotes References General Trading Company as a New Export Marketing Strategy in Debeloping Countries / Dong Sung CHO Frame of Analysis Part One : General Review Historic Evolution of GTCs Comparison of Contemporary GTCs Comparison of MNC and GTC Diversification Strategies of GTCs The Concept of the GTC Part Two : Korean GTCs Why GTCs in Korea? Performance(Sales/Exports/Subsidiaries/Products/Markets/Financial) Causes of Korean GTCs' Deteriorating Financial Performance Part Three: Policy Implication Government : Policy Issues Business : Strategic Issues Korean Trade System & Implication for other Developing Countries / Chon Pyo LEE The Methodology and Application of Overseas Marketing Research / Chang Do PARK 1. The purpose and methodology of Overseas marketing research 2. Method and Application of Overseas Marketing Research by the KOTRA Support Systems for Assisting Small/Medium Companies in Overseas Marketing / Jung Rak SUH 1. Scope and Functions of Small and Medium Companies 2. Support Systems for Assisting Small/Medium Companies in Overseas Marketing 3. KOTRA's Activities for Assisting Small/Medium Companies in Overseas Marketing 4. Strategies for Developing Overseas Markets for Small/Medium Industries An Introduction to Small and Medium Enterprises in Korea and the Role of Industrial Bank of Korea / Chung Hoon CHANG 1. SME in Korea 1) Definition 2) Importance of SMEs in the Korean Economy 3) SME Financial Assistance Organization Chart 2. Major Activities of I.B.K 1) I.B.K. profiIe 2) Sources of I.B.K. Funds & Loans by Industrial Sector 2,0 3) Special Assistance Programs 4) Coordinated Assistance Activities Information Management System and Computerization / Haeng Ung PARK 1. Computerization Project during the 1st Stage 2. Computerization Project in the Second Stage 3. Future Plan Exhibitions for Introducing Export Goods to Global Market / Duck ki JOO 1. Relationship between Exhibitions and Trade 2. Functions of Exhibitions 1) Significance of Exhibitions 2) Marketing Aspects 3) Types 4) National Pavilions 3. History of Korean's Participation in Exhibitions 4. Comparison of Exhibition Activities between KOTRA and its Foreign Counterparts 5. Present Status of KOTRA's Exhibition Activities 1) Organization of Exhibition Department 2) Major Activities A. Overseas Exhibition Activities B. Domestic Exhibition Activities C. Participation in EXPO D. Design Service The System for Providing Assistance to Textile Industries / Jeon Hee CHO 1. Korea Federation of Textile Industries 2. The Textile Industries in Korea Korean General Trading Company / Chang Gun LEE 1. Introduction 2. Qualification 3. Performances 4. GTC in Prospect The Role of Small & Medium Firms in Korea's Export Promotion / Ho Seuk SONG 1. Small and Medium Firms in Korea 1) Scope of Small and Medium Firms 2) Characteristics of Small and Medium Firms 3) Difference between Korean SMFs and the Taiwanese counterparts 2. Policies of the Korean Government Supporting SMFs 1) Direct Policy Measures 2) Indirect Policy Measures 3. The Role of SMFs in Korea's Export Promotion 1) The Effects of Exports on Small and Medium Firms(SMFs) 2) The Characteristics of Exports by SMFs 3) Difficulties Faced by SMFs 4. Case of SMFs Supported by KOTI 1) General Status of KOTI 2) Cases of SMFs Supported by KOTl How we made printing sales successful in overseas / Gabriel K.H.LEE Assistance System to Local Companies for Trade Promotion / Hee Won KANG 1. Brief Introduction to Industry of Pusan 2. Outline of Business Activities Carried on by the Korea Trade Center-Pu-san 3. Supporting Activities for Small-and Medium-Sized Companies Korean Customs Valuation System / Yung Myung KIM 1. Historical Background 2. Price Declaration 3. Examination of Customs Value 4. Conversion of Foreign Currency 5. Valuation Hierarchy 6. Transaction Value 7. Transactiion Value of Identical Goods 8. Transaction Value of Similar Goods 9. Deductive Value 10. Computed Value 11. Other Value TAIWAN, ROC'S Foreign Trade Policy and Strategy / Yan-Chi MA 1. Current Situation of A So-Called "Little Economic Tiger" 2. The Basis of Taiwan's Industry Today 3. Stages of Industrial Evolution and its Complementary Foreign Trade Policies and Startegies

