Suchergebnisse

Tijekom jedanaest godina rada Hrvatski memorijalno-dokumentacijski centar Domovinskog rata prikupio je veliku količinu arhivskoga gradiva nastalog djelovanjem pojedinaca, odnosno javnog arhivskoga gradiva nastalog tijekom Domovinskog rata, a koje je završilo u posjedu privatnih osoba ili raznih udruga te kao takvo ustupljeno Centru. Riječ je o raznolikom gradivu, konvencionalnog i nekonvencionalnog karaktera, vojne i civilne provenijencije, čiji su stvaratelji bili pripadnici hrvatskih snaga, snaga Jugoslavenske narodne armije i pobunjenih Srba, civilne osobe, državni i vojni dužnosnici ili zainteresirani pojedinci. U radu će se prikazati osnovne značajke i vrste takvoga gradiva, načini akvizicije, postupak vrednovanja i pohrane te njegova dostupnost, historiografska vrijednost te sumirati stečena iskustva. ; For different reasons the important records from the period of the Homeland War were also kept or are still kept by the private holders, whether these records were created by institutions or individuals, associations and organizations. By acknowledging the importance of such records and the sensitivity in its acquiring the Croatian Memorial-Documentation Centre of the Homeland War has started to collect them ever since it was established in 2005. By establishing the Centre as the central institution for archival and scientific research of the Homeland War, the Centre is recognised in the public as a trustworthy institution to which everyone interested to hand over the records can turn to. The private holders of the archives from the Homeland War can be divided into those who are the creators of archives and those who in various ways became possessors of public archives. The Centre can acquire records of private holders in two ways; mostly through donations, and partly by purchasing records that are particularly valuable and that were created as someone's authorship. After acquiring, the records are registered, appraised and classified, after which they form individual fonds or they supplement existing fonds and collections. Among the conventional archives, besides military documentation, the Centre acquired various newspapers, magazines and official papers, military maps, political and military posters, caricatures etc. The majority of the acquired records were digitized, due to a more efficient storage and keeping, as well as the desire of holders to keep the originals. The majority of archives from private holders are unconventional records (photographs, video and audio clips), i.e. the re-recorded and digitized conventional records. The archives acquired from individual private holders were in terms of subject and quantity appraised as a rounded off whole and after the archival processing it was decided to form personal papers. By the end of 2016 the Centre had ten of them. Besides these, the Centre also stores memoirist records of private holders, whether it concerns records created by structured interviews or written entries of the direct participants of the Homeland War. The Centre published part of these in 17 books as part of its publishing activity. Also, several photo-monographs were published based on the received or bought photographs from the private holders. Among the private holders from which the Centre got the archives are also the historians-researchers who gave or deposited in the Centre the materials they used, after finishing a certain research or a book. The majority of the acquired and processed archives of private holders are available to researchers through fonds and collections of the Centre. The basic problem regarding the acquiring of the records of private holders pertains to certain indistinctness in the Act on the Archives and the ignorance of holders regarding their obligations prescribed by the law which entails relinquishing of the public archives to the Centre. Besides ignorance, some of the holders advertently kept these records in their keeping mostly out of fear of misuse and the negative perception of the activity of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. However, after the acquittal of the generals Gotovina and Markač in late 2012 and the greater public recognisability of the Centre, the inflow of archives from public holders has been increased. Another problem in acquiring records of this kind is the parallel activity of certain individuals and associations with similar archival activities. As far as arranging is concerned, due to the large quantities of acquired records and their stockpiling in the future it will be necessary to pay greater attention to their appraisal and disposal. Still, it could be said that the archives of the private holders prominently features in the Centre's professional archival policy and that so far the important amount of such records had been acquired. Despite certain difficulties concerning their processing, these records are an important source for archivists, researchers and historians, particularly for subjects that are wider than the more usual political and military ones.

U radu se razmatraju ključna pitanja osposobljavanja radnika za siguran rad u operativnom šumarstvu kao temeljnom uvjetu kvalitete i ekonomičnosti rada u šumarskoj proizvodnji. U osvrtu na stanje osposobljavanja u razvijenim europskih zemljama navode se obveze poslodavaca vezano za odgovarajuće osposobljavanje rukovatelja strojeva, uređaja i alata pri izvođenju šumskih radova. Pritom se prikazuju pristupi i trendovi u osposobljavanju u posljednjem desetljeću te modeli i postignuti dosezi s posebnim naglaskom na do sada razvijene sustave certificiranja osposobljavanja u Europi i ključne elemente takvih sustava. Kao primjer uspješnih rješenja prikazuju se modeli osposobljavanja putem šumarskih trening centara, gdje se obukom stečena znanja i vještine potvrđuju obveznom provjerom i izdavanjem certifikata. Stanje stručnog osposobljavanja šumskih radnika u Hrvatskoj razmatra se u kontekstu moguće primjene pojedinih europskih sustava certificiranja šumskog rada u Hrvatskoj. S obzirom na potrebe, postojeće stanje osposobljavanja i profil ključnih aktera šumarskog sektora Hrvatske, kao najizglednijom za skoru primjenu u Hrvatskoj, ocjenjuje se provedba europskog standarda za rukovatelja motornom pilom. Zaključno se daje pregled zakonodavnih i organizacijskih zahtjeva za primjenu do sada razvijenih europskih modela u izgradnji sustava certifikacije osposobljavanja šumskih radnika u Hrvatskoj. ; The Introduction provides an overview of research findings related to danger and risk in the forestry profession toward other sectors through the standard indicators of safety at work on the example of the United States, Spain, Germany, Austria and other countries. On the other hand, training and periodical qualification verifying of the employee to work with the operating machinery and safe working practice are emphasized as an essential element in the process of improving the quality of work and safety in operational forestry. In addition, trends and changes in the education and training of human resources in forestry in general and the role of vocational training of forest workers in the prevention of injury and increase operational safety levels at work are cited.The subtitle material and method provides the most relevant sources that are used as the basis for drafting paper, such as, a document entitled »Professions and Training in Forestry – results of an inquiry in Europe and North America«, Eduforest International internet platform and internet platform of the European Forestry and Environmental Skills Council. Also, for the purpose of the paper forming the application of analysis and synthesis, comparison and compilation methods is explained.The third subtitle displays situation analysis of workers vocational training in forestry sector within which the Copenhagen Declaration is highlighted, which advocates strengthening and popularization of vocational education and training.Networks and programs in the field of forestry training within Europe are listed in the Table 1., and more detailed analysis of registered educational institutions in the Eduforest network basis and the results of the analysis are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. Heading 3.1 clarifies the role of vocational training of workers in forestry. In addition, a positive step of vocational training of workers in forestry at European level is highlighted through the establishment of the European Forestry and Environmental Skills Council whose mission is to simplify the mobility of workers in forestry and arboriculture within the EU through processes of accreditation and promotion of individual national qualifications between the partner countries at European level. Current condition on vocational training for chainsaw operator in the forestry of Croatia are explained in subtitle 3.2. Inconsistent and incomplete programs and training activities, a significant reduction, or the absence of practical training and the use of non-transparent criteria in the carried out training assessment are cited as the biggest problem. Subtitle 3.3 clarifies the role and contribution of the European Forestry and Environmental Skills Council in the training of workers. The subtitle lists the criteria for acquiring the status of a national center / agency prescribed by EFESC Handbook, and the list of national agencies accredited by the EFESC in Table 2. The logo of the European Forestry and Environmental Skills Council is presented in Figure 4. Implementation of the European Chainsaw Standard is explained in the text and four levels of European Chainsaw Standards are presented in Figure 6. Figure 7 displays German example of the European Chainsaw Standards implementation, and Table 3 shows the implementation of European Chainsaw Certificate within EFESC countries.The heading Discussion and Conclusion specify the limits of training and vocational training in the scope of forestry on the example of the dual education within the specialized institutions, namely, forestry training centers that provide comprehensive training in technical, safety and vocational aspect. In conclusion, in this paper the technical, organizational and legislative guidelines are listed for the potential implementation of the European model of certification of forest workers in the Croatian forestry with the aim of improving the current situation.

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 외교학과, 2012. 2. 윤영관. ; 개발원조가 더욱 중요해지고, 투입되는 금액 또한 증가하면서 개발원조의 효과성에 대한 관심이 증대되고 있다. 본 논문 역시 이에 주목하여, 원조가 수원국의 경제발전에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 조건을 알아본다. 특히 수원국의 경제발전전략과 원조효과성과의 관계를 살피기 위해서 시장주도적인 경제발전전략을 채택한 방글라데시와 국가주도적인 경제발전전략을 채택한 보츠와나의 원조이용과 그 효과성을 비교하여 살펴보았다. 보츠와나 방글라데시 두 국가 모두 독립 당시에는 매우 가난하여 해외 원조에 의존하였다. 그러나 현재, 보츠와나는 1인당 국민소득이 7,000달러에 달하고 방글라데시의 국민소득은 600달러를 겨우 넘는다. 양국의 개발전략을 비교해보면, 국가주도의 경제개발전략을 택한 보츠와나 정부는 국가개발계획을 작성하고 이에 따라 경제를 관리하였다. 개발계획의 수립, 예산의 작성 등을 재정 및 개발계획부라는 한 개의 정부부서가 통제함으로써 효율적인 관리가 가능했다. 반면 방글라데시는 시장주도의 경제개발전략을 택했다. 1980년대와 1990년대 세계은행과 국제통화기금 등의 공여국의 영향으로 시장주도적인 개방형 경제구조를 위한 자유화, 민영화, 규제완화 조치가 본격적으로 시행되었다. 그러나 방글라데시는 시장 자체나 이를 뒷받침해줄 제도가 제대로 갖춰지지 않았기 때문에 개혁은 제대로 성공을 거두지 못했다. 양국의 원조의 이용 역시 달랐다. 보츠와나는 국가주도의 개발전략에 따라 원조를 이용하였다. 공여국은 국가개발계획을 참고하여 원조 분야와 사업을 결정함으로써 보츠와나 정부의 우선순위에 따른 원조를 하는 것이 가능했다. 반면 방글라데시의 원조는 방글라데시의 필요에 맞춰 이용되는 것이 아니라 공여국의 입장에 따라 이용되었다. 이에 따라 사업이 중간에 중단되거나, 원하는 목표를 이루지 못하는 경우가 생겼다. 그 결과 양국에 제공된 원조의 효과성에도 차이가 있었다. 보츠와나의 경우, 원조가 투자된 교육 분야나 보건, 교통 등의 분야에서는 예전에 비해 많은 발전이 이루어졌으며, 경제발전에 도움이 되었다는 평가를 받고 있다. 반면 방글라데시의 경우, 경제성장을 위해 필요한 부분에 원조를 투입하기 보다는 공여국의 개혁정책을 실시하기 위해 필요한 부분에 원조를 투자하였다. 시장의 발달을 위해 민간 금융 기관의 설립, 국영기업의 민영화 등에 투자된 원조는 공여국의 요구에 따라 성급하고 무리하게 투자된 것이었다. 이렇게 투자된 원조는 제대로 효과를 발휘하지 못하고 오히려 실업이나 채무 부담 증가 등 부작용을 발생시켰다. 국가주도적인 개발전략을 세우고 실행하면서 원조 역시 성공적으로 이용한 보츠와나와 공여국의 영향으로 시장주도적인 개발전략을 세우고 개혁을 시도하였으나 실패하고 개혁에 투입된 원조도 그 효과가 크지 않았던 방글라데시의 사례를 비교해본다면 무조건적으로 시장주도적 경제발전전략을 세우고 이에 따라 개혁을 실시하는 것은 수원국의 경제를 발전시키고 원조의 효과성을 제고하기 보다는 오히려 부작용을 불러올 수도 있는 것으로 보인다. 