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International audience ; The COVID-19 pandemic has led many governments to implement lockdowns. While lockdowns may help to contain the spread of the virus, they may result in substantial damage to population well-being. We use Google Trends data to test whether the lockdowns implemented in Europe and America led to changes in well-being related topic search terms. Using differences-in-differences and a regression discontinuity design to evaluate the causal effects of lockdown, we find a substantial increase in the search intensity for boredom in Europe and the US. We also found a significant increase in searches for loneliness, worry and sadness, while searches for stress, suicide and divorce on the contrary fell. Our results suggest that people's mental health may have been severely affected by the lockdown.

International audience ; This paper analyses promises made by companies to various publics, including global investors, national public administrative bodies, and local populations. We speak of 'promise engineering' to describe both the integration of the making of promises in mining exploration operations, and the attempted articulation of promises made to different publics with different concerns. We focus on the French 'mining revival', which prompted exploration projects that became controversial, and integrated a government-led approach meant to introduce an objective of 'responsibility' in mining operations. Mining junior companies attempted to make promises that were both technical and social, while responsibility proved consistent with the crucial role of financial investment. We show that promise engineering offers an analytical lens for studying anticipation practices in industrial projects and the opposition these projects face.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat affecting treatment outcome in animals and humans. A pre-requisite for development of AMR reduction strategies is knowledge of antimicrobial use patterns, and how these affect resistance development. The aim of this study was to determine antimicrobial usage (AMU) and whether such usage was associated with AMR in Salmonella from poultry farms in Northwest Nigeria. ; Published version ; An African Research Leader Award to INO from the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) and the UK Department supports INO for International Development (DFID) under the MRC/DFID Concordat agreement that is also Jibril et al. BMC Veterinary Research (2021) 17:234 Page 8 of 10 part of the European Union EDCTP2 programme. The funder had no role in the implementation of the study.

Malaysia is the world's second largest producer of palm oil, which, not unexpectedly, is one of the largest contributors to the country's GDP. However, the Malaysian palm oil industry faces numerous issues, including a boycott for imports into the European Union (EU) on the basis that Malaysia does not allegedly practice good agriculture, fails to meet sustainability standards and exploits labor rights. To overcome the situation, the Government of Malaysia is strongly committed to implementing good agricultural practices that meet international sustainability standards through sustainable certification. To facilitate the adoption of sustainable certification by smallholder palm oil producers, through a comprehensive review of the literature, this study seeks to identify the social, environmental and economic benefits derived from sustainable certification.

Brazilian economic reforms in 21st century have great importance for the international community, especially for other countries of the middle level of development. The authors­ believe that, in spite of all the difficulties and crises, Brazil has made a decisive step forward by reforming its social structure and retaining democracy. Social reforms (especially­ minimal wage) led to strengthening middle class, but also to elevating its social aspirations. At this dramatic junction the economic development of the country was aggravated by external shocks and unsuccessful budget policies. The complex interaction of social macro­economic policies in Brazil with strong external shocks gives lessons to countries with similar characteristics. The pandemic and recession of 2020–2021 have made the path of development more complicated but there is room for optimism for Brazil in the long run.

To slow down the proliferation of Covid-19, governments virtually shut down public life, temporarily closed schools, and forced teaching to be done exclusively on a remote basis. These measures offer an opportunity to reexamine conventional teaching and learning arrangements, test new digital and analogue concepts, and provide essential inspiration for curriculum making in the twenty-first century. This article addresses the historical development of schooling in the classroom as differentiated from "homeschooling". On one hand, the question of how school closures and digitally supported teaching settings may affect an increase in educational inequalities is investigated using an international comparison. On the other hand, the pedagogical and didactical implications of distance learning and a digital teaching culture, which constitute the foundation for digital curriculum making, are examined.

Impacts of climate change are location-specific, hence the need to develop targeted solutions and strategies. Local government units, in partnership with the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, established farmer learning groups which are platforms for knowledge generation and sharing on climate change action-research. The project was implemented in learning communities in Guinayangan, Quezon and Ivisan, Capiz, Philippines. Facilitating learning groups involved social learning methodological processes: vulnerability assessments, setting of learning agenda, participatory action research implementation, community mobilizing and knowledge sharing. Action research, in both municipalities, showed that knowledge generation through a small group of farmer innovators is an effective strategy in the identification and refinement of appropriate technologies. The learning group members serve as a support to the local extension system, helping accelerate adaptation of various climate-smart technologies.

