北韓核問題引起世界各國的關注,更觸動了中國的神經。雖然,中國領導人一貫強調支持朝鮮半島無核化及希望朝鮮半島能夠保持和平穩定,但中國在處理兩次核問題的方式及舉措卻完全不同。在第一次核危機(1991至1994年)爆發時,中國主要採取不介入的政策;但在第二次核危機(2002至2005年)時,中國卻完全擺脫被動的角色,主動擔當核危機的調停者。 ; 正因為中國處理兩次北韓核問題採取完全不同的外交方針及策略,而且兩次核危機橫跨十多年的時間,無論是國際格局及中國國力也有重大的改變。因此,筆者會嘗試從東北亞的國際體系及權力分配、中國參與國際組織及多邊機制的情況和中國的身份認同及對國家利益及安全的看法這三方面去探討中國主動舉辦「六方會談」以解決第二次北韓核問題的主要原因。 ; 為了更能有效檢視研究論題,筆者也會分析中國90年代末參與的「四方會談」、中國所構建的上海合作組織及九一一事件,以評估這些中介變項對中國主動舉辦「六方會談」的影響。筆者希望能夠從是項研究去瞭解中國外交政策的走向,以評估及預測未來中國對其他國際事務的取態及方針。 ; As the North Korea Nuclear Crisis is one of the most critical security issues for China, the Chinese leaders always claim to maintain peace, prosperity, stability and a nuclear-free status on the Korean Peninsula. But in the two nuclear crises, China presented different attitudes and used different strategies to deal with this issue. ; In the first nuclear crisis (1991-1994), China served as neither a mediator nor a peacemaker, and claimed that Washington and Pyongyang should settle the dispute bilaterally. However, in the second nuclear crisis (2002-2005), China started to play a proactive role and acted as a chief mediator and an honest broker for initiating a multilateral dialogue - Six-Party Talks as a method to settle the crisis. ; Since China played different roles and used different strategies in these two nuclear crises within 10 years, this thesis aims to investigate this change and explain the reasonsfrom mainly three angles, including the power structure of Northeast Asia, China's participation in multilateral institutions, and China's self-identity and views on national interests and security. ; In order to strengthen the analysis, this thesis will also investigate the influence of the Four-Party talks, Shanghai Cooperation Organization and September 11 Attack on the initiatives of the Six-Party Talks. Through this research, the author aims to illustrate the dynamics of China's foreign policy and predict the trend of China's diplomatic behavior towards different international affairs. ; Detailed summary in vernacular field only. ; Detailed ...
Backgrounds and Aims: Using Geographical Information System (GIS) can decreases the burden of road traffic injuries effectively by identification of hot spot to modification in hazardous areas. The aim of the study was determining geographical distribution of human risk factors associated with road traffic injuries by using Geographical Information System (GIS) in Iran. Materials and Methods: The national database of road traffic injuries registered by the Iranian traffic Police (Rahvar NAJA) was used. The human risk factors were investigated by recognition of the hazardous points and geographical distribution of associated risk factors. The Hot Spot Analysis and Map clustering approaches were employed to meet the objectives. Results: The mean age of injured subjects was 34 years and the most affected age group was 20-39 years. Death and injury occurrence within out of cities ways were 0.3 % and 28% respectively. Geographical distribution of risk factors also showed that roads of Northern provinces i.e. (Gilaan and Mazandaran) were the hazardous rising as well as Qazvin to Rasht and Qom to Tehran roads. Sistan and Balochestan Provinces and Tehran had the highest (4.8%) and the lowest (0.1%) rates of road traffic injuries leading to death in the country. Conclusions: Northern provinces and its leading axes by hazardous rising and Sistan and Balochestan province with fatal injuries need to identify the cause of injuries' and, if necessary, more tighten regulations and more controls by the traffic police must be applied. REFERENCESPeden M, Scurfield R, Sleet D, Mohan D Hyder A A, Jarawan E . (2004).World report on road traffic injury prevention: World Health Organization Geneva. 