그보다는 수원국의 정부가 장기적인 안목을 갖고 국가주도적으로 경제발전전략을 정하고 이 과정에 통합하여 원조를 이용하는 것, 그리고 공여국은 최대한 그에 따라 원조를 지원하는 것이 원조의 효과성을 높이는 방법이라고 생각할 수 있다. ; As development aid becomes more important and the volume of it increases, more people develop interest on the effectiveness of aid. In this dissertation, I sought for the conditions to improve aid effectiveness. To find the conditions that positively influence the economy of a recipient country, I compare the development strategy and the use and the effectiveness of aid between Bangladesh and Botswana. Both Botswana and Bangladesh were so poor that they could not help depending on foreign development aid when they became independent. However, the GDP per capita of Botswana is almost 7,000 dollars now while Bangladesh's is barely 600 dollars. Bangladesh has selected a market-oriented economic development strategy and Botswana a state-led strategy. The Botswana government built the National Development Plan and managed their economy according to this. Because the Ministry of Finance and Development Plan controls the development plan, budget, and so on, it managed the economy efficiently. On the other hand, Bangladesh initiated reform policies to have an open market economy under the influence of donors. In the 1980s and 1990s, the policies for liberalization, privatization, and deregulation were placed guided by major donors, such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. However, Bangladesh did not have the proper market and the institution to support it; therefore, its intended reforms did not succeed. The use of aid is also different in both countries. Botswana efficiently used aid according to a national development strategy. Donors could give aid to Botswana in alignment with its priorities because the donors decide an aid project in light of Botswana's development plan. In addition, aid was invested in education, health, and transportation in Botswana. There was improvement in those fields that contributed to economic development. The Bangladesh aid is used according to the opinions of its donors. The aid projects ceased consequently thereby deferring its set goals. Bangladesh invested aid to practice reform policies for a market-oriented economy. It invested aid impetuously on requests by donors for the establishment of private financial institutions and the privatization of state-owned enterprises. These aids could not help the country's economic development and produced side effects, such as unemployment and national debt. As we compare the two, we can infer that building a market-oriented development strategy and practicing reform policy unconditionally according to the purpose of donors do not render aid effective. It is rather more effective if the recipient country makes a long-term development plan, controls the economy, and uses aid according to its strategy. ; Master

Napor na uključenju načela održivosti u osnove prostornog planiranja u današnjem postsocijalističkom svijetu traži nove odnose između ustaljenih i suvremenih sudionika. Pojedini interesenti uključeni u razvoj, upravljanje i politiku djeluju na ishod regionalnih i urbanih sustava u Hrvatskoj ponekad bez obraćanja pozornosti na održivost. Njihovo djelovanje pokazuje nedostatak svijesti i negativan odnos prema održivosti u planerskoj praksi gdje je glavni cilj unaprijediti kakvoću života sadašnjih i budućih naraštaja. Bez dobrih ideja o nosivim kapacitetima i održivosti, neki od ovih sudionika zanemaruju planerska znanja i ekspertizu (CAVRIĆ, NEDOVIĆ – BUDIĆ, 2007.). Vještinama i znanjima planeri ih savjetuju, međutim, glavna pokretačka sila još je uvijek politički utjecaj. Takvi predlagači uspijevaju zaštititi svoje osobne probitke glede prostora i zemljišta nauštrb javnosti i običnih građana, podržavajući sustav izrade "preslikanih" planerskih izvješća, pogodujući tek daljem urbanom širenju i nenadziranoj izgradnji. Na žalost, poradi dužega vremenskog društvenog ignoriranja i jake sveze lobija investitora, arhitekata i građevinara, različite međunarodne planerske ideje s "održivošću na umu" još ne utječu na hrvatsku teoriju i praksu planiranja. Neke su od njih jednostavno neprihvaćane, netočno tumačene ili odbacivane zahvaljujući krutoj zakonskoj regulativi, nepostojanju formalnog školovanja planera i povlaštenom položaju tek jednog tipa ovlaštenih planera tj. arhitekata . Osjetljivost za alternativna razvojna rješenja, sudjelovanje javnosti, novine u ponašanju, organizaciji i tehnologijama, raznovrsnost pomagala za provedbu u planerskoj "kutiji s alatima", kao i različite vrste planerskih poslova u usmjeravanju održivih promjena, tek treba prepoznati u zemlji koja je u procesu pristupanja EU. Unatoč tomu, ovaj rad teži sumirati održivost i njezine sastavnice kao nove postavke, u kojima je glavna misao vodilja novoga globalnog pristupa planiranju, objavljena od Centra za ljudska naselja Ujedinjenih Naroda (UNCHS) kako slijedi: "Novo planiranje je manje kodirano i tehničko, više inovativno i poduzetničko. Ono je više sudioničko i usmjerenije projektima nego cjelovitim prostornim sustavima. Plansku ekspertizu sve češće ne zahtijeva samo država već i dioničarski i javni dijelovi građanskog društva. Prijeporno nije planiranje samo po sebi, nego njegov cilj: da li ga voditi uglavnom učinkovitošću, jačajući postojeću razdiobu bogatstva i moći, ili bi trebalo odigrati distribucijsku ulogu da može pomoći pri stvaranju minimalnih standarda urbanog življenja" (Hague, 2001.). ; Effort to incorporate sustainability aspects into the spatial planning agenda requires new relationships between conventional and new players in today's post-socialist world. Some stakeholders engaged in development, management and governance are sometimes tailoring the destiny of regional and urban systems in Croatia without sustainability concerns. Their activities show the lack of awareness and negative attitude towards sustainable planning practices where the major goal is to improve the quality of life of current and future generations. Without sound ideas about carrying capacities and sustainability, some of these actors have ignored the planning knowledge and expertise (CAVRIĆ, NEDOVIĆ – BUDIĆ, 2007). Planners advise upon them with their professional skill and knowledge but the driving force is still political power. These proponents have managed to safeguard their own spatial and land interests on the expense of the public and ordinary citizens, by maintaining the system of "copy-paste" planning blue prints, suitable for supporting emerging urban sprawl and uncontrolled construction activities. Unfortunately, due to the long-term social ignorance and strong alliance of developer's lobbies, architects and constructors, various international planning ideas with "sustainability in mind" have not affected Croatian planning theory and practice, yet. Some of them are petrified, misinterpreted or simply abolished owing to obstinate legislation, the non-existence of formal planning education, and the privileged position of only one brand of chartered planners (e.g. architects) . Alternative development solutions, such as public participation, behavioral, organizational and technological advances, diversity of implementing instruments in the planner's "toolkit", and the planner's numerous tasks in guiding sustainable change, are still to be recognized in this EU accession country. Notwithstanding, this paper aims to summaries sustainability and its derivates as the new paradigms, in which the guiding leitmotif of the new global agenda for planning is spelled out by the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (2001b) as follows: "The new planning is less coded and technical, more innovative and entrepreneurial. It is more participatory and concerned with projects rather than whole spatial systems. Planning expertise is increasingly sought not only by the state, but also by the corporate sector and civil society. What is controversial is not planning per se, but its goal: whether it should be directed chiefly at efficiency, reinforcing the current distribution of wealth and power, or whether it should play a distributive role to help create minimum standards of urban liveability" (Hague, 2001).

Dobro mentalno zdravlje sastavni je dio općeg zdravlja populacije i dobrobiti te pridonosi kvaliteti funkcioniranja pojedinaca, obitelji i zajednica. U novijim se dokumentima Europske unije na mentalno zdravlje gleda kao na preduvjet socijalnog i ekonomskog razvoja nekog društva. Sukladno tome, uloga je donositelja odluka i odgovornost raznih pomažućih profesija da djeluju na socijalne determinante koje utječu na mentalno zdravlje građana. Cilj je ovoga rada predstaviti suvremeno interdisciplinarno područje promocije mentalnog zdravlja te ponuditi prikaz literature o promociji mentalnog zdravlja, polazeći od povijesnog razvoja područja, temeljnih koncepata pa do preporuka za kreiranje programa. Rad rasvjetljava razlike i preklapanja područja promocije mentalnog zdravlja i prevencije mentalnih poremećaja. Promocija je usmjerena na pozitivno mentalno zdravlje, a njezin je glavni cilj jačanje snaga i kompetencija, dok je prevencija usredotočena na smanjivanje rizičnih čimbenika te specifične poremećaje, a cilj joj je smanjiti učestalost, rasprostranjenost i ozbiljnost određenih problema. S obzirom na recentne međunarodne preporuke koje govore da bi se mentalnim zdravljem trebale baviti svi sektori te razne socijalne politike, a ne samo zdravstveni sustav, rad donosi temeljne modele kako bi se pridonijelo istoznačnom razumijevanju pojmova kod različitih pomažućih profesija. Promocija mentalnog zdravlja, koja je multisektorska, obuhvaća aktivnosti i programe za podršku roditeljstvu, za djecu i mlade u obrazovnom sustavu, za područje socijalne i zdravstvene skrbi, kvalitetu života u zajednici i na radnom mjestu. Kako je riječ o interdisciplinarnom području, radom se želi utjecati na znanstveno-stručnu raspravu srodnih disciplina. ; AbstractGood mental health is an integral part of population's general health and well-being that contributes to the quality of functioning of individuals, families and communities. In newer European Union documents, mental health is perceived as a prerequisite for the social and economic growth of each society. According to that, the role of the decision makers and the responsibility of various helping professions is to act towards social determinants which influence mental health.The aim of this paper is to present modern interdisciplinary area of mental health promotion through the review of the literature, starting from the historical development of the area, basic concepts and guidelines for program development. The paper highlights the differences between mental health promotion and prevention of mental disorders. Promotion is connected with positive mental health, and its main goal is strengthening protective factors and competencies. Prevention, on the other hand, aims to reduce risk factors and specific disorders to diminish incidence, prevalence, and seriousness of problems.Regarding recent international developments, which state that mental health should concern various sectors and social policies, not just health sector, this paper brings basic models to contribute to the mutual understanding of the terminology within different professions. Multi-sectoral mental health promotion involves activities and programs for supporting parenthood, and children and youth in the education system, while the area of social welfare and healthcare concerns with the quality of life in a community and within a work place settings. Regarding the interdisciplinary nature of the area, this paper wants to contribute to the scientific and professional discussion of various disciplines which are included. ; Buena salud mental forma parte de la salud general de una populación y del bienestar. Además, contribuye a la calidad del funcionamiento de individuos, familias y comunidades. En los documentos recientes de la Unión Europea la salud mental se considera un requisito previo del desarrollo social y económico de una sociedad. En consecuencia, el papel del tomador de decisiones y la responsabilidad de diferentes profesiones ayudantes es influir en las determinantes sociales que influyen en la salud mental de los ciudadanos. El objetivo de este artículo de revisión es presentar el área interdisciplinaria contemporánea de la promoción de la salud mental y presentar la bibliografía que abarca dicho tema, partiendo del desarrollo histórico y conceptos básicos, hasta llegar a las recomendaciones para crear un programa. El trabajo aclara las diferencias y puntos comunes de las áreas de la promoción de la salud mental y la prevención de trastornos mentales. La promoción está enfocada en la salud mental positiva, y su objetivo principal es fortalecer el poder y las competencias, mientras que la prevención se enfoca en disminuir los factores de riesgo y trastornos específicos, y su objetivo es disminuir la frecuencia, difusión y severidad de ciertos problemas. Como las recomendaciones internacionales recientes afirman que a la salud mental deberían dedicarse todos los sectores y diferentes políticas sociales, y no sólo el sistema sanitario, el trabajo expone los modeles básicos para contribuir a la comprensión idéntica de los términos usados por diferentes profesiones ayudantes. La promoción de la salud mental es multisectorial y abarca actividades y programas para apoyar a los padres, niños y jóvenes en el sistema educativo, para la asistencia social y sanitaria, calidad de la vida, tanto en la comunidad, como en el puesto de trabajo. Como se trata de un área interdisciplinaria, con este trabajo se quiere influir en el debate científico de disciplinas relacionadas.

