Suchergebnisse

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Kaynakça var. ; Bugün sosyal medya denilen bu mecralar kullanımın kolaylığı, maliyetinin düşüklüğü, erişimde sağladığı hız ve geribildirim avantajı, karşılıklı iletişimi desteklemesi gibi özellikleriyle birçok saha tarafından en çok tercih edilen iletişim vasıtası haline gelmiştir. Sosyal medyanın toplumsal yaşamda giderek önem kazanması sivil toplum örgütleri bünyesinde de daha fazla öneme sahip olmaya başlamıştır. Sivil toplum örgütleri sosyal medya mecralarını stratejik iletişim amaçlı kullanmakta, sosyal medya aracılığıyla örgütün siyasal, sosyal faaliyetlerini, kültürel etkinliklerini hedef kitlelere sunabilmekte ve kitlelerle kolayca iletişim kurabilmektedir. Bu çalışma sivil toplum örgütü ve sosyal medyanın kavramsal çerçevesinden yola çıkarak sivil toplum örgütlerinin kurumsal hedef çerçevesinde sosyal medyayı, özellikle Facebook'u nasıl kullandığını belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla 2004 yılında Almanya'da kurulan uluslararası sivil toplum örgütü olan World Uyghur Congress' in Facebook sayfası örnek olay incelemesi olarak ele alınmıştır. Çalışma sırasında örgütün hedef kitleleri ile karşılıklı iletişim kurmak için Facebook'u stratejik iletişim kapsamında kullandığı, Facebook sayfası ile kurumsal kimlik oluşturmaya özen gösterdiği, yaptığı paylaşımlarında insan haklarına yönelik içeriklere öncelik verdiği ve Facebook sayfası üzerinden hedef kitleyi bilgilendirici paylaşımlar yapmaktadır varsayımları sınanmıştır. Varsayımlar doğrultusunda World Uyghur Congress'in Facebook sayfasında yer alan içerikler nitel ve nicel içerik analizi tekniğiyle incelenmiştir. Yapılan çalışma sonucu ilk varsayımı geçersiz kılmakla beraber diğer üç varsayımı doğrulamıştır. ; These media, which are called social media, have become the most preferred communication tool by many fields with their features such as ease of use, low cost, speed and feedback advantage they provide, and support mutual communication. The increasing importance of social media in social life has also become more important within nongovernmental organizations. Non-governmental organizations use social media channels for strategic communication, can present the political, social activities and cultural activities of the organization to the target audiences through social media and easily communicate with the masses. This study aims to determine how non-governmental organizations use social media, especially Facebook, within the framework of corporate goal, based on the conceptual framework of non-governmental organization and social media. For this purpose, the Facebook page of the World Uyghur Congress, an international non-governmental organization founded in Germany in 2004, was handled as a case study. During the study, the assumptions have been tested that the organization uses Facebook in the context of strategic communication to establish mutual communication with its target audiences, pays attention to creating a corporate identity with its Facebook page, prioritizes the content regarding human rights in its posts, and informs the target audience through its Facebook page. In line with the assumptions, the contents of the World Uyghur Congress's Facebook page were analyzed with the qualitative and quantitative content analysis technique. As a result of the study, it overrides the first assumption, but confirmed the other three assumptions. ; İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET . İ ABSTRACT . İİİ İÇİNDEKİLER . iv TABLOLAR LİSTESİ . vii ŞEKİLLER LİSTESİ . viii KISALTMALAR LİSTESİ . ix GİRİŞ . 1 I. SİVİL TOPLUM VE SİVİL TOPLUM ÖRGÜTLERİ . 3 1.2. Sivil Toplum Kavramı . 3 1.2. Sivil Toplumun Tarihsel Gelişimi . 5 1.2.1. Sanayi Devrimi Öncesi Sivil Toplum . 6 1.2.2. Sanayileşme Döneminde Sivil Toplum . 7 1.2.3. Sanayi Devrimi Sorası Sivil Toplum . 8 1.3. Sivil Toplumun Modern İçeriği . 10 1.4. Sivil Toplum Aktörleri . 11 1.5. Sivil Toplumun Özellikleri . 12 1.6. Sivil Toplum Örgütleri . 13 1.7. STÖ'lerin Sınıflandırılmaları . 14 1.7.1. Ekonomik Alanda STÖ'ler . 15 1.7.2. Siyasal Alanda STÖ'ler . 15 1.7.3. Kültürel Alanda STÖ'ler . 16 1.7.4. Dinî Alanda STÖ'ler . 16 1.8. STÖ'lerin Yapısal Özelliklerine Göre Sınıflandırılması . 17 1.8.1. Uluslararsı STÖ'ler . 17 1.8.2. Ulusal STÖ'ler . 18 1.8.3. Yerel STÖ'ler . 18 1.8.4. Yabancı STÖ'ler . 18 1.9. STÖ'lerin Özellikleri . 18 v 1.10. STÖ'lerin İşlevleri . 20 1.10.1. Uluslararası Düzeydeki İşlevleri . 20 1.10.2. Ulusal Düzeydeki İşlevleri . 21 1.11. Küresellşme Sürecinde Sivil Toplum . 22 1.11.1. Sivil Toplum ve Devlet . 22 1.11.2. Sivil Toplum ve Demokrasi . 25 II. SOSYAL MEDYA . 27 2.1. Sosyal Medya Kavramı . 27 2.1.1. Web 2,0 ve Sosyal Medya . 28 2.2. Sosyal Medyanın Özellikleri . 30 2.3. Sosyal Medyanın Geleneksel Medyadan Farkı . 31 2.4. Sosyal Medyanın Etkileri . 32 2.4.1. Sosyal Medyanın Bireyler Üzerindeki Etkisi . 32 2.4.2. Sosyal Medyanın Toplum Üzerindeki Etkisi . 34 2.4.3. Sosyal Medyanın Siyaset Üzerindeki Etkisi . 