Suchergebnisse

In 2017, the The International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code) – a set of function-based regulations applicable to Arctic and Antarctic waters, with the goal of increasing awareness and improving safety for ship operations in polar waters – entered into force. This article examines the Polar Code's contribution to the establishment of new standards and guidelines, with the problem under discussion being the extent to which the function-based regulations contribute to enhancing safety for ship operations in the Arctic, given that maritime activities in these waters are associated with great risks and uncertainties. The article gives a historical review, elucidating the background leading to the development of the Polar Code, followed by a review of the structure and key principles of the regulations. Further, ship traffic in the Arctic region and those subject to the Polar Code are examined, followed by a summary of findings and experiences from three survival exercises (SARex I, II and III), performed in northern areas around Svalbard between 2016 and 2018. The article concludes that safe ship operations depend on those subject to the regulations conducting thorough operational risk assessments that cover all potential hazards, in order to mitigate sufficiently. Further, the presence of authorities is found to be crucial, with validation of the adequacy and the dimensioning of the implemented measures being of the essence.

For the first time in the Swedish Supreme Court, a small Sami reindeer herding community has won an important victory affirming the community's small game hunting and fishing rights. Because of protracted use and the concept of immemorial prescription, the Court recognised the community's exclusive hunting and fishing rights, including the right to lease these rights to others. Such leases have long been prohibited by legislation and the State has retained its powers to administer such leases. This case signifies a considerable development in the area of Sami law. In its decision, the Supreme Court made some adjustments to the age-old doctrine of immemorial prescription, and provided insights into how historic evidence should be evaluated when the claimant is an Indigenous people. A common motivator for these adjustments is an enhanced awareness of international standards protecting Indigenous peoples and minorities. Even ILO Convention No. 169 – the only legally binding convention concerning Indigenous rights, but which Sweden has not yet ratified – is relevant when it comes to evaluating Sami customary uses. The Court addressed the problem of gaps in the historical material and used evidence from other parts of Swedish Lapland and adjacent time-periods, making reasonable assumptions to fill in these gaps. The Court imposes on the State the burden of proof regarding the extinguishment of already established Sami rights, as well as proof that extinguishment by legislation or expropriation, is "clear and definitive". These conditions were not met in this case.

The duty of states to consult indigenous communities is a well-established legal principle, but its implications for practice remain uncertain. Sweden is finding itself at a particularly critical juncture as it prepares to legislate a duty to consult the Sami people in line with its international obligations. This paper explores the ability of Swedish state actors to implement the duty to consult, based on lessons from an already existing duty set out in Swedish minority law, namely to ensure the effective participation of minorities in land and resource decisions. Presenting novel empirical material on the views of Sami communities and state officials in ministries and agencies, we demonstrate the existence of considerable implementation gaps linked to practice, sectoral legislation, and political discourse. We argue that if state duties are to promote the intended intercultural reconciliation, then new measures are needed to ensure enforcement, e.g. via mechanisms of appeal and rules of nullification. In addition, sectoral resource regulations should be amended to refer to the duties set out in minority law and/or a potential new bill on consultation duty in a consistent manner. In the near-term, the state should ensure that Sami communities are adequately resourced to engage in consultation and should invest in state authorities' own ability to implement, i.e. through competence development, staffing, intersectoral coordination, and independent evaluation. Much could also be gained if state agencies and Sami communities worked together to develop detailed consultation routines for relevant resource sectors.

The Arctic is saturated with nuclear facilities bringing both benefits for regional economic and social development and risks of nuclear and radiological accidents and concerns about radioactive wastes. There is every reason to expect the Arctic will remain a nuclearized region during the foreseeable future. This makes it important to direct attention to issues of nuclear safety and security in the region. We identify several clusters of these issues in the Arctic, including the challenges of potential nuclear accidents, the handling of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste, the cleanup of radiological contaminants, and concerns about nuclear security. An analysis of international conventions and voluntary codes of conduct shows that they are applicable to Arctic nuclear safety and security, but only in general terms. This suggests a need for an Arctic-specific agreement on nuclear and radiological safety, emergency preparedness and response, and cleanup of radiological contaminants. The outbreak of military hostilities in Ukraine in February 2022 has disrupted normal procedures for addressing issues of common concern in the Arctic. But the need for co-operation regarding matters like nuclear safety and security will not go away. Assuming it is possible to devise "necessary modalities" for restarting the work of the Arctic Council following the acute phase of the Ukraine crisis, an Arctic-specific agreement on nuclear safety and security could be developed under the auspices of the Arctic Council, which already has taken an interest in nuclear safety through the activities of its Working Group on Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and Response. Once such an agreement is in place, it will become important to consider the infrastructure needed to ensure that its provisions are implemented effectively.