Sveučilište u Zagrebu Tekstilno-tehnološki fakultet (u nastavku Fakultet) međunarodno je priznata obrazovna i znanstvena institucija te vodeća nacionalna i regionalna visokoškolska i istraživačka ustanova u području tekstilnog inženjerstva i tehnologije te modnog dizajna. Fakultet je prepoznatljiv po inovacijama koje su osnova za prijenos znanja u gospodarstvo i temelj njegova razvoja. Znanstvena i umjetnička istraživanja usmjerena su potrebama društvenog i gospodarskog razvoja, a nastavni je proces usklađen s potrebama tržišta rada i društva. Većina nastavnika Fakulteta djeluje u tehničkom području, polje tekstilne tehnologije čiji se rad nadopunjuje i isprepliće s radom nastavnika u umjetničkom, prirodoslovnom, društvenom i humanističkom području te ostalim poljima unutar tehničkog područja s ciljem sinergije, jačanja međusobne povezanosti i interdisciplinarnosti ne samo nastavnog nego i znanstveno-istraživačkog, umjetničkog i stručnog rada. Rad Fakulteta i njegova prepoznatljivost, u regiji i svijetu, temelji se na 60-godišnjem iskustvu u izvođenju tekstilnog studija na Sveučilištu u Zagrebu te 30-godišnjem samostalnom djelovanju Fakulteta kao sastavnice Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. U ovih je 60 godina Fakultet dao vrijedan doprinos razvoju gospodarskog sektora u području proizvodnje tekstila, odjeće, kože i obuće, prvenstveno obrazovanjem visokokvalitetnih diplomiranih inženjera, inženjera, sveučilišnih prvostupnika inženjera i magistara inženjera, ali i provođenjem međunarodnih i nacionalnih znanstvenih, razvojno-istraživačkih, tehnologijskih i stručnih projekata. Postojeće stanje i pozicija Fakulteta u zemlji, regiji, EU-u i svijetu proizašlo je iz razvojnih vizija svih uprava i djelatnika koji su kontinuirano radili na unapređenju nastavnog, znanstveno- istraživačkog, umjetničkog i stručnog rada. Prva strategija razvoja Fakulteta usvojena je 2014. godine za razdoblje 2014. - 2020. te su prvi put uvedeni pokazatelji za praćenje učinaka po pojedinim područjima djelovanja. Ovaj je dokument strateški okvir razvoja nastavne, znanstveno-istraživačke, inovacijske, umjetničke i stručne djelatnosti Fakulteta te razvoja organizacije i poslovanja, infrastrukture i sustava osiguranja kvalitete za razdoblje od 2021. do 2027. godine. Strategija razvoja Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Tekstilno-tehnološkog fakulteta izrađena je u skladu s dokumentima Europske komisije, Vlade Republike Hrvatske i Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, a to su: • Program "Obzor Europa" – Okvirni program za istraživanja i inovacije (2021. - 2027.) • Dokument Europske komisije o Održivoj Europi do 2030. (A Sustainable Europe by 2030) • Strategija Europskog zelenog plana (The European Green Deal) • Nova industrijska strategija za Europu (A New Industrial Strategy for Europe) • Strategija istraživanja, transfera tehnologije i inovacija Sveučilišta u Zagrebu • Strategija obrazovanja, znanosti i tehnologije Republike Hrvatske. Strategija razvoja Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Tekstilno-tehnološkog fakulteta za razdoblje 2021. - 2027. usvojena je na 11. redovitoj sjednici Fakultetskog vijeća održanoj 20. rujna 2021. godine. ; University of Zagreb Faculty of Textile Technology (hereinafter: the Faculty) is an internationally recognized educational and scientific institution and a leading national and regional higher education and research institution in the field of textile engineering, textile technology and fashion design. The Faculty is recognizable for its innovations, which are the foundation for knowledge transfer into the economy and its development. Scientific and artistic research is focused on the needs of social and economic development, and the teaching process is harmonised with the needs of the labour market and the society. Most faculty teachers operate in the technical field and the field of textile technology, and their work is complemented and intertwined with the work of teachers in artistic, natural, social and humanistic and other fields with the aim of creating synergy, strengthening cooperation and interdisciplinarity not only in teaching, but also in scientific research, artistic and professional work. The work of the Faculty and its recognisability in the region and the world are based on 60 years of experience in conducting textile studies at the University of Zagreb and 30 years of independent work of the Faculty as a component of the University of Zagreb. In these 60 years, the Faculty has made a valuable contribution to the development of the economic sector in the field of textile, clothing, leather and footwear production, primarily by educating high-quality graduate engineers, university bachelors and master engineers, but also by implementing international and national scientific, developmental, research, technological and professional projects. The existing state and position of the Faculty in the country, the region, the EU and the world, stems from the developmental visions of all departments and employees who have continuously worked on improvement in teaching, scientific research, artistic and professional work. The first Strategy for the Development of the Faculty was adopted in 2014 for the period 2014-2020, and this document is the first to introduce indicators for monitoring the effects by individual areas of activity. This document is a strategic framework for the development of teaching, scientific research, innovation, artistic and professional activities of the Faculty and the development of organization and business, infrastructure and quality assurance system for the period from 2021 to 2027. The Development Strategy of the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Textile Technology has been drafted in accordance with the documents of the European Commission, the Government of the Republic of Croatia and the University of Zagreb: • Horizon Europe — the Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (2021- 2027) • European Commission Sustainable Europe by 2030 • The European Green Deal Strategy • The New Industrial Strategy for Europe • Research, Technology Transfer and Innovation Strategy of the University of Zagreb • Strategy of Education, Science and Technology of the Republic of Croatia. The Development Strategy of the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Textile Technology for the period 2021-2027 was adopted at the 11th regular session of the Faculty Council, held on 20th September 2021.

Mithad Kozličić is a historian of navigation and geography. He was born in Zenica on April 14, 1954. He finished the Military Maritime Academy in Split, nautical orientation in 1978, and received his MSc in history in Dubrovnik in 1985. He received PhD in historical sciences at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb in 1988 with the dissertation Historical Geography of the Eastern Adriatic in Light of Results of Researching Antique Geographic Work. He was assistant director and custodian of the Military Maritime Museum in Split until 1991, after which he was the director of the Croatian Maritime Museum in Split. He has been a professor at the Department o History of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zadar and the University of Zadar. In 2005, he became a permanent full professor of humanistic sciences, scientific field of history, branch Croatian history. He lectures History of Navigation in the Croatian Adriatic, Historical Geography and History of Cartography. He initiated and led postgraduate scientific master and doctoral studies History of Croatian Navigation at the same Faculty. He led several scientific-research projects on the history of Eastern Adriatic navigation. Professor Kozličić's scientific research concerns history of navigation and cartography and historical geography of the Eastern Adriatic. He published a dozen scientific books and more than 100 studies and articles. He participated in numerous domestic and international conferences and prepared several museum exhibitions. After a long research of map collections in Croatian and foreign archives, museums and libraries, he published Atlas – Cartographic Monuments of the Croatian Adriatic in 1995. It contains a concise overview of cartographic representations of the Croatian Adriatic from the antique to the end of the 17th century, with analyses of 275 maps, plans and views by 53 authors. Special attention is paid to older cartographic material and one intended for navigation, and charts by 12 cartographers produced between the beginning of the 13th century and the end of the 16th century are researched. The central chapter is dedicated to numerous cartographers and their perception of the Croatian Adriatic. The book contains basic map data, including toponymy, name of the collection and scientific and expert commentary. A list of bibliographic units and a terminology index can be found at the end. We would like to single out Professor Kozličić's monographs Panoramas of Dalmatia by Giuseppe Rieger, published by the Hydrographic Institute of the Republic of Croatia, Split 2003, Regiones Flumina Unnae et Sanae in Veteribus Tabulis Geographicis, Una-Sana Area on Old Geographic Maps, published by the National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo and the Una-Sana Canton Archive, Bihać, 2003 and Eastern Adriatic in Work of Beautemps-Beaupré, published in 2006. Prof. Dr. Mithad Kozličić is a member of several expert societies, including the Croatian Cartographic Society, in which he was a member of the Court of Honour for several years. He received several awards and acknowledgments and this year became a member of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina ("a member outside of working team" – citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina living abroad).Congratulations! ; Mithad Kozličić je povjesničar pomorstva i geografije. Rođen je 14. travnja 1954. u Zenici. U Splitu je završio Vojnopomorsku akademiju, diplomirav­­ši na nautičkom smjeru 1978, a magistrirao povijest u Dubrovniku 1985. Doktorirao je povijesne znanosti 1988. na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu s disertacijom Historijska geografija istočnog Jadrana u svjetlu rezultata istraživanja antičkih geografskih djela. Pomoćnik ravnatelja i kustos u Vojnopomorskom mu­­­zeju u Splitu bio je do 1991, a nakon toga ravnatelj Hrvatskog pomorskog muzeja u Splitu. Od 1994. profesor je u Odjelu za povijest Filozofskog fakulteta u Zadru, odnosno Sveučilišta u Zadru. Odlukom toga Sveučilišta 2005. izabran je u redovitog profesora u trajnom zvanju za znanstveno područje humanističkih znanosti, znanstveno polje povi­jest, grana hrvatska povijest. Predaje kolegije Povijest pomorstva hrvatskog Jadrana, Povijesni zemljopis i Povijest kartografije. Utemeljitelj je i voditelj poslijediplomskih znanstvenih magistarskih i doktorskih studija Povijest hrvatskog pomorstva na istom fakultetu. Voditelj je nekoliko znanstveno-istraživačkih projekata iz povijesti istočnojadranskog pomorstva. Znanstveno istra­­­­žuje povijest pomorstva, povijest kar­tografije i historijsku geografiju istočnog Jadrana. Objavio je desetak zna­n­stvenih knjiga te više od stotinjak stu­dija i čla-naka. Sudjelovao je na mnogobrojnim domaćim i inozemnim znanstvenim skupovima. Priredio je nekoliko muzejskih izložbi. Nakon višegodišnjih istraživanja po kartografskim zbirkama hrvatskih i stranih arhiva, muzeja i knjižnica objavio je 1995. Atlas – kartografski spomenici hrvatskog Jadrana. Sadrži sažeti pregled kartografskog pri­ka­zivanja hrvatskog Jadranskog mora od antike do kraja 17. stoljeća, obrađeno je 275 karata, planova i veduta 53 autora. Osobito je pozornost dana starijoj kartografskoj građi te onoj za plovidbu, a istražene su plovidbene karte 12 kartografa koje su nastale od početka 13. do kraja 16. stoljeća. Središnje poglavlje posvećeno je brojnim kartografima i njihovu viđenju hrvatskoga Jadrana. Knjiga sadrži osnovne podatke o kartama, uključujući prikaz toponimije, naziv zbirke u kojoj se čuvaju te znan­stveni i stručni komentar. Na kraju je popis bibliografskih jedinica i indeks nazivlja s proučenih karata. Posebno izdavajmo monografije Panorame Dalmacije Giuseppea Riegera u izdanju Hrvatskoga hidrografskog instituta, Split 2003., Regiones Flumina Unnae et Sanae in Veteribus Tabulis Geographicis, Unsko-sansko područje na starim geografskim kartama u izdanju Nacionalne i univerzitetske biblioteke BiH, Sarajevo i Arhiva Unsko-sanskog kantona, Bihać, 2003. i Istočni Jadran u djelu Beautemps-Beaupréa, objavljena 2006. Prof. dr. sc. Mithad Kozličić član je nekoliko stručnih društava, među kojima je i Hrvatsko kartografsko društvo u kojemu je više godina bio član Suda časti. Dobitnik je nekoliko nagrada i priznanja, a ove godine izabran je za člana Akademije nauka i umjetnosti BiH ("član van radnog sastava" – državljanin BiH koji živi u inostranstvu/inozemstvu).Čestitamo!

