Suchergebnisse

In this article, the author analyzes the issues of bringing criminal norms in accordance with the international treaties of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

In this article, the author analyzes the issues of bringing criminal norms in accordance with the international treaties of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

The path of the Socialist Revolutionary party to the Second International was a thorny one. Russian social democrats were zealous in creating obstacles, primarily their representative in the International Socialist Bureau (IBS) G.V. Plekhanov. His efforts to the Socialist Revolutionary groups in the 90-ies of the XIX century denied the right of representation in the international socialist community. European political parties were mentally closer to the RSDLP, and their socialist competitors were wary. The Socialist Revolutionary had to work hard to convince the parties of the International of their adherence to the ideas of socialism and of the presence of connections with the masses. The Socialist Revolutionary Party established close contacts with the SME in 1901, and at the Amsterdam Congress (1904, August) achieved what it wanted, it was accepted into the Second International. The reports of the party to the Amsterdam and Stuttgart congresses of the International served as evidence of the mass character, adherence to the ideas of socialism. The leaders of the Socialist Revolutionaries, their emotional and verbose representative in the SME I.A. Rubanovich, took an active part in all the events of the International; the party became an equal member of the international socialist community. During the Basel Congress of 1912, her representative on the commission of five most influential parties was one of the compilers of the anti-war Manifesto of the International, supported by the socialists of the world. During the First World War, only a part of the party defended the ideas of internationalism. The III Congress of the Social Revolutionaries in the spring of 1917 called for the continuation of the war to a victorious end and the restoration of the II International. ; Путь партии эсеров во II Интернационал был тернистым. В создании препятствий усердствовали российские социал-демократы, в первую очередь их представитель в Международном Социалистическом Бюро (МСБ) Г.В. Плеханов. Его усилиями эсеровским группам в 90-е гг. XIX в. отказали в праве представительства в международном социалистическом сообществе. Европейские политические партии ментально были ближе к РСДРП, а к их социалистическим конкурентам относились настороженно. Эсерам пришлось изрядно потрудиться, чтобы убедить партии Интернационала в своей приверженности идеям социализма и в наличии связей с массами. Партия эсеров установила тесные контакты с МСБ в 1901 г., а на Амстердамском конгрессе (1904 г., август) добилась желаемого, ее приняли во II Интернационал. Свидетельством массовости, преданности идеям социализма служили доклады партии Амстердамскому и Штутгартскому конгрессам Интернационала. Лидеры эсеров, их эмоциональный и многословный представитель в МСБ И.А. Рубанович, принимали деятельное участие во всех мероприятиях Интернационала; партия стала равноправным членом международного социалистического сообщества. Во время Базельского конгресса 1912 г. ее представитель в комиссии пяти самых влиятельных партий был одним из составителей антивоенного Манифеста Интернационала, поддержанного социалистами мира. В годы Первой мировой войны только часть партии отстаивала идеи интернационализма. III съезд эсеров весной 1917 г. призвал к продолжению войны до победного конца и восстановлению II Интернационала.

The article analyses data on the international collaborations between inventors from different countries, obtained from a special research completed by the European Commission focusing on the national patent portfolios of European Union countries, countries included in the European Association of Free Trade, countries of North America and Asia.It is noted that learning diffusions and matching of technological solutions are becoming an independent trend of the economics science as it allows to determine the patterns and conditions for achieving technological leadership of companies as well as the whole regions in the world. The current research focuses on the balance between an open exchange of industrially applicable expertise and limitations of the diffusion of technological competencies as a necessary condition for achieving leadership in the markets of highly technological products and services.The article concludes stating that the growth of «hybrid» and «external» patents in various regions of the world, determined by European Commission is, most likely, related to the growth of academic mobility of owners of the unique engineering and research teams, and not due to globalisation and internalisation of industrially applicable expertise, that is always used as a tool for competitive fight for markets of products with a high added value. ; Представлен анализ данных о международном сотрудничестве изобретателей из разных стран, полученных в ходе специального исследования Европейской комиссии, в фокусе которого находились национальные патентные портфели стран Европейского Союза, стран, входящих в Европейскую ассоциацию свободной торговли, стран Северной Америки и стран Азии.Отмечено, что изучение диффузии и заимствований технологических решений становится самостоятельным трендом экономики науки, поскольку позволяет выявлять закономерности и ключевые условия достижения технологического лидерства как отдельными компаниями, так и отдельными регионами мира. В фокусе настоящего исследования находился баланс между открытым обменом промышленно применимым знанием и ограничением диффузии технологических компетенций как необходимого условия достижения лидерства на рынках высокотехнологичных товаров и услуг.Сделан вывод, что отмеченный в специальном исследовании Еврокомиссии некоторый рост доли «гибридных» и «внешних» патентов в различных регионах мира, скорее всего, связан с ростом академической мобильности носителей уникальных инженерных и исследовательских коллективов, но отнюдь не с глобализацией и интернационализацией промышленно применимого знания, которое всегда используется как инструмент конкурентной борьбы за рынки продукции с высокой добавленной стоимостью.