This article aims at analyzing the various ideological interventions, prompted by the pandemic in Turkey, in the fields of power, politics, and religion. In a country and a context where politics and religion are closely connected, and a particular Turkish experience with few parallels in the Muslim world, our investigation will be two-fold: how to calculate the ongoing impact of Covid-19 on the Turkish political field, and secondly, how has the religious world reacted in backing up politics in its response to this crisis. We are seeking to understand the effects of the crisis on the established power, and on the orientations of national and international policy in the context of a health crisis. Lastly, we need to examine the role of religion in the management of the crisis.

International audience ; In the Manchu period, Mongol herders were attached to their 'banner'-the basic territorial, administrative and military unit of Qing Mongolia. Their circuits of nomadization were reduced, and they were fined when found to cross its frontiers. While princes, great reincarnate lamas and long-distance traders (as well as some marginal categories such as badarchi/itinerant lamas and bandits) had many opportunities to travel within Mongolia and even abroad, it is generally assumed that commoners had no choice but stay in their pastures. Yet they had a main reason for undertaking long-distance travel: pilgrimage. This paper investigates the various modes of travel of these pilgrims, their equipment, organization and funding, and highlights the importance of a mode of locomotion which is rarely seen in Mongolia nowadays: walking.

Abstract This special issue stresses the importance of material culture in diplomatic studies of science and technology. In our studies, objects are considered powerful tokens of complexity in diplomatic encounters and of asymmetry in international relations. The contributors are committed to theorizing about the role of objects in diplomatic exchanges during the postwar period and, at the same time, the role of diplomacy in constituting the materiality of nuclear things. Our approach combines attention to the political and diplomatic nuclear history with recognition of the roles played by nuclear artifacts throughout the whole spectrum of diplomatic activities. On the whole, we argue that the material approach should be located at the center of the study of nuclear history and the diplomatic exchanges that made it possible.

This thesis examines the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada and the European Union (EU) through the lens of intellectual property law. The thesis considers the discussions that lead to the deal and provides an overview of the impact of this important international economic agreement between two major actors in the industrialised world. The impact of this agreement on the domain of intellectual property law is demonstrated in a discussion of its effect on the everyday consumer goods. In addition, this thesis explores CETA's impact on the procedures to be followed in the case of infringements of intellectual property rights. The thesis concludes with an examination of the nature of the cooperation between the two Parties and CETA's potential impact on their economy. ; February 2021

On 3 March, the Federal Cabinet adopted an act on corporate due diligence in supply chains. This represents an important step towards German businesses assuming full and proper responsibility for the supply chains associated with their goods and services. The move puts Germany in a group of European countries like France and the Netherlands that have already instituted legal frameworks of their own. However, by choosing to exclude civil liability the German government has left aside a powerful tool for applying targeted pressure to companies that fail to fulfil their obligations. In order to maximise the law's impact, the German Bundestag and government should therefore adopt additional flanking measures. At the European and international levels, Germany can also contribute to making companies assume greater respon­si­bility for their own supply chains.

International rankings and indexes, such as the World Press Freedom Index pub­lished in mid-April 2021, are increasingly influential in the Maghreb. The region's governments promote improvements in their own performance, protest where they score poorly, and celebrate outranking their rivals. Rankings also allow opposition groups and activists to spotlight grievances in their own country. External coopera­tion partners, above all the European Union (EU) and its member states, use them as a basis for decision making and policies towards Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. While rankings and indexes insinuate objectivity and comparability, their sources, validity and utilisation are frequently problematic. Only if they are embedded in qualitative research on the Maghreb and their downsides reflected can they make a meaningful contribution to identifying reform needs and addressing deficits.

The Afghanistan imbroglio, particularly the remaining 2,500 foreign troops on its soil, will confront new U.S. President Joe Biden with early decisions 'that will define the contours of the war's next chapter and determine the legacy of the American-led invasion'. He inherits not only a 'nascent, fragile peace process' but also a controversial 'peace agreement' with the Taliban struck by the former Trump administration in February 2020. This agreement initiated not only the launch of peace talks between the Taliban and the Afghan government but also committed the US - and subsequently the NATO as well1 - to a total withdrawal of forces by May 1, 2021. In exchange, the United States received security assurances and counterterrorism guarantees, including the cut of ties with Al-Qaeda and other international terror groups. […]

The UK's departure from the EU as well as increased devolution have heightened the policy requirement for data on interregional trade. This paper develops a framework for interregional trade data collection and estimation in the UK by: (i) reviewing the academic literature and current international practise, (ii) contrasting the trade surveys currently deployed by the four nations of the UK, (iii) undertaking a series of webinars and interviews to explore businesses' perceptions of trade surveys and (iv) illustrating how interregional trade statistics consistent with the national accounts can be constructed. We provide a number of recommendations for collecting interregional trade data including the introduction of a new survey or survey questions to capture trade flows between England and the remaining three nations of the UK.