Zagrebački Botanički vrt Prirodoslovno-matematičkog fakulteta sačuvan je u urbanističko-arhitektonskoj koncepciji u gotovo izvornom obliku, kako je izgrađen 1892. godine. Članak donosi sažeti prikaz specifične povijesne arhitekture koja je dio Vrta. Građevine su opisane na temelju istraživanja arhivske građe, analize sačuvanih prvotnih i novijih projekata te izvedenih građevina od nastanka Vrta. Obuhvaćene su sve za Botanički vrt značajne građevine: izložbeni staklenici, vrtlarska kuća, izložbeni paviljon, fiziološki laboratorij, javni zahod te bazeni s "vodometom", uresna ograda, mostić, sjenice i vodosprema. Vrijedna povijesna arhitektura postupno se obnavlja pod konzervatorskim nadzorom nadležne službe za zaštitu kulturnih dobara od 1998. godine do danas. ; Almost the entire original layout of the urban and architectural concept of the Zagreb Botanical Garden of the Faculty of Science has been preserved as it was conceived in 1889 by its founder, Prof. Antun Heinz, a professor of botany at the University of Zagreb. The Garden was designed and built in accordance with contemporary European standards for the design of botanical gardens. From its foundation until today, the Garden has retained its multiple purposes. As an integral part of the Faculty of Science of the University of Zagreb for more than a century, the Garden has played an extremely important role in university teaching and scientific research in the field of botany, as well as education of the general public. The Garden also has cultural, historical and touristic value for the city of Zagreb and the Republic of Croatia. Since it was founded, it has remained open to the public free of charge, providing visitors with numerous educational and popular activities. It is part of the Green Horseshoe in Donji grad, a cultural good inscribed in the Register of Cultural Goods of the Republic of Croatia as an original architectural achievement, and as a completed, urbanistic, architectural space in the form of a park in the centre of Zagreb, and also as a horticultural monument in the botanical-garden category. In the first decades after its foundation, a series of functional buildings and structures of park architecture, such as a gazebo, a lookout and small bridges on the lake, shelters and similar elements in various historic styles, were built in the Botanical Garden. As a permanent residence for gardeners, a garden house was built in 1890 in the west part of the Garden, in the direction of Savska cesta. Later, greenhouses were erected and the pavilion was transported from the Second Jubilee Exhibition of Economy and Forestry held in Zagreb in 1891. A rare example of a communal building, a public toilet for parks, based on the 1905 project by Milan Lenuci, has been preserved. The last two buildings were designed by professors from the Faculty of Architecture. In 1933, in the south part of the Garden, Prof. Juraj Denzler built the well of the City Water Supply Network, used by the Garden to this day; and, in 1942, along with the already-built physiological laboratory, Prof. Zvonimir Vrkljan started building the Division of Botany. Buildings, park architecture, parterre and installation network were reconstructed and renovated over the past twenty years in accordance with the defined priorities and conservation guidelines, projects and supervision of the City Institute for the Conservation of Cultural and Natural Heritage. Several selected examples present recent projects and renovations. Industrial development in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, and new materials – iron and glass – enabled the construction of large halls illuminated from above. Constructors applied this type of knowledge to build greenhouses, essential for the successful cultivation of tropical, subtropical and Mediterranean plants in botanical gardens. Often, this type of old greenhouse is a valuable example of specific architectural heritage. A unique historical structure of this type is preserved in the Botanical Garden of the Faculty of Science in Croatia. Professor Dr. Antun Heinz took a sabbatical in 1889 and visited European botanical gardens in order to gather experience and the latest ideas he needed for the design and construction of the Botanical Garden of the University of Zagreb. He chose a situational solution, a combination of geometric and landscape style. He decided to design the largest part of the Garden in the landscape – or socalled English – style, with randomly planted groups of trees and shrubs, and curving paths. Only the parterre (ornamental flower beds), located in the west part of the Garden, was built in the French style, with a strict geometric and symmetrical ground plan. Around the long central axis, a conception typical of Baroque park heritage of the 17th and 18th centuries, he placed the main building of the Garden and the greenhouses with a geometric floral parterre with two symmetrical paths on each side, and most of that open surface is a free composition of the parterre with high and low greenery. The original shape of the exhibition greenhouses built at the end of the 19th century was preserved, but they were in very bad condition. Therefore, renovation was planned and is underway in order to restore the original condition of the complex of exhibition greenhouses. Fence around the Botanical Garden was gradually added as the city in the immediate vicinity of the Garden developed. In 1900, after the construction of the new street (today's Mihanović Street), the north fence of the Garden was built with the main entrance portal based on a design by the Royal Building Department of the Land Government, and then the east and west fence were built. Since the aesthetically shaped southern fence did not exist, it was designed as a public walkway with a pergola, and the construction began in 2018. The oldest fair building in Croatia was preserved in the Botanical Garden of the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science in Zagreb, and restored in 2007. The wooden pavilion was presented at the international exhibition in Vienna in 1890, and in Zagreb in 1891. In 1892, it was moved to the Garden as a building where plants susceptible to frost were kept during winter. Over time, the domes and façade were removed. However, the roof structure and the volume of the building were preserved, and all characteristic elements of the lining were found before the 2005 reconstruction. Based on sufficient data and archival photographs, it was possible to restore the exhibition pavilion to its original form. Reconstruction and renovation of the Botanical Garden complex and functional historic buildings will continue and contribute to the preservation of the complete historical architectural heritage in the park section of the Green Horseshoe of Zagreb Donji Grad.

RIJEČ UREDNIŠTVAIzgleda da se povijest, kao i moda, periodički ponavlja. Svako toliko pojave se ¨pametnjakovići¨, kako bi narod rekao s "morskim idejama", naravno upitnim i bez razumnih argumenata. Naime, o naslovljenom problemu, aktualiziranome u Glasu Slavonije (14. 2. 2019.), u Šumarskome listu br. 11-12 /2006. u rubrici Izazovi i suprotstavljanja, pisao je prof. dr. sc. Joso Vukelić, komentirajući tada neslužbene inicijative glede odnosnog studija, suprotstavljajući im se argumentiranim činjenicama. Njegovome tekstu nemamo gotovo ništa pridodati, osim da je ovih dana to službena inicijativa jedne lokalne zajednice i da uspješnost ili neuspješnost bolonjskoga procesa sada možemo konkretizirati, s obzirom na vremenski odmak. Sve ostalo bilo bi ponavljanje što ne želimo, ali ćemo samo kratko natuknuti neka pitanja i ukazali na argumente, kako bi Vas ponukali da potražite i pročitate i danas aktualni tekst prof. Vukelića. Ponajprije autor ukazuje na stihijsku pojavu otvaranja sličnih studija s istovrsnim programima izvan postojećih sveučilišta i prijašnjih visokih škola u Republici Hrvatskoj, koja usput rečeno traje i danas, a rezultatima nisu opravdale njihovo ustrojavanje, koje je bilo isključivo političke prirode. Kao krucijalno pitanje postavio je potrebu i opravdanost studija šumarstva uz postojeći na Šumarskome fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, navodeći taksativno činjenice:– nema zaključnih spoznaja o uspješnosti primjene bolonjskoga procesa (nema ga ni danas – samo djelomično je ostvario očekivanja);– bolonjski proces ne prate na odgovarajući način ostale promjene u zakonodavno-organizacijskoj sferi u hrvatskome šumarstvu;– preko 200 inženjera (magistara) šumarstva je prijavljeno na Zavodu za zapošljavanje (i danas ima oko 100 nezaposlenih);– sve manji je interes za studij klasičnog šumarstva; – resorno ministarstvo sve manje financira terensku nastavu i režijske troškove postojećeg fakulteta;– postoji novo-izgrađeni suvremen i dostatan radni prostor, kojega treba i suvremeno opremiti; – postoji pet međunarodno priznatih nastavnih poligona, međunarodna razmjena studenata i vrsni mladi nastavnici te 108 (danas 120) godišnja visokoškolska tradicija šumarske nastave u Hrvatskoj - četvrta na Sveučilištu u Zagrebu;– broj diplomiranih studenata je dostatan, da ne kažemo i prevelik za potrebe struke.U nastavku autor se osvrće na potrebe županijskih vlasti, koje su fokusirane na svoj razvoj, a koje se u ovome slučaju krivo usmjeruju na rješavanje lokanih problema. Također navodi i konkretne primjere obrazovanja, potpuno nesvrsishodne te skreće pozornost na stručnost kadrova bez pedagoške naobrazbe i iskustva. Umjesto nepotrebnih proširenja sveučilišne nastave šumarstva, predlaže da se posvetimo permanentnom obrazovanju, koje je danas nužnost, a kod nas se provodi tri puta manje nego u EU. Svakako treba težiti ka izvrsnosti, usmjeravajući prema tome cilju stručnjake specijaliste i financijska sredstva. Nažalost, očito ništa nismo naučili i nismo spremni analizirati negativnosti kao npr. iz srednjoškolskoga šumarskog obrazovanja, utemeljenog upravo na argumentima lokalne a ne nacionalne razine. Programi bi uz specifičnosti trebali biti gotovo jednaki za svih desetak šumarskih škola u Hrvatskoj, a da li možemo među njima usporediti kvalitetu nastave (da li je ona uopće moguća s obzirom na kadrove i opremu) i potrebe struke? Gdje je tu izvrsnost, kojoj i na toj razini treba težiti? Svakako, o ovoj inicijativi potrebna je argumentirana rasprava na nacionalnoj razini (tko će to provesti kada nažalost resorni ministar ignorira šumarsku struku), bez političkih pritisaka, površnosti i bez privatnih interesa, pa i želja za "tezgarenjem", kojih nesporno ima. Uredništvo ; EDITORIALIt seems that history, just like fashion, repeats itself periodically. Every so often there are some "wise guys" with, as folks would say, "outlandish ideas" which are, without exception, highly questionable and almost always groundless. After the idea of establishing a new study of forestry was outlined in the journal of Glas Slavonije (Voice of Slavonia) (14 February 2019), Professor Joso Vukelić, PhD, wrote an article for the column Challenges and Confrontations (Forestry Journal 11-12/2006), in which he opposed the then unofficial idea by providing well argued facts. There is almost nothing to add to Professor Vukelić's text, except that these days the said idea has become an official initiative of a local community and that the success or failure of the Bologna Process can now be viewed objectively given the time passed. Everything else would only be tiresome repetition, which we do not want, but what we would like here is to just hint at some issues and point to arguments in order to encourage you to look for and read the text by professor Vukelić, which is still highly topical.For a start, the author focuses on the chaotic process of establishing similar studies with identical programmes outside the existing universities and former schools of higher