Civil law States that the legal capacity of individuals is defined as the ability of the individual to have rights and obligations. This legal category arises from birth and ceases with death, it characterizes a person as a living being and does not depend on age and health. However, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that it can be limited by a court decision, in particular in criminal proceedings it can be expressed in deprivation of the right to engage in certain activities, to occupy certain positions. The article reveals the content of legal capacity in private international law, the basic powers included in the legal capacity, in particular, the right to a name, its use and protection, analyzes the foreign legislation concerning the procedure of recognition as missing and the Declaration of a person as dead. The article deals with the conflict issues arising in the foreign and Russian legislation in the regulation of relations included in the content of legal capacity, the study of international legislation characterizing the legal status of the person.

Анализируя тенденции в политике и проблемы, стоящие перед основными регионами мира, автор особое внимание уделяет Европе и Европейскому союзу, современный внешнеполитический курс которых является наиболее показательным. Прежде всего, это касается недавней избирательной кампании в странах Европы, главной особенностью которой стал сдвиг электорального поля вправо, ратификации Лиссабонского договора, а также проблем дальнейшего расширения ЕС. В Азиатско-Тихоокеанском регионе автор выделяет возрастание мощи Китая в плане его влияния на мировую политику, а также влияния экономического и финансового кризиса на китайско-американские отношения. Большое внимание уделяется отношениям КНР с государствами-соседями. Отражаются также главные тенденции в Южной Америке, особенно в Венесуэле, суть которых состоит в отходе от «левых» идей в политике и экономике большинства государств этого региона. = Analysing the problems of the contemporary tendencies of international policy faced by the main regions of the world the author draws great attention to Europe and the European Union as the most signifi cant and indicative of contemporary international policy. Firstly it concerns the recent elections in Europe the main peculiarity of which was the shift of electoral preferences to the right; the ratifi cation of the Lesbon Treaty and the problems of European Union enlargement. As far as the Asian region concerned, the main problem there is the growth of China power and its infl uence on the contemporary international policy. In particular, much attention was given to the relations of China with the neighbouring countries as well as to the infl uence of the economic and fi nancial crisis on the US-China relations. The author emphasizes the main tendencies in some south-American countries, especially, Venezuela, the essence of which lies in deviating from the left ideas in policy and economy in most of the countries of this region.

The relationship between economic development, energy consumption and the environmental issues is complex. However, energy law is based on reciprocal benefits for governments while environmental law is based on common interests and erga omnes. Studies have shown that despite the implementation of several energy and environmental conventions at international levels, the situation of global environmental conditions is critical. Different concepts and conflicting interests between the energy supply system and environmental protection have led to poor implementation of some conventions. The present study examined some existing rules and regulations on energy and the environment and identified the strengths and weaknesses of the descriptive-analytic method. The purpose of investigating these conventions is to decrease the weaknesses and increase the strengths. The strengths can then be used for environmental concerns and international obligations of states under the rules of erga omnes to protect the environment and sovereignty of states for jurisdictional and energy management within national boundaries. The investigations revealed the characteristics of an international convention to decrease conflicts of interest between the energy supply system and environmental protection. In addition, two facilitator mechanisms are proposed for effective implementation of the international convention on energy and the environment.

Раздел 3. Языковая картина мира и взаимодействие культур = Section 3. The language picture of the world and culture interaction ; В статье представлен анализ международного опыта формирования транскультурных исследований (лингвистика жестового языка, история глухих и др.), почерпнутый из зарубежных источников и авторских публикаций в бюллетене «Коммуникация». Автор убежден, что изменения в современной науке, то есть появление новых научных знаний (лингвистика жестового языка, история глухих и др.) является результатом борьбы глухих за лингвистические права и политических событий в различные исторические эпохи. ; The article presents the analysis of the international experience of the process of the formation of Transcultural Studies (Linguistics of Sign Language, History of the Deaf, etc.), taken from foreign sources and the author's publications in the bulletin "Communication". The author is convinced that the changes in modern science, that is, the emergence of new scientific knowledge (Linguistics of Sign Language, the History of the Deaf, etc.) is the result of the struggle of the deaf for linguistic rights and political events in different historical epochs.