Canada's most distinguished anthropologist, Dr. Diamond Jenness, formerly Chief of the Division of Anthropology, National Museums of Canada, and Honorary Associate of the Arctic Institute of North America, died peacefully at his home in the Gatineau Hills near Ottawa on 29 November, 1969. He was one of that rapidly-vanishing, virtually extinct kind - the all round anthropologist, who, working seriously, turned out first-class publications in all four major branches of the discipline: ethnology, linguistics, archaeology, and physical anthropology. One must also add a fifth: applied anthropology, a fitting designation for the series of monographs on Eskimo administration in Alaska, Canada, and Greenland which he wrote after his retirement and which were published by the Arctic Institute of North America. . [In response to an invitation to join Stefansson Arctic Expedition and study Eskimos for three years, Jenness found himself a member of the Southern Party with an assignment to study the Copper Eskimos around Coronation Gulf. These plans were interrupted due to the presence of sea ice.] On 30 September, Stefansson, with his secretary Burt McConnell, Jenness, two Eskimos, and the expedition's photographer G.H. Wilkins (later Sir Hubert Wilkins), left the Karluk near the mouth of the Colville River to hunt caribou and lay in a supply of fresh meat when it had become apparent that the ship, immobilized in the ice, could proceed no further. With two sleds, twelve dogs and food for twelve days the party set out for the mainland, but they never saw the Karluk again, for a week or so later the unfortunate vessel began her final drift westward. This was the inauspicious beginning of Jenness' arctic career. Few young anthropologists have faced such difficulties in beginning field-work in a new and unfamiliar area; yet none, surely, has emerged from the test with a more brilliant record of work accomplished. . Jenness' first winter's field-work on the Arctic coast of Alaska led to [an] impressive list of publications . conducted under conditions that many an ethnographer would have found intolerable. . Scarcely a hint of these personal experiences of his first winter in the Arctic will be found in Jenness' anthropological writings. They were reserved for his retrospective volume Dawn in Arctic Alaska (1957) which he wrote while on a Gugenheim scholarship in 1954, some years after his retirement. . Jenness' first year in the Arctic ended in July 1914 when the Expedition's schooners left Camden Bay and sailed eastward to Dolphin and Union Strait where he was to meet with another though very different, Eskimo people named by Stefansson the Copper Eskimos, most of whom, before Stefansson worked among them in 1910-1911, had never seen a white man. . To obtain a faithful picture of the life of the Copper Eskimos Jenness chose an approach that in those days was not often employed by ethnologists. He entered into their life directly, as one of them. He attached himself to an Eskimo family and became the adopted son of Ikpukhuak, one of the foremost hunters and respected leaders of the Puivlik tribe of southwest Victoria Island, and his wife Higilak (Ice House), who was not only proficient in the ordinary and burdensome duties of an Eskimo wife but was also a shaman in her own right, a talent that saved Jenness from a local murder charge. Jenness lived with these people in their snow houses in winter and skin tents in summer, observing and recording the vastly different modes of life according to season. . Jenness' researches extended far beyond Coronation Gulf and the arctic coast westward. . Jenness always disclaimed being an archaeologist, yet he made two discoveries that are fundamental to an understanding of Eskimo prehistory - discovery of the Dorset culture in the eastern Arctic, and of the Old Bering Sea, earliest stage of the maritime pattern of Eskimo culture that later spread from northern Alaska to Canada and Greenland to form the principal basis for modern Eskimo culture. . And so much more. In 1926, Jenness succeeded Edward Sapir as Chief Anthropologist of the National Museum of Canada. . He developed the Antiquities Legislation that has been so important for the protection of archaeological resources in the Northwest Territories. . Between 1962 and 1968 the Arctic Institute of North America published his admirable five volumes on Eskimo administration in Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. These monographs reflect his durable and compassionate concern for Canadian Indians and Eskimos and in them one can find much of the advice that he, for so many decades, provided the Canadian Government. . [Jenness' accomplishments extend beyond the realm of anthropology and his reputation was both national and international. For his services in the field of anthropology, particularly in connection with the Indian and Eskimo population of Canada, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of Canada.]