education in the Republic of Croatia, a process which is still going on. The results achieved by the newly opened studies have not justified their establishment, so it is clear that their foundation was of an exclusively political nature. The most important issue that the author questions is the need and adequacy of launching a study of forestry in addition to the existing one at the Faculty of Forestry of the University in Zagreb. He lists the following facts:– there are no conclusive insights on the success of the application of the Bologna Process (nor are there any today, either - it has met the expectations only partially);– the Bologna Process is not adequately accompanied by other changes in the legislative-organisational sphere in the Croatian forestry;– there are over 200 engineers (masters) of forestry registered at the Croatian Employment Service (currently with about 100 unemployed forestry engineers);– interest in the study of classical forestry is declining;– the competent ministry allocates less and less money to field training and overhead expenses at the existing faculty;– there is a newly-built, modern and adequate facility which needs to be furnished with up-to-date equipment;– there are five internationally recognized teaching polygons, international student exchange and highly educated young teachers, as well as 108 years (at the time of writing the article and 120 years now) of tradition of higher forestry education in Croatia - the fourth study to be launched at the University of Zagreb;– there are enough graduate students, and maybe even too many for the needs of the profession.The author continues by discussing the need of county governments to stimulate development, which in this case is mistakenly directed at solving local problems. He cites some concrete examples of education which has not fulfilled its purpose and expresses concern about the teaching staff with little pedagogical training and experience. Instead of expanding the university education of forestry, he proposes to focus on permanent education, which is a necessity today but its implementation is three times lower than in the EU. The crucial goal to aspire towards should be excellence; accordingly, both expert specialists and financial means should be geared towards reaching this goal. Regrettably, we have not learned anything and we are not prepared to analyze the negative sides of, for example, forestry education at the secondary school level, based precisely on the needs at the local communities rather than at the national level. Allowing for some specific aspects, the curricula should be almost uniform in all of some ten forestry schools in Croatia. Can we compare the quality of teaching in these schools (is quality at all possible considering the staff and the equipment) and the needs of the profession? Where is educational excellence which should be aspired to at this level as well? Definitely, the initiative to establish another study of forestry should be discussed at the national level (but who is going to conduct the discussion when the current competent minister ignores the forestry profession)? There should be no political pressures and superficiality, and all debates should be free of private interests, including a hidden wish to "make some money on the side". Editorial Board

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 정치학과, 2012. 2. 박찬욱. ; 본 연구는 1970년대 이후 미국의 통상정책 결정과정에서 주된 절차적 기제로 작용해온 신속처리절차(Fast-track procedures)가 2002년 무역법을 통해 무역증진권한(Trade Promotion Authority; TPA)으로 재입법되는 과정의 동학을 의회-행정부 관계를 중심으로 설명하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 신속처리절차는 대통령이 비관세장벽 관련 내용이 포함된 무역협정을 체결하고 이행법안을 의회에 제출하면 양원은 수정안 제출 없이 가부만을 결정해서 90일내에 처리해야 한다는 규정으로 1974년 무역법에서 처음 도입된 이래 30년 간 미국의 무역정책결정과정에서 중요한 위치를 차지해왔다. 하지만 자유무역정책에 대한 양당의 합의가 약해지면서 1994년 만료되었고, 2002년 8월 6일 부시 대통령이 법안에 서명을 하면서 8년 만에 통상정책결정과정에 다시 등장했다. 그렇다면 어떠한 맥락에서 클린턴 행정부 시기에는 부결되었던 연장 법안이 부시 행정부 때는 성공할 수 있었을까? 기존의 연구들은 1997년과 2001년 표결 분석을 통해 의원 차원에서 이익집단ㆍ유권자들과의 관계, 정당 차원에서 단점정부를 그 요인으로 지적한다. 하지만 입법과정에서 의회의 행태는 의원 개인, 정당 두 차원 외에도 행정부와의 관계에서 입법부로서의 의회를 강화하고자 하는 유인의 영향을 받는데 본 논문은 마지막 차원에 주목한 설명을 제시하고자 한다. 즉 의회는 국내외 경제적 상황, 유권자와 이익집단에 대한 고려, 행정부 등 다양한 요구에 대응하는 과정에서 입법부로서의 지위 강화를 위해 행정부와의 관계에서 개입을 증대하는 동시에 실패했을 경우에 부담해야 하는 비난, 지지기반의 이탈과 같은 손실을 최소화하는 방향으로 정책을 입안하려고 했고, 그 결과로 2002년에 무역증진권한이 다시 입법되었다는 것을 보이고자 한다. 입법 과정을 보면 초기에는 기존 연구 결과에서 나타나듯 의원 개인의 차원에서는 재선을 위해 유권자와 이익집단을 고려했고 정당 차원에서는 다수당이 되려는 선거 정치에 대한 고려와 이익집단과의 관계에서 통과와 저지의 공을 주장하려는 의도에서 정당 간 대립이 나타나기도 했다. 하지만 입법과정이 본격화되고 상원에서 안데스 산맥 국가들에 대한 무역특혜협정, 무역조정지원과 포괄법안의 형태로 입법되는 것으로 논의되면서 양당의 지도부는 의회가 미국의 전반적인 무역정책의 수립에 어떻게 개입해야 하는가에 대한 고민을 시작했다. 의회는 무역개방이 필요하다는 방향성에는 전반적으로 동의하고 있었고 WTO Doha Round가 임박해오고 있는 상황에서 행정부에 권한을 위임하지 않았다가 미국의 무역과 경제 상황이 악화된다면 그에 대한 책임을 온전히 부담해야 하기 때문에 무역증진권한의 입법을 통해 책임을 공유할 필요가 있었다. 이 경우 직접적인 권한 행사 주체는 행정부이기 때문에 실패했을 때는 행정부에 책임을 전가할 수 있는데다 권한의 위임범위와 재량권을 더욱 축소하고 적극적으로 개입해 무역 정책을 수립할 수 있기 때문에 의회의 입장에서는 결과에 대한 직접적인 책임을 회피할 수 있다. 동시에 절차의 적용 요건을 강화하고 감독기구를 늘리고 등의 조치를 통해 협상과정에 의회가 능동적으로 개입할 수 있는 통로를 확대하고, 행정부가 의회의 의사와 반하는 협상을 할 여지를 줄이기 위해 재량의 범위를 제한했다. 하지만 2002년 무역법에서 의회의 무역정책수립에 대한 적극적인 개입 의지가 가장 강하게 드러난 부분은 주도적으로 무역개방으로 인해 피해를 입은 부문에 대한 보상정책을 수립했다는 점이다. 무역조정지원에서 규정한 정책들은 분배정책적인 특성으로 인해 수혜자들에게 공을 주장하기는 쉽지만 비난을 받거나 실패할 확률은 낮기 때문에 의회의 입장에서는 헌법상 수임기관으로서 무역정책을 적극적으로 수립하는 의무를 다하고 있다고 주장하기에 효과적인 조치였다. 의회는 이처럼 무역조정지원 법안을 통해 적극적으로 개입해 직접 무역정책을 수립하고 무역협정체결과정에서 개입을 증대하는 동시에 권한을 위임하지 않았을 경우 WTO Doha Round에서 미국의 협상지위 약화로 미국의 무역과 경제 상황이 악화될 수 있다는 우려 때문에 개입의 정도를 자제하고 행정부에 직접적인 무역협정체결권한을 위임하는 내용의 무역증진권한을 입법한 것이다. ; The purpose of this study is to analyze the dynamics of legislating the Trade Act of 2002 which granted Trade Promotion Authority, previously called fast-track negotiating authority, to the President of the United States focusing on the relations between the executive and Congress. Fast-track procedures were set forth in the Trade Act of 1974, stipulating that once the president formally submits a bill implementing a trade agreement concerning non-tariff barriers, both houses must vote on the bill without any amendments or filibusters. Being continuously in effect for 30 years, they have acted as a principal procedural mechanism for enacting trade agreements since 1970's. As the bipartisan consensus on free trade was eroded by the emergence of social issues like labor and environment in trade talks, however, they expired in 1994 due to failure to reach an agreement on how these issues should be handled. In 2002, a long and enthusiastic debate in both houses finally ended and the procedures were restored after a 8-year hiatus during the Bush presidency. If that is the case, in what circumstances was it possible for president Bush to regain the authority that president Clinton failed to win? The existing studies which conducted a comparative analysis on the roll-call voting that took place in 1997 and 2001 pointed out that representatives' consideration of constituents including pressure from interest groups and divided government had a noticeable effect in the different consequences. But besides these two, the respective members and party, a motive to reinforce the legislative branch as an institution has a impact on the behavior of Congress. This study aims to propose an explanation focusing on the third dimension from a view of interbranch politics. Then, responding to both domestic and international economic condition, demand from interest groups and constituents, and request from the executive branch, Congress approved the measure as a consequence of reflecting the intention to improve its status by increasing engagement with the process of decision making in the executive branch and minimize the loss such as the blame from the public or decrease in support accompanying failure of certain policy at the same time. In the early stage of legislation congressmen's consideration of constituents for winning reelection and partisan rivalry prevailed as other studies predicted. But as the actual legislative process progressed, the situation changed. With the Senate Democrats insisting on enactment of the omnibus trade bill incorporating TPA and two other bills, Andean Trade Preference Act and Trade Adjustment Assistance, concern over how Congress should engage with the establishment of generic trade policy spread throughout the party leaders. Congress agreed with the executive branch on the need of trade expansion and delegating the power to negotiate trade agreements for imminent WTO Doha Round because it would make them share the responsibility for possible deterioration in economy and trade in the future. The fact that the direct agent of exerting the authority was the executive branch had Congress make up its leeway as it could shift all the blame onto the other branch. Furthermore, when the economy got worse Congress could curtail the limit of the delegation and discretionary power given to the executive and establish trade policy firsthand. Delegating the authority, Congress expanded the means to actively involve in negotiating process by reinforcing its role of oversight, downsizing the discretionary power to prevent the executive from concluding the agreement despite congressional opposition, and tightening up the conditions to meet for the application of the fast-track procedures. But the most impressive part of the Trade Act of 2002 is TAA which reflected Congress's intension to play a leading role in making compensation policy for the people who got injured by trade. In conclusion, a broad agreement that TPA should be extended spread over Congress as it would consolidate the firm standing of the United States in trade talks including the upcoming WTO Doha Round. Moreover, Congress did not want to take full responsibilities or blame for the potential deteriorating economy. But at the same time Congress wanted to increase its engagement with trade policy making with the authority originally given to it by Constitution and its grown capabilities. The effort to restore the fast-track negotiating authority; TPA during the Bush presidency was feasible as it was linked to TAA bill, a measure taken by Congress to expand its involvement in trade policy making, and some steps to increase its engagement with the process of negotiation were taken. In other words, the Trade Act of 2002 was legislated as a result of Congress' struggle to balance between two motives, desire to avoid blame and increase its engagement with policy making. ; Master

