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Education has always been a topic of interest for classical philosophers & thinkers, but now there is a preoccupation with making it a priority in the international agenda. The article emphasizes the importance of education & the teaching-learning process, its forms & difficulties, & its impact on the development of professionals with the capacity for thinking & discerning. The author points out the difficulties in teaching international relations theories & the challenge of explaining & analyzing questions of theoretical articulation. She attempts to respond to the difficulties involved in the teaching of International Relations theories & the challenge faced by the professor to present & analyze the substantial complexity of authentic theoretical articulation. Adapted from the source document.

The relationship between crime and punishment has never been isolated. Under the influence of socio-economic, political, and cultural changes, metamorphoses of the institution of execution of punishments took place; in particular, the rights of convicts were liberalized. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the historiography of this phenomenon in terms of international standards, as well as the peculiarities of their implementation. The work aims to characterize the implementation of international standards on the rights of prisoners in terms of historiography and legal regulation. The object of research is the norms of international law. The subject of the study is social relations that arise in the implementation of international standards on the rights of convicts in prisons. The research methods were dialectical, systemic, structural, formal-legal, historical-legal, methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction. As a result, international standards for the rights of prisoners serve as a model, an example of rational social relations in the penitentiary environment. Key aspects that should be universally considered by the governments of all countries are identified and described.

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the international regulations of the organization of the investigation and collection of evidence of military crimes. The objective is to analyze the effective minimization of the impact of destructive factors on the investigation of military crimes, so it is necessary to create a special governmental institution to cooperate with the International Criminal Court with the appointment of national coordinators in relation to amendments to the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine, which provides for the possibility of investigation. The methodological basis of the research was the methods and techniques of scientific knowledge, specifically the main method of research was the dialectical method. It is concluded that the concept of investigation of military crimes committed in armed conflict and criminal prosecution of perpetrators can be defined as of important scientific and practical significance, a holistic interdisciplinary comprehensive theoretical system of activities under special conditions, which generally combines theoretical provisions on specific patterns in the field of legal support, organization of investigation and collection of evidence of military crimes. : search, arrest and transfer of officials involved in military crimes and implementation of international proceedings against the accused.

The article aims to define the sectoral legal tools that can be incorporated into the legislations of the countries of the world for the development of gender policies in social and labor relations. The research methodology included methods of general and special scientific character, which aim to ensure the unity of approaches. Attention has been paid to the justification of subjective differentiation of working conditions in the acts of the International Labor Organization. Legal conditions for the introduction of gender equality in legal systems were proposed in order to ensure the social and economic development of society. It is concluded that international standards of social and labor relations make it possible to implement gender equality policy in various variable models. Finally, among the special sectoral tools for solving gender problems, it is worth applying: subjective and social differentiation of working conditions; gender-neutral legislation; local acts as a method of raising the level of moral and ethical standards in professional groups, and; gender quotas and gender parity with differentiation in various spheres of economic activity.

The article is dedicated to investigation of different approaches in the field of juvenile prevention and juvenile justice. The article examines the features of juvenile justice and juvenile prevention in different countries, in particular, in the United States, Britain, France, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Ukraine. The existing models of organizing the activities of the juvenile police, other specialized bodies and institutions for children operating in foreign countries are considered. The issues of organization and implementation of crime prevention among children in different countries of the world have been studied. Special attention is paid to the US experience in the field of juvenile justice and juvenile prevention. In particular, the system of specialized bodies and institutions for children in the United States was studied. International systemic acts on the settlement of juvenile liability are analyzed. The analysis of world models of juvenile justice, in particular, Anglo-Saxon, continental, Scandinavian, is carried out and their peculiarities are singled out. The positive features of each of these models, which can be borrowed, in particular, by Ukraine, have been identified.

The objective of the investigation was to analyze some international experience in assessing the effectiveness of law enforcement in crime prevention. Methodologically, the dialectic method, typical of materialistic philosophy, was combined with scientific techniques of cognition. It is concluded that the basis for assessing the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies in different countries is based on a set of quantitative and qualitative criteria; sometimes such criteria conflict with each other, as some are beneficial for bureaucratic reporting, while others reflect the public's interests. Public opinion, as one of the main criteria, is becoming increasingly important in assessing the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies in some countries (e.g., the Slovak Republic), and in the US, France, Japan, Austria, and Italy, it is a traditional evaluation tool. Ambiguous is the use of statistics to assess the effectiveness of law enforcement in certain countries and Finally, there are countries where criminal statistics are a priority to determine the effectiveness of law enforcement and in others not.

Una de las características esenciales de una evaluación es determinar el éxito de una intervención. En las evaluaciones de la cooperación al desarrollo (CD), esta valoración se basa en los criterios de evaluación establecidos internacionalmente ya desde principios de la década de 1990 por el Comité de Ayuda al Desarrollo de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (CAD-OCDE). Con la pretensión de establecer "mejores criterios para una mejor evaluación", se han revisado por primera vez los llamados criterios CAD.

"Desde que el gas natural superó al carbón en el consumo energético de EE.UU., las emisiones de dióxido de carbono de este país han registrado una disminución. Sin embargo, el auge del gas de esquisto no traspasó las fronteras de Estados Unidos. De hecho, es cuestionable si el gas de esquisto podrá originar un giro radical en las emisiones globales mientras continúe en aumento la demanda mundial de carbón. Considerando el panorama actual, puede esperarse que el gas de esquisto produzca como mucho un impacto climático general mixto, ya que su consumo futuro depende de las decisiones en materia de políticas ambientales y energéticas de Estados Unidos y otros países. La evolución de los mercados internacionales también está signada por la incertidumbre. El alcance político del apogeo del gas natural en Estados Unidos confronta la política clímatica en Europa y en todo el mundo con nuevos e inesperados desafíos." Autorenreferat)

Linking municipal-level homicide rates from 1990 through 2018 with data from the Mexican Migration Project, we estimate a series of multinomial discrete-time event history models to assess the effect that exposure to lethal violence has on the likelihood of migration within Mexico and to the U.S. without documents. Statistical estimates indicate that the homicide rate negatively predicts the probability of taking a first undocumented trip to the U.S. but positively predicts the likelihood of taking a first trip within Mexico. Among those undocumented migrants, who have already taken a first U.S. trip, lethal violence also negatively predicts the likelihood of taking a second undocumented trip. Among returned internal migrants whose first trip was to a Mexican destination, the odds of taking a first undocumented trip were also negatively predicted by the municipal homicide rate. Violence in Mexico is not a driver of undocumented migration to the U.S.

The article is devoted to a topic as topical as the legal transformations in the Ukrainian system under the influence of international law. Therefore, the aim of the article is to discuss the theoretical and practical aspects of the study of the impact of international law on domestic law, as well as to identify the differences and similarities between international law and Ukrainian law in the specific field of criminal and civil law. The methodological basis of the study consisted in the use of the system-structural method, which made it possible to determine the place of international legal norms in the system of national legislation and, also, the comparative method of international and Ukrainian legislation in force. In the main results obtained, it is revealed that the transformation of Ukrainian legislation is carried out mainly under the influence of Western globalization, which implies the transformation of a certain international law. It was concluded that, in the legal sphere of Ukraine, international agreements have been greatly influenced by the transformation of international law through the application of Ukrainian law through a process of legal synthesis.