Abstract: The processes of fragmentation (regionalization and localization) and globalization turn the state as the basic system forming element of the state-centric world political system into the component of the world political network. The political relations between actors of the world political network are ruled by the effectiveness and not by legitimacy ("victory rules"), what is different from the participatory principles of interstate relations ("participation rules") accepted by the Westphalian state system. The article argues that the post-Westphalian world political system will witness the clashes between victory rules and participation rules and their eventual coexistence since the very nature of the victory rules hinders its institutionalization, consolidation and legitimation. The article suggests that the new system of state relations regardless of the name will be not less Westphalian than the preceding one thus new participation rules will have to be formulated and codified. ; Аннотация: Процессы фрагментации (регионализации и локализации) и глобализации превращают государство из основного системообразующего элемента государственно-центричной мировой политической системы в компонент всемирной политической сети. В международно-политических отношениях акторов всемирной политической сети действуют правила повышения эффективности, а не легитимности («правила победы»), отличающиеся от «правил участия», принятых в Вестфальской системе взаимодействия современных государств. Для поствестфальской мировой политической системы будут характерны столкновение и сосуществование правил победы с правилами участия, так как природа правил победы препятствует институциональному оформления, правовому закреплению и легитимации этих правил. Автор утверждает, что новая система взаимодействия государств независимо от названия, которое она получит, будет столь же Вестфальской, как и все предшествующие, и для этой системы межгосударственного взаимодействия необходимо сформулировать и кодифицировать новые правила участия.

Introduction. Science diplomacy is one of the tools that allows a nation to engage in full-scale dialogue with its international partners. The global discussion of how science and diplomacy interact and affect one another came to prominence only fairly recently. Nonetheless, this subject is seeing more and more interest from both governmental structures and the general public. In countries where science diplomacy is well-developed, the mechanisms of such diplomacy are seeing active use in the pursuit of optimal decision-making regarding the emerging challenges in the field of international politics. On the world stage, achieving the desired results in science, politics or various other fields depends on how well developed the model of scientific diplomacy implemented by a given country is. The purpose of this study is to highlight the potential of science diplomacy in Russia by studying its mechanisms, tools, methods and key forms of execution. Furthermore, we attempt to formalise Russian science diplomacy, compare it to the most productive foreign models and offer suggestions on how to develop science diplomacy in Russia by leveraging successful domestic and international case studies. Methods. We use the descriptive method to provide the international experience of science diplomacy (as exemplified by the USA, Great Britain, France and Germany), as well as the potential for deploying the most successful projects in Russia. The Russian experience of science diplomacy is analysed through the method of modelling. Furthermore, we use the methods of analysis and synthesis to single out the most important features of international cooperation. In turn, the comparative approach allows us to assess the predictions for how ready Russia and other countries are to face global challenges. The specifics of applying the mechanism of science diplomacy in Russia are considered through the lens of science diplomacy's classical iterations: science within diplomacy, diplomacy for science and science for diplomacy. Results and ...

Article is dedicated to analysis of international organizations and transnational unions in economic development of the three regions - European Union, Near East, Latin America. Process of economic and cultural integration, spreading throughout the last three decades, has led to emergence of the new social picture of the world in which inequality is seen not through separate societies but in global perspective - as the inequality between countries and regions. International organizations, that implement coordinating and integrating functions, are the core elements in understanding the process of transnational differentiation. ; Статья посвящена анализу роли межгосударственных организаций и транснациональных объединений в развитии экономического пространства трех регионов - Европейского союза, Ближнего Востока и Латинской Америки. Процесс экономической, политической и культурной интеграции, быстро развивающийся в последние три десятилетия, породил новую социальную картину мира, в которой проблема неравенства рассматривается не с точки зрения отдельных обществ, а с точки зрения глобальной перспективы - как неравенство между странами и регионами. Наднациональные организации, выполняющие координирующую и интегрирующую функции, являются центральными элементами в понимании процесса межгосударственной дифференциации.

The article presents a review of the monograph of Sun Ji-sheng et al. "Linguistics of International Political Relations: Theory and Practice" (Beijing, World Affairs Press Publishers, 2017. 584 pp.). The author of the monograph presents the description of linguistics of international relations as a new interdisciplinary field of scientific knowledge. The book under review is an academic study focusing on such aspects of the international political discourse as speech habits, narrative, intertextuality, interlingual equivalents, discursive strategies, conflict discourse, and strategies of teaching a foreign language. The monograph consists of introduction and twelve chapters. They deal with such urgent issues as manipulative discourse, securing of and support for hegemony via discursive means, creating identity on the international arena by discursive practices, hermeneutic aspects of interpretation of political speeches, influence of the language upon dissemination of international political norms, questions of political translation, management of the Internet sphere, and security hazards related to social opinion manipulation via spreading information across the Internet. Political linguistics generally treats language as a means of getting social dominance by some person or persons. ; В статье представлена рецензия на монографию, в которой автор предлагает описание лингвистики международных политических отношений как новой междисциплинарной области научного знания.