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 정치학과, 2012. 2. 신종갑. ; This paper aims to examine the alliance policy of Roh Moo-Hyun (Roh) government by focusing on its strategic flexibility and missile defense. More specifically, this paper argues that Roh government's dependency on the United States is the main variable that describes Roh government's alliance policy. The Bush administration realized the uncertainty of threat and the vulnerability of its homeland security following the September 11 attacks in 2001. The new military security strategy appeared to be coping with the changed international security environment and have maintained the United States' unipolarity. The core of the military security strategy was the war on terrorism and military transformation, and the United States was preparing to consolidate its alliances and partnerships in order to implement these strategies effectively. The United States emphasized Global Defense Posture Review (GPR) and Missile Defense, and demanded the cooperation of its allies. The United States' demands brought about the alliance security dilemma to the Republic of Korea (ROK), a weaker state in the asymmetric alliance. Cooperation with the United States could cause the ROK to become unintentionally involved in the northeast asia conflict and Peninsula conflict, while noncooperation could cause abandonment from the United States in facing the threat of North Korea. In the alliance security dilemma, Roh government gave an opposite decision, that is, the agreement of strategic flexibility and the decision not to participate in missile defense. In the case of strategic flexibility, Roh government recognized that South Korea was superior to North Korea in terms of conventional power. But what Roh government ultimately pursued was not the power to win the war, but the power to deter the war (deterrence). North Korea, as a result of its aggressive military strategies and its strengthening military power, could cause immense damage to South Korea by launching a sudden attack on South Korea. The participatory government judged that South Korea was not equipped for deterrence to prevent North Korea's sudden attack alone. The United States Forces Korea (USFK)'s fighting power (especially counterfire warfare power, intelligence capabilities) contributed to South Korea's deterrence against North Korea immensely, and South Korea realized that it would be difficult to replace USFK's fighting power within a short period of time. A combination of the degree of threat South Korea faced from North Korea, the extent to which the United States could contribute to deterrence and defense against the threat of North Korea, and the limited availability and high cost of alternative means of meeting the threat made Roh government more dependent on the United States. A high degree of alliance dependency led Roh government to perceive the fear of abandonment by the United States as greater than the fear of being involved in unwanted conflicts; accordingly, Roh government agreed to the strategic flexibility of USFK in order to decrease the possibility of abandonment by the United States. In the case of missile defense, Roh government perceived North Korea's weapons of mass destruction as weapons for the purpose of maintaining its regime or having leverage during negotiations rather than for threatening South Korea. Therefore, Roh government sought a peaceful resolution through dialogue. In addition, a missile defense system asked by the United States would not be reliable enough to be suitable for deployment, and was not suitable for the geography of the South Korean peninsula. The perception of a low level of threat and the small amount of security contributions made by the United States to protect South Korea against North Korea's weapons of mass destruction led Roh government to become less dependent on United States' security umbrella. A low degree of alliance dependency led Roh government to perceive the fear of abandonment from the United States as less than the fear of being involved in unwanted conflicts; accordingly, Roh government decided not to participate in a missile defense system in order to decrease its possibility of entrapment. However, in October 2006, North Korea's nuclear testing led Roh government to perceive North Korea's weapons of mass destruction as a 'serious threat'. Therefore, Roh government needed to protect South Korea against North Korea's weapons of mass destruction and then officially declared the need to construct the Korea Missile&Air Defense (KAMD). This paper concluded that a combination of Roh government's threat perception and United States' security contributions had a decisive effect on the decision of USFK's strategic flexibility and missile defense. In other words, while a low level of United States dependency led Roh government to present a strong level of commitment to the United States, a high level of dependency on the United States led Roh government to present a weak level of commitment to the United States. This conclusion shows that asymmetry between allies within an asymmetric alliance differs depending on the case; it also suggests that studies on the ROK-US alliance should overcome limitations of claims that weak states have no choice but to accept strong states' demands. ; 본 논문은 참여정부의 동맹정책을 전략적 유연성과 미사일방어체제 결정사례를 중심으로 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 보다 구체적으로 주한미군의 전략적 유연성 합의와 미사일방어체제 불참 결정을 비교분석함으로써 참여정부의 동맹정책을 설명하는 주요 변수가 참여정부의 미국 의존성이라는 점을 주장하고자 한다. 부시 행정부는 2001년에 발생한 9․11테러를 계기로 위협의 불확실성과 본토안보의 취약성을 인식하였다. 변화된 국제안보환경에 대응하고 미국 중심의 단극질서 유지를 위해 나타난 것이 새로운 군사안보전략이었다. 군사안보전략의 핵심은 테러와의 전쟁과 군사 변혁(Military Transformation)이었다. 그리고 미국은 전략의 효과적인 수행을 위해 동맹 및 파트너십의 강화를 도모하였다. 미국은 군사안보전략의 구체적 실천에 있어 미국의 전 세계 군사태세의 변화를 의미하는 해외주둔미군재배치계획과 새로운 능력의 구축이자 전쟁수행방식의 변화를 의미하는 미사일방어체제를 강조하였으며, 동맹국에 동참을 요구하였다. 미국의 동참 요구는 비대칭동맹인 한미동맹 내에서 약소동맹국인 한국에 동맹의 안보딜레마를 야기하였다. 각 쟁점에의 협력은 한국이 동북아 분쟁 및 한반도 분쟁에 의도치 않게 개입되는 상황을 야기하는 반면, 미국에 대한 비협조는 북한의 위협에 대한 미국으로부터의 방기를 야기하는 것이었다. 참여정부는 연루와 방기의 딜레마에 직면하여 주한미군의 전략적 유연성 합의와 미사일방어체제 불참이라는 상반된 결정을 내렸다. 전략적 유연성의 경우, 참여정부는 재래식 전력에서 한국이 북한보다 우위에 있다고 인식하였다. 하지만 참여정부가 궁극적으로 지향하는 바는 전쟁에서 승리할 수 있는 전력이 아니라 전쟁 자체를 예방하는 전쟁억제력이었다. 북한의 공세적인 군사전략과 군사력 증강은 북한이 기습적으로 공격을 가해 한국에 막대한 피해를 야기할 수 있었다. 참여정부는 북한의 기습적인 공격을 예방하기 위한 전쟁 억제력을 한국 단독으로 갖추고 있지 않다고 판단하였다. 주한미군이 갖추고 있던 전력, 특히 대화력전 능력과 정보력이 한국의 대북억제력에 지대한 기여를 하였으며, 한국이 이를 단시간 내에 대체하기는 어렵다고 보았다. 북한 위협에 대한 인식과 미국의 안보기여에 대한 고려는 참여정부로 하여금 안보획득을 위해 미국에 보다 의존적이 되도록 하였다. 높은 의존성은 원치 않는 분쟁에 연루되는 위험보다 미국으로부터 버림받는 위험을 더 크게 인식하도록 하였으며, 이에 따라 참여정부는 방기의 위험을 줄이기 위해 미국에 강한 공약, 즉 전략적 유연성 합의를 결정하였다. 미사일방어체제의 경우, 참여정부는 2006년 북핵 실험 이전에는 북한의 대량살상무기를 한국에 대한 위협용이라기보다는 체제 유지용 혹은 협상용으로 인식하였다. 따라서 대화를 통한 평화적 해결을 모색하였다. 그리고 북한의 대량살상무기를 방어하기 위해 요구된 미사일방어체제는 운용 신뢰성이 배치에 부합할 만큼 높지 않았으며, 군사분계선과 서울과의 인접성과 협소한 면적을 특징으로 하는 한반도 지형에는 적합하지 않는 체계였다. 북한의 대량살상무기에 대한 낮은 위협인식과 낮은 미국의 안보기여는 참여정부로 하여금 미국의 안보우산에 덜 의존적이 되도록 하였다. 낮은 의존성은 미국으로부터 방기되는 위험보다 원치 않는 분쟁에 연루되는 위험을 더 크게 인식하도록 하였으며, 이에 따라 참여정부는 연루의 위험을 최소화하기 위해 미국에 약한 공약 즉 미사일방어체제 불참을 공식화하였다. 하지만 2006년의 북핵 실험은 참여정부가 북한의 대량살상무기를 '심각한 위협'으로 받아들이게 하였다. 이는 북한의 대량살상무기 공격으로부터 한국을 보호할 필요성을 야기하였으며, 그 결과는 한국형 미사일방어체제의 공식적 구축이었다. 본 논문은 주한미군의 전략적 유연성 합의와 미사일방어체제 불참 결정에는 참여정부의 위협인식과 미국의 안보기여가 결합된 미국 의존도가 핵심적으로 영향을 미쳤음을 밝혔다. 미국 의존도가 낮을 경우 참여정부는 연루의 위험을 줄이기 위해 약한 공약을 제시하고, 반면 의존도가 높을 경우 방기의 위험을 줄이기 위해 강한 공약을 제시하였던 것이다. 이는 비대칭 내 동맹국들 간의 비대칭성이 쟁점별로 다를 수 있으며, 한미동맹에 대한 연구들이 약소국은 강대국의 요구를 수용할 수밖에 없다는 주장의 한계에서 벗어나야함을 보여준다. ; Master

Replicirajući na tekst Riječ Uredništva u Šumarskome listu br. 3-4/2016., predsjednik Uprave Hrvatskih šuma d.o.o. mr. sc. Ivan Pavelić u svojoj poruci poslanoj elektroničkom poštom na adresu predsjednika i tajnika HŠD-a zaključuje, da "kao Uprava društva, ne želimo podržavati "naklapanja" i "razračunavanja" podvedena pod znanost, a time nećemo financijski potpomagati izlazak tog vašeg takozvanog znanstvenog časopisa".Mi nećemo na ovaj tekst dati paušalno mišljenje, kao što je to učinio odnosni gospodin, umjesto da je argumentirano odgovorio na postavljena pitanja u našem tekstu i otklonio sve sumnje ako one ne stoje. Ponajprije odgovor na pitanje o znanstvenom statusu časopisa. Na temelju mišljenja tada nadležnog Ministarstva informiranja RH br. 523-91-2 od 6. 3. 1991.g., a potom Ministarstva znanosti i tehnologije od 2000 g., Šumarski list se označava znanstvenim časopisom. Za reći što je, a što nije znanstveno, posebice u biotehnološkoj znanosti, koja je ovdje u pitanju, trebaju i neke reference koje gosp. Pavelić nema, kao što nema ni stručnih referenci za rukovođenje tako zahtjevnom gospodarskom granom kojoj nije samo cilj proizvodnja drvne mase, što on svojim rukovođenjem potvrđuje. Osim toga znanstveni status časopisa potkrijepljen je citiranjem članaka u relevantnim međunarodnim znanstvenim časopisima, a posljednjih godina i sa značajnim Impact faktorom, koji potvrđuje visoku kvalitetu časopisa. No, Šumarski list nije samo znanstveno, on je Znanstveno-stručno i staleško glasilo Hrvatskoga šumarskoga društva, kako stoji u podnaslovu, što znači da svi tekstovi imaju isključivo znanstveno-stručnu i stalešku podlogu, a ne političku. Postavljena pitanja u odnosnome tekstu nije "izmislilo" Uredništvo časopisa, nego je samo uobličilo mišljenja struke putem Upravnog odbora HŠD-a koji je ujedno i Uređivački savjet, a kojega između ostaloga čine predsjednici 19 ogranaka, ne postavljeni od središnjice, nego izabrani od svojega članstva (oko ukupno 3000 članova), te delegiranih predstavnika Šumarskoga fakulteta, Akademije šumarskih znanosti, Hrvatskog šumarskog instituta, HKIŠDT i resornog ministarstva. Prema tome, kompetencije ovdje nisu upitne, posebice kada navedenima pridodamo i članove Uredničkoga odbora koji su specijalisti iz pojedinih znanstveno-stručnih područja. No, gosp. Pavelić i ne treba odgovoriti na postavljena pitanja, jer je on predstavnik državnog "kocesionara" kojemu je povjereno upravljanje i gospodarenje nacionalnim bogatstvom, a kojega treba kontrolirati resorno ministarstvo tijekom cijeloga mandata. Da li je ono to činilo ili čini, i da li su odgovorni u resornom ministarstvu i Vladi RH svjesni što je sve "žrtvovano" da bi se ostvarila hvaljena "papirnata" dobit (profit) i naravno, polučili menadžerski bonusi, to je upitno? Glede spomenutih menadžerskih bonusa o kojima je bilo dosta riječi u medijima svih vrsta, interesantno je napomenuti kako se raspravljalo samo o tome, da li su u podjeli te nazovi dobiti trebali adekvatno sudjelovati i svi zaposlenici Hrvatskih šuma d.o.o. Niti jedne riječi o tome koje su štete nešumarskim gospodarenjem učinjene na šumi i šumskom staništu. Nitko, pa ni šumarski inženjeri iz rukovodstva sindikata, nisu tražili odgovore na pitanja koja smo postavili u Riječi Uredništva u Šumarskome listu br. 3-4/2016., a koja su "razljutila" arogantnog predsjednika Uprave Hrvatskih šuma d.o.o.Glede financijskog potpomaganja časopisa, moramo odgovoriti da to nije financijsko potpomaganje, nego pretplata na časopis, pa dotični gospodin svojom odlukom zaključuje da šumarskim stručnjacima nije potrebno cijelo-životno obrazovanje, te otkazuje pretplatu kao prvi rukovoditelj koji je to učinio nakon 140 godina tiskanja časopisa, upravo u godini kada obilježavamo ovu značajnu obljetnicu.Osim toga, analiza postavljenih pitanja nije tema za "komunikaciju na placu ili možda razgovor uz kavicu" kako navodi gosp. Pavelić, nego upravo za ozbiljnu raspravu na najvišoj znanstveno-stručnoj pa i političkoj razini, jer ovdje je riječ o nacionalnom bogatstvu neprocjenjive vrijednosti. Uredništvo ; Reacting to the Editorial published in the Forestry Journal No 3-4/2016, Ivan Pavelić, MSc, President of the Management Board of Croatian Forests Ltd, sent an e-mail to the President and Secretary of the Croatian Forestry Association, in which he stressed that "the Management Board does not wish to get involved in "idle prattle" and "score-settling" under the pretence of science. In other words, we will not continue to financially support your so-called scientific journal".We will not follow suit of the gentleman in question and give our opinion on this email, unlike the gentleman in question, who failed to use arguments to answer the questions raised in our text and remove all doubts if they are groundless. We would first like to clarify the scientific status of the journal. According to the decree of the Croatian Ministry of Information No. 523-91-2 of 3rd March 1991 and the decree of the Ministry of Science and Technology of 2000, the Forestry Journal is denoted as a scientific journal. To say what is and what is not scientific, particularly in the biotechnological sciences, requires some references, which Mr Pavelić, judging from his manner of management, does not possess. Neither does he possess professional references for managing such a demanding economic branch, whose primary goal should not be the production of wood mass only. The scientific status of the journal is confirmed by articles cited from relevant international scientific journals, and more recently, by the important Impact Factor, which further exemplifies the high quality of the journal. The Forestry Journal is not only a scientific magazine; it is a scientific-specialist and professional journal of the Croatian Forestry Association, as stated in