2004.Kopits E, Cropper M. Traffic fatalities and economic growth. Accid Anal Prev 2005;37(1): 169-78.Channa R, Jaffrani H A, Khan A J, Hasan T, Razzak J A. Transport time to trauma facilities in Karachi: an exploratory study. Int J Emerg Med 2008; 1(3): 201–4. Soori H, Hussain S, Razzak J. Road safety in the Eastern Mediterranean Region–findings from the Global Road Safety Status Report. East Mediterr Health J 2011;17(10):770-6.Soori H. Descriptive study (Chapter 8) in Basic applied epidemiology. Percian text book 2nd edition.Tehran: Arjmand publisher; 2008.Gesler W. The uses of spatial analysis in medical geography: a review. Social Science & Medicine 1986; 23(10): 963-73.Ameratunga S, Hijar M, Norton R. Road-traffic injuries: confronting disparities to address a global-health problem. The Lancet 2006;367(9521): 1533-40.Akbari M, Naghavi M, Soori H. Epidemiology of deaths from injuries in the Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr health J 2006;12(3/4): 382-90.Rasouli M R, Nouri M, Zarei M R. Saadat S, Rahimi-Movaghar V. Comparison of road traffic fatalities and injuries in Iran with other countries. Chin J Traumatol 2008;11(3): 131-4.Ainy E, Soori H, Mahfozphoor S, Movahedinejad AA. Presenting a practical model for governmental political mapping on road traffic injuries in Iran in 2008: a qualitative study. J R Soc Med Sh Rep 2011; 2(10):79.Khorasani-Zavareh D, Mohammadi R., Khankeh H R, Laflamme L, Bikmoradi A, Haglund B J A. The requirements and challenges in preventing of road traffic injury in Iran. A qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2009; 23(9): 486-91.Nantulya V M, Reich M R. The neglected epidemic: road traffic injuries in developing countries. BMJ 2002; 324(7346): 1139-41. Elvik R. Road safety management by objectives: A critical analysis of the Norwegian approach. Accid Anal Prev 2008;40(3): 1115-22.Liang L Y, Mo'soem D, Hua L T. Traffic accident application using geographic information system. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies 2005;6(1): 3574–89.Braddock M, Lapidus G, Cromley E, Cromley R., Burke G, Banco L. Using a geographic information system to understand child pedestrian injury. Am J Public Health. 1994;84(7): 1158-61. Lascala E A, Gerbe D, Gruenewald P J. Demographic and environmental correlates of pedestrian injury collisions: a spatial analysis. Accid Anal Prev 2000;32(5): 651-8.Lightstone A, Dhillon P, Peek-Asa C, Kraus J. A geographic analysis of motor vehicle collisions with child pedestrians in Long Beach, California: comparing intersection and midblock incident locations. Inj Prev 2001;7(2): 155-60.Daum M L, Dorsch W R. Managing Land Use and Institutional Controls with GIS . Journal of Map & Geography Libraries: Advances in Geospatial Information, Collections & Archives2008 ;4(1): 163-73.Erdogan, S, Yilmaz I, Baybura T, Gullu, M. Geographical information systems aided traffic accident analysis system case study: city of Afyonkarahisar. Accid Anal Prev 1998; 40(1): 174-81.Al-Kharusi W. Update on Road Traffic Crashes. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2008;466(10): 2457-64.Fars news. Saturday 5th October 2012.Mwatelah J. Application of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to Analyze causes of Road traffic Accidents (RTAs)–case Study of Kenya. International Conference on Spatial Information for Sustainable Development Nairobi, Kenya. 2–5 October 2001.Cusimano MD, Chipman M., Glazier R. H, Rinner C, Marshall S P. Geomatics in injury prevention: the science, the potential and the limitations. Inj Prev 2007;13(1): 51-6.Rezaeian M, Dunn G, St Leger S, Appleby L. Geographical epidemiology, spatial analysis and geographical information systems: a multidisciplinary glossary. J Epidemiol Community Health 2005;61(2): 98-102.