Copper is an ancient product that has persisted into the advanced industrial age. Its production methods and uses have been radically transformed several times, and it has played a central role in the building of the modern world economy. Despite this, it has been neglected by historians. For many years in early modern Europe Scandinavia was the biggest producer of copper, particularly through the large copper plants at Røros in Norway and in Falun in Sweden. This book tells the story. The amount of copper produced and traded is investigated, working conditions are discussed, the organisation of the companies is clarified, the active role of the state is emphasised, and the influence of the copper industry on local conditions is explored. The book gives copper an important place in European industrialisation more generally and shows that the Scandinavian copper industry was part of an extensive European copper network, which in turn was part of a global manufacturing and trading system. Through such connections, the Scandinavian copper industry was linked closely to the international and global history of copper, and therefore to colonialism, industrialisation, slavery and violence. - Kobber er et forhistorisk produkt som fortsatt produseres. Produksjonsmetodene og bruksområdene har blitt radikalt forandret mange ganger, og metallet stod sentralt i fremveksten av den moderne verdensøkonomien. I tidlig moderne tid var Skandinavia lenge den største produsenten av kobber i Europa, spesielt gjennom kobberanleggene i Falun i Sverige og på Røros i Norge. Likevel har metallet ofte blitt oversett. Denne boken forteller historien. Mengde kobber som ble produsert og solgt undersøkes, arbeidsforhold diskuteres, organiseringen av selskapene avklares, statens aktive rolle vektlegges, og kobberindustriens innflytelse på lokale forhold utforskes. Det vises at den skandinaviske kobberindustrien var en del av et stort europeisk kobbernettverk, som igjen var en del av et globalt produksjons- og handelssystem. Slik knyttes skandinavisk kobber tett til metallets internasjonale og globale historie: til europeisk industriutvikling, kolonialisme, slaveri og vold.

During the pandemic model for swedish public management have been discussed. In the societal debate, demands have been made for increased centralization and for the state to take over municipal areas of responsibility. The pandemic's crisis management has revealed a lack of knowledge about municipalities among government authorities and that there are differences in conditions between municipalities for the implementation of the activities. In studies of five municipalities and one region during the period 2020–2021 the results show the local level's ability to handle pandemics, which is also confirmed by international studies. The crisis management of the region/municipalities has shown the strength of a decentralized structure, but also that important development issues must be handled locally for an effective management of future crises. The answer lie in strengthening local self-government and addressing the challenges that exist in the multi-level governance that has come to characterize the public sector. ; I samband med pandemin har den svenska förvaltningsmodellen diskuterats. Det har funnits ett ifrågasättande av kommunernas förmåga att hantera den kris som pandemin innebar. Samtidigt har pandemins krishantering avslöjat så väl brist på kunskap om kommunal verksamhet bland statliga myndigheter som att det föreligger skillnader i förutsättningar mellan kommuner för verksamhetens genomförande. I studier som genomförts av fem kommuner och en region under perioden 2020–2021 visar tvärtom resultatet på den lokala nivåns förmåga att hantera pandemin, vilket även bekräftas av internationella studier. Regionens och kommunernas krishantering har visat styrkan i en decentraliserad samhällsstruktur, men också att viktiga utvecklingsfrågor och blottlagda brister måste hanteras lokalt för en ändamålsenlig hantering av kommande kriser och för en gynnsam utveckling i vardagen. Svaret finns inte i en ökad centralisering, utan en förstärkning av det kommunala självstyret och att ta sig an de utmaningar som finns i ...

"How does the public sector manage the vast sums spent annually on goods and services? For individual municipalities, counties, and state agencies it is, in practical terms, about obtaining resources that enable them to deliver the services they are obligated to deliver. For Parliament and the government, it is not just about securing the production of goods and services here and now, but about how we ensure good and consistent standards of welfare in the future as well. In addition, there are high expectations that purchases occur in sustainable, efficient, and intelligent ways and that suppliers are challenged to think creatively – to be innovative. As for buyers, a greater degree of professionalization within public procurement practices is expected.