its sub headline. This means that all the texts are based on exclusively scientific-specialist and professional foundations rather than on political ones. The questions raised in the subject text were not "concocted" by the Journal's Editorial Board. The Editorial Board only formulated the opinion of the profession via the CFA Management Board, which is also the Journal's Editorial Council. The Editorial Council is comprised of presidents of 19 branches (who were not appointed by the Headquarters but were elected from a membership of about 3,000 members in all), and of representatives of the Faculty of Forestry, Academy of Forestry Sciences, the Croatian Forest Research Institute, HKIŠDT (Croatian Chamber of Forestry and Wood Technology Engineers) and the competent Ministry. The above confirms the unquestionable status of competences. Moreover, the list can further be widened by members of the Editorial Board who are specialists in different scientific-specialist fields. Mr Pavelić does not have to answer all the questions raised in the journal because he is a representative of the state "concessionaire", who has been entrusted with the administration and management of the national treasure and who should be supervised by the competent Ministry throughout his term of office. Whether the competent Ministry has done so or is doing so, and whether those responsible in the Ministry and the Government of the Republic of Croatia are aware of what has been "sacrificed" in order to achieve the glorified profit "on paper" and probably obtain managers' bonuses remains doubtful. As for the bonuses, a topic on which much has been written in different media, it is interesting to point out that the discussions focused only on whether the distribution of so-called profit should have involved all those employed in the company Croatian Forests Ltd. Not one word was said about the enormous damage inflicted on the forests and forestland by inadequate forest management. No one, not even forestry engineers, union members, sought answers to the questions raised in the Editorial of Forestry Journal 3-4/2016, which so incensed the arrogant President of the Management Board of Croatian Forests LtdRegarding the financial support to the journal, we should just point out that this is not financial support but subscription to the journal. By declaring his decision, the gentleman in question concludes that forestry experts do not need life-ling learning and cancels the subscription, thus becoming the first manager to do so after 140 years of the publication of the Journal, precisely in the year in which we celebrate this important anniversary.To sum up, the questions raised in the journal are not the topic of "street chit-chat or coffee shop small talk", as Mr Pavelić says. On the contrary, it is the topic that requires serious and qualified discussions at the highest scientific-specialist and political level. After all, what is at stake here is national treasure of immeasurable value. Editorial Bord

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :행정대학원 행정학과(정책학전공),2019. 8. 김순은. ; 국문초록 박근혜 전 대통령은 2013년 10월 18일 서울 신라호텔에서 열린 '유라시아 시대의 국제협력' 컨퍼런스 개막식 기조연설에서 다음과 같이 말했다. "내외 귀빈 여러분, 유라시아 대륙은 세계인구의 약 71%가 살고 있고, 동쪽 끝에서 서쪽 끝까지 12개의 시간대에 걸쳐 있는 세계 최대의 단일 대륙입니다. (중략)···저는 이제 유라시아에 새로운 소통의 길을 열어 협력의 잠재력을 끌어내야 할 때라고 생각합니다. 단절과 고립, 긴장과 분쟁을 극복하고 소통과 개방으로 평화롭게 교류하며 함께 번영하는 유라시아를 건설해야 합니다. 이를 위해 저는 유라시아를 '하나의 대륙', '창조의 대륙', '평화의 대륙' 으로 만들어 가는 몇 가지 방향을 제안하고자 합니다." 라고 하며 '유라시아 이니셔티브' 를 주창하였다. 이처럼 유라시아 이니셔티브는 유라시아 국가들 간 물류, 시장, 문화 등을 통합해 나가는 것을 주요 내용으로 하였으며 핵심은 물류 및 교통의 통합을 통해 유라시아 대륙의 공동번영을 이룸과 함께 한국은 유라시아 대륙의 물류 허브로 거듭나는 것이었다. 다수 전문가들은 유라시아 이니셔티브의 추진에 있어 여러 도시 중에서도 세계적인 항만을 보유하고 있고, 한반도의 기점이자 종점이며 세계 전역으로 뻗어나갈 수 있는 지정학적 위치를 갖춘 부산시의 역할에 주목하였다. 이러한 상황에서 당시 부산시장은 부산시의 도시 비전을 '유라시아 관문도시 부산' 으로 정하고 부산이 주도적으로 유라시아 이니셔티브를 이끌어가야 한다고 주장하였다. 이러한 주장에 기반하여 부산시는 2015년부터 본격적으로 유라시아와 관련한 여러 사업을 추진하였다. 하지만, 대부분의 사업은 일회성에 그치거나 큰 효과를 내지 못하였다. 반면, '유라시아 관문도시 부산' 이라는 부산의 비전을 국내외에 전파하고 유라시아 여러 도시들과의 교류협력을 강화하기 위해 추진한 『유라시아 부산원정대』 사업은 정책결정 과정에서는 사업효과에 대한 의문이 다수 제기 되었으며 일회성 행사에 그칠 것으로 우려 하였으나 2019년 현재까지도 지속적으로 추진될 만큼 부산시를 대표하는 유라시아 관련 정책으로 자리매김 하였다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 『유라시아 부산원정대』의 집행과정을 분석해보고, 어떻게 본 정책이 다른 사업들과는 달리 지속될 수 있었는지에 대해 살펴보았으며 이 과정에서 Mazmanian과 Sabatier의 연구를 활용하여 분석을 진행하였다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 다음의 세 가지로 나눌 수 있다. 첫째, 『유라시아 부산원정대』의 집행과정을 분석해보고 집행이 잘된 부분과 그렇지 않은 부분을 찾아본다. 둘째, 정책집행과정의 분석을 통해 어떻게 본 사업이 다른 유라시아 관련 정책들과는 달리 일회성에 그치지 않고 지속될 수 있었는지에 대해 알아본다. 마지막으로, 정책집행 연구에서 빈번하게 활용되는 Mazmanian과 Sabatier의 연구를 분석하여 이론이 담고 있는 함의 및 구체적 내용을 알아본다. 이러한 목적의 달성을 위해 본 연구는 우선 부산시 및 여러 유관기관들의 문헌 자료와 함께 집행과정에 참여했던 주요 행위자들을 면담하여 정책집행과정을 면밀히 분석하였다. 다음으로 Mazmanian 과 Sabatier 가 제시한 '정책집행이 효과적으로 이루어지기 위한 조건'을 활용하여 원정대 사업의 정책집행과정이 해당 조건에 부합하는지 여부를 통해 정책집행이 잘 된 부분과 그렇지 못한 부분을 구분하였다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 『유라시아 부산원정대』의 정책목표는 명확하며 일관성을 갖추었다. 특히, 외교부, 경상북도 등 타 기관이 추진한 유사사업들과 비교했을 때 원정대의 정책목표는 상당히 명확하며 구체적이었다. 둘째, 정책목표의 달성을 위해 부산광역시 차원의 개입이 필요하다는 것은 분명하나, 굳이 원정대라는 수단을 선택해야 하는지에 대해서는 원정대 이외에도 본 정책목표를 달성할 수 있는 여러 가지 다른 방법이 있을 수 있기 때문에, 본 정책목표와 원정대라는 정책수단 간의 인과관계는 명확하지 않았다. 셋째, 정책집행 담당기관이었던 부산광역시 통상진흥과 남북경제협력팀 및 부산국제교류재단은 본 정책과 업무관련성이 매우 높고, 조직원들은 본 사업에 대해 상당히 긍정적인 반응을 보였기 때문에 집행기관은 모두 원정대 사업에 대해 상당히 호의적이었던 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 부산시 및 부산국제교류재단 모두 원정대 사업에 대한 의사결정 과정은 3단계로 이루어져 공식적으로 정해진 절차에 비해 단순화 되었으며, 의사결정 방식 역시 하향식이며 대체로 시장의 지시에 전적으로 순응하는 편이었기 때문에 빠른 정책집행이 가능했다. 다섯째, 부산시 의회 및 부산시 내 관련 부서 등 정책집행 유관기관과 정책결정자인 부산시장은 원정대 사업에 대해 호의적이었으며 지지를 보냈던 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 부산시장의 경우 원정대에 대해 상당히 높은 관심을 보였던 것으로 파악되었다. 마지막으로 원정대 사업의 집행과정에서 동남권 신공항의 유치 문제가 이슈화 되면서 '유라시아 관문도시 부산' 이라는 비전의 홍보 및 국내외 확산이 더욱 중요해졌고 이로 인해 원정대 사업의 정책목표가 갖는 중요성은 정책결정 시에 비해 더욱 높아졌다고 볼 수 있다. 연구결과를 종합해보면, 『유라시아 부산원정대』의 정책집행과정은 Mazmanian 과 Sabatier가 제시한 정책집행이 효과적으로 이루어지기 위한 조건을 대체로 만족하는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 원정대 사업은 ① 정책목표가 상당히 명확하며, ② 정책집행기관 및 정책결정자가 사업에 대해 상당한 관심 및 지지를 보내었고, ③ 사회·경제적 조건의 변화로 인해 정책집행과정에서 정책목표의 상대적 중요성이 더욱 높아졌기 때문에 다른 유라시아 관련 사업들과는 달리 정책이 일회성에 그치지 않고 지속될 수 있었던 것으로 나타났다. 다만, 정책목표와 정책수단 간의 인과관계가 불명확하여 정책이 지속되고 집행에 따른 성과가 창출되었음에도 정책이 갖는 효과에 대한 의문이 지속되었던 만큼 이에 대한 보완이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. ; Former President Park Geun-hye delivered her keynote address at the opening of the 'Global Cooperation in the Era of Eurasia' conference in Seoul Silla hotel on October 18 ; "Ladies and Gentleman, Eurasia is the biggest continent in the world which contains 71% of the world's population and 12 different time zones. .Now is the time to open a new channel to Eurasia in order to lift its cooperation potential. We need to revive Eurasia, a geographic area disconnected by the Cold War, as a space for communication, openness, creation and fusion. I would like to propose a new vision, to make Eurasia, one continent of creation and peace." and then suggest her new vision 'Eurasia Initiative'. The main concept of Eurasia Initiative is integrating logistics, market and culture among Eurasian countries and key point is by integrating logistics and transportation we'd like to achieve prosperity of Eurasia Countries and at the same time, Korean peninsula should role as a logistic hub and the gate way of Eurasia continent. Many specialists focused the role of Busan Metropolitan city to achieve the goal of Eurasia Initiative because of it's global port facilities and geographical location which is the origin and destination of Korean peninsula. In this situation, former Mayor of Busan set the city vision as 'The Eurasia Gateway Busan' and stressed that Busan should lead the Eurasia Initiative. Based on this opinion, Busan Metropolitan City implemented many policies from 2015, but most of them were just one time event and failed to succeed. However, the policy 'Eurasia Expedition from Busan' which focused on publicizing the vision of Busan (Eurasia Gateway Busan) and strengthening the cooperation with Eurasian cities is still maintaining in 2019 and becoming the most famous and symbolic policy about Eurasia in Busan eventhough there were lots of doubts about being one time event in the policy decision process. Thus in this study, analyzing the policy implementation process of 'Eurasia Expedition from Busan' and finding the reason how this policy can be maintained unlike other policies by using the Mazmanian-Sabatier model. The goals of this study can divided into three things. First, analyzing the policy implementation process of 'Eurasia Expedition from Busan' and finding the good and bad points of implementation. Second, by analyzing the policy implementation process, how this policy can be maintained unlike other Eurasian policies in Busan. Lastly, analyzing the Mazmanian-Sabatier model which is frequently used in the study of policy implementation, and finding the exact meaning of that model. To achieve these goals, first of all, reviewing much data of Busan Metropolitan cities and other related organizations and also interviewing some people who participated the policy implementation process. Next, using the "Conditions of effective policy implementation which is argued by Mazmanian-Sabatier, analyzing the policy implementation process of 'Eurasia Expedition from Busan' whether it is fit to that conditions or not. The results of this study are as follow. First, the objectives of 'Eurasia Expedition from Busan' are clear and consistent. Especially, comparing with the similar policies which was implemented by the ministry of diplomacy and Gyeongsangbuk-do, the objectives of these policies are very obvious and concrete. Second, to achieve this objectives, it's clear that the intervention of government is necessary, but the causal theory between this policy and the objectives is not clear. Third, both Inter-Korean cooperation team in Trade promotion division of Busan Metropolitan City government and Busan Foundation for International Cooperation which were in charge of implementing 'Eurasia Expedition from Busan' were quite related to this policy and all of members were so much positive to this policy. Thus both organizations are so much favorable to this policy. Fourth, the decision rules of both organizations were in a three stages which was quite simplified than formal steps, and quite top-down ways especially complying the order of mayor thus it can simplify policy implementation process and facilitate effective implementation. Fifth, the related organizations of policy implementation like Busan city council and other divisions of Busan Metropolitan City and the mayor of Busan who is a policy decision maker were favorable and supportive to 'Eurasia Expedition from Busan'. Especially, mayor of Busan gave considerable support to this policy. Lastly, in the process of implementing this policy, the issue of attracting southeastern new airport in Busan was so disputed thus the vision of Busan city (Eurasia Gateway Busan) itself and publicizing this to the inside and outside of countries became more important, thus the importance of the objective of 'Eurasia Expedition from Busan' became more higher than before. ; 제 1 장 서 론 1 제 1 절 연구목적 및 배경 1 제 2 절 연구의 범위와 방법 4 제 2 장 이론적 배경 5 제 1 절 정책집행의 의의 5 제 2 절 정책집행에 영향을 미치는 요인 7 1. 연구경향 7 2. Mazmanian & Sabatier의 연구 8 제 3 절 선행연구 25 1. 정책집행과정 분석에 관한 선행연구 25 2. Mazmanian & Sabatier의 모형에 관한 선행연구 27 제 4 절 『유라시아 부산원정대』 정책 개요 29 1. 추진배경 29 2. 사업내용 32 제 3 장 연구 설계 35 제 1 절 『유라시아 부산원정대』 집행과정 세부 연구문제 35 1. 연구문제의 설정 35 2. 연구문제의 분류 39 제 2 절 면담조사 42 1. 면담 대상의 선정 42 2. 면담방법 및 개요 44 제 4 장 『유라시아 부산원정대』정책집행과정 분석 45 제 1 절 정책 변수 45 1. 정책목표의 명확성 45 2. 정책목표의 일관성 56 3. 인과이론의 명확성 57 제 2 절 집행 변수 61 1. 집행기관의 성격 61 2. 집행기관의 계층적 통합 정도 및 의사결정 방식 70 3. 충분한 재정적 자원 78 제 3 절 환경 변수 88 1. 정책관련집단 및 지배기관의 지지 88 2. 사회경제적 조건의 변화 및 정책목표의 상대적 중요성 100 제 5 장 결 론 102 제 1 절 연구결과의 요약 및 분석 102 제 2 절 정책적 함의 106 참고문헌 107 부록 (면담 질문지) 116 Abstract 122 ; Master