The purpose for the June 2012 Use of Workers' Compensation Data for Occupational Safety and Health Workshop was to explore ways in which workers' compensation information can be used for public health research and surveillance. Thirty-five poster and platform presentations described studies that utilized workers' compensation information while exploring limitations of these resources. The workshop proceedings contain summary articles for the presentations plus notes from the discussion groups for the 6 white papers that were drafted for the workshop. The workshop was co-sponsored by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE), International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions (IAIABC), National Council on Compensation Insurance (NCCI), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the Washington State Department of Labor and Industries, Safety and Health Assessment for Research and Prevention (SHARP) program. ; Introduction -- Acknowledgements -- Use of workers' compensation for occupational safety and health: opening remarks -- The advantages of combining workers' compensation data with other employee databases for surveillance of occupational injuries and illnesses in hospital workers -- Safe lifting in long-term care facilities, workers' compensation savings and resident well-being -- Workers' compensation versus safety data use at the veterans health administration: uses and weaknesses -- Linking workers' compensation data and earnings data to estimate the economic consequences of workplace injuries -- Workers' compensation costs in wholesale and retail trade sectors -- Linking workers' compensation and group health insurance data to examine the impact of occupational injury on workers' and their family members' health care use and costs: two case studies -- Occupational amputations in illinois: data linkage to target interventions -- The role of professional employer organizations in workers compensation: evidence of workplace safety and reporting -- Using workers' compensation data to conduct OHS surveillance of temporary workers in Washington state -- How WorkSafeBC uses workers' compensation data for loss prevention -- Hitting the mark: improving effectiveness of high hazard industry interventions by modifying identification and targeting methodology -- Injury trends in the Ohio Workers' Compensation System -- Randomized government safety inspections reduce worker injuries with no detectable job loss -- Comparison of data sources for the surveillance of work injury -- OSHA recordkeeping practices and workers compensation claims in Washington; results from a survey of Washington BLS respondents -- Completeness of workers' compensation data in identifying work-related injuries -- Another method for comparing injury data from workers compensation and survey sources -- Using O*Net to study the relationship between psychosocial characteristics of the job and workers' compensation claims outcomes -- Impact of differential injury reporting on the estimation of the total number of work-related amputation injuries -- Exploring New Hampshire workers' compensation data for its utility in enhancing the state's occupational health surveillance system -- Using workers' compensation data for surveillance of occupational injuries and illnesses-Ohio, 2005-2009 -- Using an administrative workers' compensation claims database for occupational health surveillance in California: validation of a case classification scheme for amputations -- Describing agricultural occupational injury in Ohio using Bureau of Workers' Compensation claims -- Use of multiple data sources to enumerate work-related amputations in Massachusetts: the contribution of workers' compensation records -- Workers' compensation-related CSTE occupational health indicators -- The effectiveness of the Safety and Health Achievement Recognition Program (SHARP) in reducing the frequency and cost of workers' compensation claims -- Comparison of cost valuation methods for workers compensation data -- Development and evaluation of an auto-coding model for coding unstructured text data among workers' compensation claims -- Patterns in employees' compensation appeals board decisions: exploratory text mining and information extraction -- Identifying workers' compensation as the expected payer in emergency department medical records -- Utilizing workers' compensation data to evaluate interventions and develop business cases -- gender, age, and risk of injury in the workplace -- The mystery of more Monday soft-tissue injury claims -- Is occupational injury risk higher at new firms? -- Discussion of: Successes using workers' compensation data for health care injury prevention: surveillance, design, costs, and accuracy -- Discussion of: The total burden of work-related injuries and illnesses: a draft white paper developed for the workshop on the use of workers' compensation data -- Discussion of: Workers' compensation loss prevention: a white paper for discussion -- Discussion of: Contingent workers: data analysis limitations and strategies -- Discussion of: Using workers' compensation administrative data to analyze injury rates: a sample study with the Wisconsin Workers' Compensation Division -- Discussion of: The Role of leading indicators in the surveillance of occupational health and safety -- Final workshop discussion group -- State health agencies' access to state workers' compensation data: results of an assessment conducted by the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, 2012 -- Workshop participants -- Workshop agenda -- Poster presentations. ; David F. Utterback and Teresa M. Schnorr, editors. ; May 2013. ; Also available via the World Wide Web as an Acrobat .pdf file (11.9 MB, 232 p.). ; Includes bibliographical references.