35 2.5. Sosyal Medyanın Türleri . 36 2.6. Sosyal Medya Platformlarından Bazı Örnekler . 37 2.6.1. Sosyal Ağlar . 37 2.6.1.1. Facebook . 38 2.6.1.2. Myspace . 39 2.6.1.3. LinkedIn . 39 2.6.1.4. QQ . 39 2.6.1.5. Wechat . 40 2.6.2. Bloglar . 40 2.6.2.1. WordPress . 41 2.6.2.2. Blogger . 42 2.6.3. Mikro Bloglar . 42 2.6.3.1. Twitter . 42 2.6.3.2. Weibo . 43 2.6.4. İçerik Paylaşım Siteleri: Flickr ve Youtube . 43 2.6.4.1. Flickr . 43 2.6.4.2. Youtube . 44 2.7. Türkiye'de Sivil Toplum Örgütlerinin Sosyal Medya Kullanımı Hakkında Yapılan Çalışmalar . 45 III. SİVİL TOPLUM ÖRGÜTLERİNİN SOSYAL MEDYA KULLANIMI: WORLD UYGHUR CONGRESS FACEBOOK SAYFASI ÖRNEĞİNİN İÇERİKSEL ANALİZİ . 49 3.1. Sosyal Medya ve STÖ'ler . 49 vi 3.2. Sosyal Medya ve Kurumsal İletişim . 52 3.3. Araştırmanın Amacı . 55 3.4. Araştırmanın Önemi . 55 3.5. Araştırmanın Varsayımları . 56 3.6. Araştırmanın Kapsamı . 56 3.7. Araştırmanın Yöntemi . 56 3.8. Bulgular ve Değerlendirme . 57 3.8.1. WUC'nin Facebook Sayfasında Yer Alan İçeriksel ve Biçimsel Bilgiler . 58 3.8.2. WUC'nin Facebook Sayfasında Yer Alan Konuların Dağılımı . 63 3.8.3. WUC'nin Facebook Sayfasında Yapılan Gönderilerin Gündemle İlişkisi . 66 3.8.4. WUC'nin Facebook Sayfasında Değindiği Konular ile Resmi İnternet Sitesinde Yer Alan Konu Başlıkları Uyumlu Mudur? . 68 SONUÇ VE ÖNERİLER . 70 KAYNAKÇA . 74

BACKGROUND: Comprehensive and comparable estimates of health spending in each country are a key input for health policy and planning, and are necessary to support the achievement of national and international health goals. Previous studies have tracked past and projected future health spending until 2040 and shown that, with economic development, countries tend to spend more on health per capita, with a decreasing share of spending from development assistance and out-of-pocket sources. We aimed to characterise the past, present, and predicted future of global health spending, with an emphasis on equity in spending across countries. METHODS: We estimated domestic health spending for 195 countries and territories from 1995 to 2016, split into three categories-government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private health spending-and estimated development assistance for health (DAH) from 1990 to 2018. We estimated future scenarios of health spending using an ensemble of linear mixed-effects models with time series specifications to project domestic health spending from 2017 through 2050 and DAH from 2019 through 2050. Data were extracted from a broad set of sources tracking health spending and revenue, and were standardised and converted to inflation-adjusted 2018 US dollars. Incomplete or low-quality data were modelled and uncertainty was estimated, leading to a complete data series of total, government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending, and DAH. Estimates are reported in 2018 US dollars, 2018 purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars, and as a percentage of gross domestic product. We used demographic decomposition methods to assess a set of factors associated with changes in government health spending between 1995 and 2016 and to examine evidence to support the theory of the health financing transition. We projected two alternative future scenarios based on higher government health spending to assess the potential ability of governments to generate more resources for health. FINDINGS: Between 1995 and 2016, health spending grew at a rate of 4·00% (95% uncertainty interval 3·89-4·12) annually, although it grew slower in per capita terms (2·72% [2·61-2·84]) and increased by less than $1 per capita over this period in 22 of 195 countries. The highest annual growth rates in per capita health spending were observed in upper-middle-income countries (5·55% [5·18-5·95]), mainly due to growth in government health spending, and in lower-middle-income countries (3·71% [3·10-4·34]), mainly from DAH. Health spending globally reached $8·0 trillion (7·8-8·1) in 2016 (comprising 8·6% [8·4-8·7] of the global economy and $10·3 trillion [10·1-10·6] in purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars), with a per capita spending of US$5252 (5184-5319) in high-income countries, $491 (461-524) in upper-middle-income countries, $81 (74-89) in lower-middle-income countries, and $40 (38-43) in low-income countries. In 2016, 0·4% (0·3-0·4) of health spending globally was in low-income countries, despite these countries comprising 10·0% of the global population. In 2018, the largest proportion of DAH targeted HIV/AIDS ($9·5 billion, 24·3% of total DAH), although spending on other infectious diseases (excluding tuberculosis and malaria) grew fastest from 2010 to 2018 (6·27% per year). The leading sources of DAH were the USA and private philanthropy (excluding corporate donations and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation). For the first time, we included estimates of China's contribution to DAH ($644·7 million in 2018). Globally, health