RIJEČ UREDNIŠTVAZa ovogodišnje lipanjske Dane hrvatskoga šumarstva održana je panel rasprava o trenutnoj situaciji u šumama Hrvatske. Naziv rasprave bio je "Hoće li nas šume nadživjeti?". Svrha skupa bila je informirati širu javnost o stanju šumskih ekosustava, ali i o promjenama koje se događaju u njima. Govori li sam naziv skupa dovoljno o ozbiljnosti situacije u kojoj se nalaze naše šume? Promijenjeni klimatski uvjeti koji vladaju na početku 21. stoljeća, donijeli su mnogo neprilika u šumama posljednjih pet godina. Tome treba pribrojiti i nikad veću trgovačku globalizaciju, što doprinosi bržem i lakšem širenju invazivnih vrsta bolesti i štetnika. Danas gotovo da nema ni jedne značajnije šumske vrste drveća koja nema svojih problema. Šume Gorskog kotara sastavljene od jele, bukve i smreke stradale su uslijed klimatskih ekstrema, a potom potkornjaka, nizinske šume hrasta lužnjaka napadnute su hrastovom mrežastom stjenicom, a šume poljskog jasena ubrzano propadaju uslijed više čimbenika, posebice Halare, dok dalmatinske borove šume ozbiljno ugrožava borov potkornjak. Tu su i šumski požari nakon kojih uslijed erozija nestaje i šumsko tlo, što umnogome onemogućuje sanaciju i vodi degradaciji šume. Tako ugroženim šumama smanjuju se financijska sredstva za njihov zaštitu i obnovu, što je sad i definitivno ozakonjeno Zakonom o šumama (NN 68/2018) koji je stupio na snagu 4. kolovoza 2018. O prijedlogu zakona pisali smo u Šumarskom listu 5-6/2018. Saborska rasprava nije donijela zaokret u odnosu na zakonski prijedlog koji je usvojila Vlada Republike Hrvatske. Zakon je ustvari na tragu programa Vlade RH za područje gospodarstva, poljoprivrede i ruralnog razvoja iz listopada 2016. godine. Šumarstvo se u tom programu spominje u potpoglavlju "Aktivno upravljanje šumama, veća proizvodnja i više radnih mjesta u domaćoj drvnoj industriji" s rečenicom: Izmjenom zakonske regulative Vlada će poboljšati i otkloniti poteškoće u načinu raspolaganja šumama i šumskim zemljištima, provoditi razminiranje šuma i šumskog zemljišta, sprječavati ilegalne sječe i trgovine i poticati razvoj domaće drvne industrije koja proizvodi drvni proizvod. Smatramo da takav program baš i nije poticajan za šume i šumska zemljišta. Razminiranje je svakako unaprjeđenje u upravljanju i gospodarenju šumama koje se provodi godinama, kao i najavljeno sprječavanje ilegalne sječe i trgovine, samo za to nema dovoljno pozitivnih pokazatelja, jer je takva djelatnost postala jako unosna na štetu šume i šumovlasnika / šumoposjednika. Početkom godine donesen je i Zakon o poljoprivrednom zemljištu (NN 20/2018, na snazi od 9. ožujka 2018.) koji je propisao, kao i Zakon o šumama, izdvajanje iz šumsko-gospodarske osnove zapuštenog poljoprivrednog zemljišta koje se može privesti poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji i mogućnost davanja takvog zemljišta sukladno Programu raspolaganja u zakup ili prodaju. Omogućeno je i za zemljišta izvan građevinskog područja koja se u katastru vode kao poljoprivredna zemljišta, a u pravilu su zapuštena, da se uključe u šumskogospodarsko područje, jer su troškovi njihovog privođenja poljoprivrednoj namjeni veći od tržišne vrijednosti ili ukupnog iznosa zakupnine toga zemljišta. Ove odredbe trebale bi napokon omogućiti svrsishodnu raspodjelu zemljišta na poljoprivredno i šumsko te njihovo stvarno korištenje. Novi Zakon o šumama uvažio je višegodišnje primjedbe obveznika plaćanja naknade za općekorisne funkcije šuma (OKFŠ), što je u javnosti i medijima često prvo bilo na udaru kao nepotreban i neshvaćen "parafiskalni" namet. Sad se 90 % dosadašnjih obveznika (oko 180 tisuća) izuzima iz plaćanja naknade, jer je prag za obvezu plaćanja godišnji prihod ili primitak veći od 3 milijuna kuna uz zadržanu visinu stope naknade od 0,0265 %. Uvaženo je i traženje jedinica lokalne samouprave o povećanju stopa šumskog doprinosa, pa su one povećane s 3,5 % na 5 % i za jedinice na potpomognutim područjima s 5 % na 10 % prodajne cijene proizvoda na panju. Zakon je uveo i definiciju šumoposjednika: javni šumoposjednik ovlašten za gospodarenje šumom i/ili šumskim zemljištem u vlasništvu Republike Hrvatske, javna ustanova čiji je osnivač Republika Hrvatska i njezine znanstveno-nastavne sastavnice, koje svoju znanstveno-nastavnu djelatnost i znanstvenoistraživački rad obavljaju iz područja šumarstva, pravna osoba čiji je osnivač i vlasnik jedinica lokalne samouprave, a kojoj se odlukom Vlade povjerava gospodarenje te privatni šumoposjednik s podjelom na male (do 20 ha šume i/ili šumskog zemljišta), srednje (od 20 do 300 ha) i velike (većim od 300 ha) šumoposjednike. Za šumskogospodarsko područje ustanovljuje se Registar pri Ministarstvu koji se vodi u elektroničkom obliku, a bit će dostupan pod određenim uvjetima. Registar će sadržavati i dio za izvješćivanje potreban za ispunjavanja međunarodnih i nacionalnih obveza iz sektora šumarstva. Zakon predviđa i izdvajanje namjenskih sredstva u poseban fond za razvoj drvne industrije, što je također jedna od predviđenih aktivnosti u programu Vlade iz 2016. godine.Novi Zakon o šumama pokušao je uvažiti razne promjene koje su se dogodile od donošenja prošloga zakona iz 2005. godine, a koje su nivelirane izmjenama i dopunama kroz proteklih 13 godina, njih ukupno osam. Pokušao se uskladiti i s drugim zakonima iz područja poljoprivrede, zaštite pri­ro­de i okoliša, te strategije EU za šume i sektor koji se temelji na šumama. Potrebno je još uskladiti i donijeti sve podzakonske akte vezane uz zakon.Pitamo se hoće li odredbe novog Zakona o šumama biti na tragu rješavanja nagomilanih problema u šumama Hrvatske?Uredništvo ; EDITORIALA panel addressing the current condition of Croatian forests was organized on the occasion of Days of Croatian Forestry that were held in June 2018. The title of the discussion was "Will forests outlive mankind?" The purpose of the panel was to inform broader public of the condition of forest ecosystems, as well as of the changes taking place in them. Does the title of the panel reflect the seriousness of the danger facing our forests? In the last five years, changed climate conditions occurring at the beginning of the 21st century have inflicted major problems to the forests. Add to this general market globalisation, which contributes to the faster and easier spread of invasive diseases and pests. There is not one important forest tree species today that does not have problems. Forests of Gorski Kotar, which are composed of fir, beech, and spruce, have succumbed to climatic extremes and to attacks of bark beetles. Lowland forests of pedunculate oak are infested with the oak lace bug, while forests of narrow-leaved ash are rapidly deteriorating under the cumulative action of several factors, particularly Halare. Dalmatian pine forests are severely threatened by the pine bark beetle. Forest fires also cause extensive damage. The subsequent erosions lead to the loss of forest soils, which greatly hinders recovery and contributes to the degradation of forests. The financial means needed to protect and regenerate such forests are being minimized and this has now definitely been incorporated in the new Forest Act (Official Gazette 68/2018), which came into effect on August 4th, 2018. A parliamentary discussion did not bring about any changes with regard to the proposed act, which was adopted by the Government of the Republic of Croatia. The Act in fact follows the Government programme for the field of economy, agriculture and rural development of October 2016. In the said programme forestry is addressed in the sub-chapter "Active management of forests, higher production and more work places in the domestic wood industry" with the following sentence: By changing legal regulations, the Government will remove obstacles and improve ways of managing forests and forest land. It will also undertake demining operations in forests and forest land, prevent illegal felling and trade and stimulate the development of domestic wood industry which produces wood products. In our opinion, such programme is not really stimulative for forests and forest land. Demining is certainly an improvement in the management of forests and it has been carried out for years, and so is the announced prevention of illegal felling and trade. However, there are not enough positive indicators for this, since these activities have become very profitable at the detriment of forests and forest owners. At the beginning of the year the Agricultural Land Act was passed (Official Gazette 20/2018, in effect since March 9th, 2018), which regulated, as did the Forest Act, the exclusion of abandoned agricultural land from the forest-management plan and its conversion to agricultural production, as well as the possibility of leasing or selling such land in accordance with the Disposition Programme. The Act also allows for the land outside construction areas, which is listed as agricultural land in the land register but is abandoned in reality, to be included in the forest-management area, since the cost of converting the land for agricultural purposes is higher than the market value or the total amount of rent for such land. These provisions should finally enable a rational division of land into agricultural and forest land, and consequently its proper usage. The new Forest Act has also adopted long-lasting objections made by those obliged to pay a non-market forest function fee. The public and the media often harshly criticized this fee as an unnecessary and incomprehensible "parafiscal" tax. Now, 90% of those obliged to pay the fee (about 180 thousand subjects) are exempt from paying the fee, since the threshold for the obligation has been set down at an annual income or profit higher than 3 million kuna, while the rate of the fee has been retained at 0.0265 %. Demands by local self-management units to raise the rate of forest contribution have also been adopted, and it has accordingly been raised from 3.5 % to 5 %, while for units in subsidized areas it has been raised from 5 % to 10 % of the selling price of the product before felling. The Act also defines a forest owner: a public forest owner authorized to manage a forest and/or forest land owned by the Republic of Croatia, a public institution whose founder is the Republic of Croatia and its scientific-teaching components which carry out their scientific-teaching activity and scientific-research work in the field of forestry, a legal person whose founder and owner is the local self-management unit and which is entrusted with management by a Government decision, and a private forest owner. Private forest owners are divided into small (up to 20 ha of forests and/or forest land), medium (from 20 to 300 ha) and large (more than 300 ha) forest owners. A Register of a forest-management area in the electronic form will be established by the Ministry, and it will be available under certain conditions. The Register will contain a reporting part needed to fulfil international and national obligations in the forestry sector. The Act also provides for the allocation of earmarked means into a special fund for the development of the wood industry, which is also one of the activities in the Government programme from 2016. The new Forest Act has attempted to incorporate different changes taking place since the previous Act of 2005 was passed. There have been a total of eight changes, which have been adjusted by revisions and amendments over the past 13 years. The Act is also coordinated with other laws from the field of agriculture, nature and environment protection, and the EU strategy for forests and forest-based sector. All by-laws related to the Act need to be coordinated and passed.We wonder whether the regulations of the new Forest Act will try to solve the growing problems in the forests of Croatia. Editorial Board