Прослеживается история возникновения и развития социологии международных отношений как самостоятельной науки. Особое внимание уделено вкладу русских ученых в становление социологии международных отношений. Отмечается, что предыстория русской школы данного научного направления берет начало еще в XIX в. в работах Н. И. Кареева, Л. И. Мечникова, а термин «социология международных отношений» введен в научный оборот русским исследователем В. Ю. Ключниковым в 1922 г. Рассматриваются различные точки зрения на социологию международных отношений. Авторская позиция заключается в том, что отрицать изучение мирополитических реалий с позиций социологии невозможно, поскольку общество может быть как международным, так и национальным. Проведен сравнительный анализ основных положений национальных (российской, китайской и западной) школ социологии международных отношений. Охарактеризованы три основные русские традиции в изучении международных отношений: западничество, державничество и третьеримство. Делается вывод о том, что в условиях кризиса вестфальской системы, а также нарастающей хаотизации и выхода на международную арену новых негосударственных акторов международные отношения все более социологизируются. = The article describes the history of the emergence and development of the sociology of international relations (SIR) as an independent science from the moment of its appearance to the present day. Special attention is paid to the contribution of Russian scientists to the development of the sociology of international relations. It is shown that the prehistory of the Russian school of sociology of international relations dates back to the 19th century in the works of N. Kareev, L. Mechnikov, and the term «sociology of international relations» was first introduced into scientific circulation by the Russian researcher V. Klyuchnikov in 1922. Different points of view on the sociology of international relations are considered. The author's position is that it is impossible to deny the study of world political realities from the standpoint of sociology, since society can be international in the same way as the national one. A comparative analysis of the main provisions of national (Russian, Chinese and Western) schools of international relations was conducted. Special attention is paid to the domestic school of sociology of international relations. Three major Russian tradition in the study of international relations – Westernism, Great power nationalism and Treterimstvo are characterized. It is concluded that under the crisis of the Westphalian system, increasing chaos and enter of new non-state actors on the international arena, international relations are increasingly sociological.

The concept of sovereignty is not defined by international law. It does not stand alone in the United Nations Charter but as sovereign equality. This is reflected in the principle of sovereign equality proclaimed by the Charter. In legal terms, all countries are equal and in this sense sovereign. This approach distinguishes the legal concept of sovereignty from political or economic concepts which refer to the realities of the balance of power. In international law, sovereignty is synonymous with international and legal subjectivity. The subjects of international law are sovereign states primarily. States have the ability to be the subject of international law and obligations through the independent execution of state competences. Sovereignty also means the transfer of own powers to international organizations resulting from our own will. Sovereignty cannot justify violations of international law by states. However, states sometimes try to invoke their sovereignty to justify violations of international law. In the international aspect, the restriction of the freedom decision of the states results from: the subordination of states to generally recognized principles of international law, from the provisions of international agreements to which a given country is a party, from the resolutions of international organizations to which a given country belongs, if in the light of the organization's statutes they are law-making. There is no doubt that the concept of sovereignty is an important subject of research in the humanities and social sciences.

Labor is one of the production factors in the Economics and in the International Trade Theory. According to the theoreticians Labor was condisdered immobile in the international trade, and therefore labor-rich countries had a comparative advantage in manufacturing and trading the labor-intensive products. After the Versailles Treaty in 1919, ILO has been established and developed the Principles of Rights at Work in 1998, which was the first step to protection of labor rights [3]. In the Declaration of Fundamental middle of the 20th Century, industrialized countries with the Labor deficiency started inviting the workers from less developed countries. This approach opened the migration of the workers from less developed and developing countries to industrialized countries. Although the Migration stem from the economic, political, social and cultural reasons from the archaic centuries, today's migration based on similar reasons creates positive impacts on the economic development and international trade. The immigrants earn higher wages with the new jobs at the host countries, even they develop further investment projects in the host countries and the original countries. With the help of Migration both countries' people reach up to a higher level of welfare, and the Balance of Payment deficits of both countries are being improved. The impact of migration is not only economic, but also world peace and friendship among the peoples are being improved, too.Key words: migration, immigrants, migrants, migrant remmittances, international trade, economic development, balance of payments, production factors.