In this anthology we have brought together several authors who are contributing new research focused on how public sector procurements are carried out in Norway. Topics range from questions around outsourcing, how the procurement function is organized, contract administration, purchaser competence, and the use of data analytics. Readers will also find a review of Norwegian research on public procurement published in international journals over the past two decades. " - "Hvordan forvalter offentlig sektor de store summene de årlig bruker på kjøp av varer og tjenester? For den enkelte virksomheten handler det i hverdagen om å skaffe tilveie innsatsfaktorer som bidrar til at de kan levere de tjenestene de er forpliktet til å levere. For Storting og regjering, handler det ikke bare om å sikre tjenesteproduksjonen her og nå, men også om hvordan vi skal sikre god velferd inn i fremtiden. Det skapes store forventninger til at det enkelte innkjøp skal skje på en bærekraftig, effektiv og smart måte og at leverandørmarkedet skal utfordres til å tenke nytt – være innovative. For den enkelte innkjøper forventes det større grad av profesjonalisering rundt de offentlige anskaffelsene.

I denne antologien har vi samlet en rekke forfattere som bidrar med ny forskning for å belyse hvordan det er å gjennomføre anskaffelser i offentlig sektor i Norge. Du finner bidrag knyttet til spørsmål omkring konkurranseutsetting, organisering av innkjøpsfunksjonen, kontraktsoppfølging, innkjøpskompetanse og bruk av dataanalyser. Du finner også en gjennomgang av norsk forskning, publisert i internasjonale tidsskrift, rettet mot offentlige anskaffelser gjennom de to siste tiårene."

Migration and mobility transform the daily lives and surroundings of those who travel and relocate, as well as the places they move from and to. This anthology presents some of the disparate perspectives, theories and methodologies that characterize research on migration and mobility.

Through the book's eleven chapters the authors shed light on international research on migration and Norwegian research on transience and tourism. The contributions include empirical studies of immigrant workers and their welfare, marginalization in the job market and opportunities for successors, social mobility in the new country, repro-migration, and local community responses and adaptation to mobility. The book also provides a comprehensive discussion of Norwegian integration policy and methodological challenges and blind spots in Norwegian migration research. On the whole, Migration and Mobility – Actions, Patterns and Perceptions in the Context of Norway is a significant contribution to the advancement of research in these areas.

The book will be of interest to everyone concerned with the study of migration and mobility in Norway, but especially to researchers in the field and students of sociology, social anthropology, human geography and other social sciences at the higher educational level.

Migration and Mobility has been edited by Mariann Villa (professor of sociology, NTNU), Erik T. Valestrand (doctoral fellow in sociology, NTNU) and Johan Fredrik Rye (professor of sociology, NTNU). - Migrasjon og mobilitet former hverdagsliv og omgivelser for dem som flytter og reiser, og på de stedene det flyttes og reises til. Denne antologien viser noe av mangfoldet av perspektiver, teorier og metodologier som preger forskningen innen migrasjon og mobilitet. Gjennom elleve kapitler belyser forfatterne internasjonal migrasjonsforskning og nasjonal flytte- og turismeforskning. Bidragene inkluderer empiriske studier av arbeidsinnvandrere og deres omsorgspraksis, marginalisering på arbeidsmarkedet og etterkommeres muligheter, innenlands sosial mobilitet, repromigrasjon og lokalsamfunns respons på og tilpasning til mobilitet. Boka tilbyr også en mer overordnet diskusjon om norsk integreringspolitikk og om metodologiske utfordringer og blindsoner i norsk migrasjonsforskning. Samlet sett er Migrasjon og mobilitet – handlinger, mønstre og forståelser i norsk sammenheng et bidrag til videre utvikling av forskningsfeltet migrasjon og mobilitet. Boka retter seg mot alle med interesse for hvordan migrasjon og mobilitet studeres i norsk sammenheng, men særlig mot forskere på feltet og studenter i sosiologi, sosialantropologi, samfunnsgeografi og andre samfunnsvitenskaper på høyskole- og universitetsnivå. Migrasjon og mobilitet er redigert av Mariann Villa (professor i sosiologi, NTNU), Erik T. Valestrand (doktorgradsstipendiat i sosiologi, NTNU), og Johan Fredrik Rye (professor i sosiologi, NTNU).