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) components are strongly associated with increased risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) development. Several studies have supported that resveratrol is associated with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on health status. The main objective of this study was to assess the putative associations between some urinary resveratrol phase II metabolites, cardiometabolic, and liver markers in individuals diagnosed with MetS. In this cross-sectional study, 266 participants from PREDIMED Plus study (PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea) were divided into tertiles of total urinary resveratrol phase II metabolites (sum of five resveratrol conjugation metabolites). Urinary resveratrol metabolites were analyzed by ultra- performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-q-Q MS), followed by micro-solid phase extraction (µ-SPE) method. Liver function markers were assessed using serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). Moreover, lipid profile was measured by triglycerides, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-c), and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein ratio (total cholesterol/HDL). Linear regression adjusted models showed that participants with higher total urine resveratrol concentrations exhibited improved lipid and liver markers compared to the lowest tertile. For lipid determinations: log triglycerides (βT3= -0.15, 95% CI; -0.28, -0.02, p-trend = 0.030), VLDL-c, (βT3= -4.21, 95% CI; -7.97, -0.46, p-trend = 0.039), total cholesterol/HDL ratio Moreover, (βT3= -0.35, 95% CI; -0.66, -0.03, p-trend = 0.241). For liver enzymes: log AST (βT3= -0.12, 95% CI; -0.22, -0.02, p-trend = 0.011, and log GGT (βT3= -0.24, 95% CI; -0.42, -0.06, p-trend = 0.002). However, there is no difference found on glucose variables between groups. To investigate the risk of elevated serum liver markers, flexible regression models indicated that total urine resveratrol metabolites were associated with a lower risk of higher ALT (169.2 to 1314.3 nmol/g creatinine), AST (599.9 to 893.8 nmol/g creatinine), and GGT levels (169.2 to 893.8 nmol/g creatinine). These results suggested that higher urinary concentrations of some resveratrol metabolites might be associated with better lipid profile and hepatic serum enzymes. Moreover, urinary resveratrol excreted showed a reduced odds ratio for higher liver enzymes, which are linked to NAFLD. ; The PREDIMED-Plus trial was supported by the European Research Council (Advanced Research grant 2014–2019; agreement #340918; granted to Martínez-González); the official Spanish institutions for funding scientific biomedical research, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) through the Fondo de Investigación para la Salud (FIS) that is co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (coordinated FIS projects led by Salas-Salvadó and Vidal, including the following projects: PI13/00673, PI13/00492, PI13/00272, PI13/01123, PI13/00462, PI13/00233, PI13/02184, PI13/00728, PI13/01090, PI13/01056, PI14/01722, PI14/00636, PI14/00618, PI14/00696, PI14/01206, PI14/01919, PI14/00853, PI14/01374, PI14/00972, PI14/00728, PI14/01471, PI16/00473, PI16/00662, PI16/01873, PI16/01094, PI16/00501, PI16/00533, PI16/00381, PI16/00366, PI16/01522, PI16/01120, PI17/00764, PI17/01183, PI17/00855, PI17/01347, PI17/00525, PI17/01827, PI17/00532, PI17/00215, PI17/01441, PI17/00508, PI17/01732, PI17/00926, PI19/00957, PI19/00386, PI19/00309, PI19/01032, PI19/00576, PI19/00017, PI19/01226, PI19/00781, PI19/01560, PI19/01332), and the Especial Action Project "Implementación y evaluación de una intervención intensiva sobre la actividad física Cohorte PREDIMED-Plus" (Salas-Salvadó); the Recercaixa (grant number 2013ACUP00194) (Salas-Salvadó). Moreover, J. Salas-Salvadó, gratefully acknowledges the financial support by ICREA under the ICREA Academia program; the SEMERGEN grant; International Nut and Dried Fruit Council–FESNAD (Long-term effects of an energy-restricted Mediterranean diet on mortality and cardiovascular disease 2014–2015; No. 201302) (Martinez-Gonzalez); Department of Health of the Government of Navarra (61/2015), the Fundació La Marató de TV (Ref. 201630.10); the AstraZeneca Young Investigators Award in Category of Obesity and T2D 2017 (Romaguera); grants from the Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (PI0458/2013; PS0358/2016; PI0137/2018), the PROMETEO/2017/017 grant from the Generalitat Valenciana, the SEMERGEN grant; grant of support to research groups 35/2011 (Balearic Islands Gov; FEDER funds) (Tur and Bouz). J.K. is contracted for the "FOLIUM" program within the FUTURMed project. Talent for the medicine within the future from the Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (financed by 2017 annual plan of the sustainable tourism tax and at 50% with charge to the ESF Operational Program 2014–2020 of the Balearic Islands). V.B.-V. received a grant from the Center for Nutrition Research of the University of Navarra.

Samenvatting Er zijn verscheidene betrouwbare, snelle elektronische rekenmachines met een groot geheugen verkrijgbaar. Ondanks het feit, dat deze machines in staat zijn grote lineaire programmeringsproblemen op te lossen, blijven er een aantal over, die niet in zijn geheel opgelost kunnen worden of die om andere redenen niet in zijn geheel opgelost zullen worden. In zo'n geval wordt het totale probleem vaak gesplitst in deelproblemen. Men doet dit door aan een aantal variabelen waarden toe te kennen, waarvan men hoopt, dat ze ongeveer zo groot zullen zijn als die, die men verkregen zou hebben na oplossing van het totale lineaire programmeringsproblm. Aangezien men in de praktijk vaak genoegen neemt met pseudo‐optimale antwoorden, geeft zo'n combinatie van oplossingen van deelproblemen in het algemeen bruikbare resultaten, mits de gegeven schattingen voor de variablen, die maakten dat het totale probleem gesplitst kon worden, niet te ver van de goede waarden zullen afwijken. Aangezien men dit zonder het oplossen van het totale probleem nooit te weten zal komen, blijft het raadzaam te proberen deze schattingen op een dusdanige wijze te verbeteren, dat ze de waarden behorende bij de optimale oplossing benaderen.In 1961 werd hiervoor een werkwijze ontwikkeld bij de Bataafse Internationale Petroleum Maat‐schappij N.V. die op 7 maart 1962 intern gerapporteerd werd in een rapport, dat ongeveer gelijkluidt aan de titel van dit artikel.Past men de hierin beschreven werkwijze toe, dan verbetert men iteratief de schattingen en wel op een dusdanige wijze, dat de waarde van de doelfunctie van het totale probleem van stap tot stap beter wordt. Evenals in het rechtstreeks toepassen van lineaire programmering is het theoretisch mogelijk, dat twee na elkaar verkregen combinaties van resultaten, een zelfde waarde van de doelfunctie opleveren. De kans hierop wordt echter in de, in dit artikel beschreven methode, veel kleiner. Hieruit blijkt, dat de resultaten, verkregen na het verrichten van enkele stappen, een beter resultaat geven, dan de eerste schatting. Is men dus gedwongen om welke reden dan ook, het rekenwerk te stoppen, dan heeft men een beter resultaat verkregen dan dat, behorende bij de eerste schatting.Vaak zal het ook niet nuttig zijn verder te gaan met het rekenwerk, aangezien ervaring heeft geleerd, dat de grootste verbeteringen in het begin te verwachten zijn. Theoretisch kan men door het volgen van de methode het optimum bereiken. De methode werd echter niet met dit doel voor ogen antwikkeld en kan in dat geval te langzaam zijn en daardoor te kostbaar werken.Alhoewel de methode het eenvoudigst toe te passen is, indien men de deelproblemen op één plaats ter beschikking heeft, werd ze ontwikkeld teneinde gedecentralizeerd werken toe te laten. In zo'n geval zal er enige informatie van een centraal punt naar de plaatsen. waar de deelproblemen behandeld worden verzonden moeten worden en terug; deze hoeveelheid informatie is echter gering.Summary Nowadays most electronic computers have large memories and are able to carry out calculations very rapidly. Nevertheless, it may be impractical or impossible for some computers to solve very big linear programming problems without some modifications to the problem. Fortunately, the optimal answer is not always needed, but any possible improvement of an estimated answer may be of great value. In this article it is shown, how this can be reached by splitting the integrated problem of a bigger company into several natural. and much smaller, problems, linked by certain variables. Furthermore a method is described for finding an improved answer to that inte grated problem. It is reached by first estimating the linking variables and then improving this estimate in a number of systematic steps. It is developed for cases where the calculation work is carried out on a decentralized basis, but works even easier in cases where all calculation work is carried out on the same place. In the first case there has to be a flow of information between places, where calculations on smaller problems are carried out and the place where the calculations are carried out on the sizes of the linking variables only. Theoretically the optimum may be reached in a finite number of steps, but when calculations have to stop before reaching the overall optimum, an improvement will have been achieved, since each solution obtained is at least as good as, but generally better than the preceeding one.The method is developed in 1961.For non‐mathematicians it may be difficult to understand an article written in matrix‐notation. Therefore, the proofs and derivations in this article are given without matrix‐notation. Consequently the method will be more easily understood by those, who are likely to use it, the more so, since proofs and derivations are given for a limited number of variables and blocks only.

Lauge Koch, renowned leader of 24 Danish government expeditions to Greenland spanning almost half a century, was born July 5, 1892 and died June 5, 1964 in Copenhagen. He gained his Mag. Scient. (cartography) in 1920 from the University of Copenhagen and his Ph.D. in geology in 1929. Dr. Koch's unique series of explorations began in 1913 in West Greenland. During 1916 and 1917 he accompanied Knud Rasmussen on the Second Thule Expedition to Northwest Greenland. From 1920 to 1923 Lauge Koch was leader of the remarkable Bicentenary Jubilee Expedition (to commemorate Hans Egede's arrival in Greenland) when he performed, together with three Eskimos, the strenuous 200-day sledge journey along the north coast of Greenland, which resulted in the Atlas of North Greenland (24 maps at the scale 1: 300,000). The systematic geological investigation of North and East Greenland conducted by Dr. Koch between 1926 and 1958 has been lauded as "one of the most concentrated efforts towards co-ordinated regional geology of a significant segment of the earth's surface which the geological science has experienced, and one made in the face of exceptionally unfavourable geographic and climatic conditions" (G. O. Raasch, 1961, p. 147, Foreword to the "Proceedings" of the First international Symposium on Arctic Geology). In that period of 32 years 1291 persons from many countries, mainly Scandinavia, Switzerland, and Britain, took part in his expeditions, the largest parties consisting of more than 100 men. A total of 1208 "man-summers" and 126 "man-winters" were spent under Dr. Koch's supervision in Northeast Greenland - that harsh but beautiful stretch of land between the Inland Ice and the pack ice, in the latitude 70°N. to 83°N. Although Dr. Koch himself was primarily interested in geology, he encouraged work in a variety of other fields: an almost complete coverage of medium-scale topographical maps was produced, many geographical and biological investigations were carried out, and studies were made in glaciology, hydrology, meteorology and archaeology. "Such continuity of leadership . is without parallel in the history of polar expeditions" (J. W. Cowie, 1959, Polar Record, Vol. 9, p. 547). In the early days when travelling was by dog-team, Lauge Koch was master of this art and gained the admiration of his Eskimo companions whose language he thoroughly understood and spoke. He kept abreast of the time however, and became a pioneer of arctic aviation when, as early as 1932 and 1933, he equipped his two expedition ships with sea planes. Then in 1938 he successfully completed an air reconnaissance of Northeast Greenland on two daring flights with a Dornier aircraft operating from Spitzbergen. His post-war expeditions were characterized by the extensive use of Norseman, Catalina, and DC-4 aircraft and later, in 1955 and 1956, of helicopters. In 1953 I was one of a two-man party which he landed in North Greenland, to make the first geological traverse of the mountains of northern Peary Land starting from Friggs Fiord and reaching Kap Morris Jesup, 83° 39'N., the northernmost point of land in the world. Here we found the cairn Lauge Koch had erected in 1923 and from it retrieved his report. In the Catalina, which came to collect us, he read his own historic document as we flew over the desolate plains of southern Peary Land where Mylius-Erichsen and his companions had perished, and where he himself, 30 years previously, was forced to eat his exhausted dogs. This big, quiet man who spoke so slowly and made every so often a bear-like noise, had, with his indomitable will, been a great leader through two eras of polar history. Like the polar bears he did not bother about his enemies, he would just weave amusing stories about them. The results from Koch's expeditions published by the participants in the Meddelelser om Grønland are an invaluable collection of some 240 papers totalling 22,000 pages. His own observations and investigations, mainly on the geology and the ice conditions of Northeast Greenland are the substance of some 14 major publications. For his leadership and his scientific merits Lauge Koch was awarded numerous honours. He received 12 medals from various countries, the last one being the highly regarded Danish Rink Medal, and many other distinctions including being made an Officer of the Legion of Honour. In 1960 the University of Basle (Switzerland) honoured Lauge Koch with a Dr. h.c. and in 1963 McGill University (Canada) awarded him an Honorary Doctor of Science. With the death of Lauge Koch the Arctic has lost one of its most colourful personalities. Those who had the good fortune to work with him and to listen to his stories will never forget the towering strength, the stimulation and the refreshing humour of this great man, who had already during his own lifetime become a legendary figure.