spending is projected to increase to $15·0 trillion (14·0-16·0) by 2050 (reaching 9·4% [7·6-11·3] of the global economy and $21·3 trillion [19·8-23·1] in purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars), but at a lower growth rate of 1·84% (1·68-2·02) annually, and with continuing disparities in spending between countries. In 2050, we estimate that 0·6% (0·6-0·7) of health spending will occur in currently low-income countries, despite these countries comprising an estimated 15·7% of the global population by 2050. The ratio between per capita health spending in high-income and low-income countries was 130·2 (122·9-136·9) in 2016 and is projected to remain at similar levels in 2050 (125·9 [113·7-138·1]). The decomposition analysis identified governments' increased prioritisation of the health sector and economic development as the strongest factors associated with increases in government health spending globally. Future government health spending scenarios suggest that, with greater prioritisation of the health sector and increased government spending, health spending per capita could more than double, with greater impacts in countries that currently have the lowest levels of government health spending. INTERPRETATION: Financing for global health has increased steadily over the past two decades and is projected to continue increasing in the future, although at a slower pace of growth and with persistent disparities in per-capita health spending between countries. Out-of-pocket spending is projected to remain substantial outside of high-income countries. Many low-income countries are expected to remain dependent on development assistance, although with greater government spending, larger investments in health are feasible. In the absence of sustained new investments in health, increasing efficiency in health spending is essential to meet global health targets. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

The object of research is the foreign experience of the dual form of education. One of the most problematic places is the effective transfer of the dual form of education to countries with a lack of experience in the implementation and functioning of this type of education. The difficulty of transferring dual education lies in the long-term formation of a model in the countries of origin. Characteristic features of dual learning models were obtained as a result of the influence of local factors and conditions of the countries of origin. The complexity of the transfer also lies in the formalization of the assessment data of the potential of the country of implementation. To solve this problem, fuzzy logic methods are best suited. The advantage of using a fuzzy logic apparatus is the ability to formalize the data of complex systems, converting qualitative indicators into quantitative ones and vice versa. Method of fuzzy inference of the Matlab software environment is used.In this paper, an analysis of the prerequisites for the introduction of dual education in Ukraine is carried out. The analysis of the foreign experience of dual education is carried out. As a result, factors are identified and grouped into three subsystems (economic, political, cultural and educational) to assess the potential for introducing dual education in Ukraine.The simulation results shown in the study provide an answer to the question of the feasibility of implementing the dual form of education and assessing this potential of Ukraine. The data obtained as a result of modeling indicate the feasibility of introducing dual education in Ukraine. This is due to the fact that the fuzzy modeling method showed that the integral estimate belongs to the mean of the output term. Among the positive factors that influenced this result, it is worth noting the level of government spending on GDP and the level of prestige of vocational education.The advantage of research is a quantitative assessment of the potential of transfer of the dual form of education in Ukraine, which is also important from the point of view of the international discourse of transfer of the dual form of education. The paper formalizes the model of the country's potential for the introduction of dual education. ; Объектом исследования является зарубежный опыт дуальной формы обучения. Одним из самых проблемных мест является эффективный перенос дуальной формы обучения в страны с отсутствием опыта внедрения и функционирования данного типа обучения. Сложность переноса дуального обучения состоит в многолетнем формировании модели в странах зарождения. Характерные черты моделей дуального обучения были получены в результате воздействия местных факторов и условий стран зарождения. Сложность переноса также заключается в формализации данных оценки потенциала страны внедрения. Для решения данной задачи лучше всего подходят методы нечеткой логики. Преимуществом использования аппарата нечеткой логики является возможность формализации данных сложных систем, конвертирования качественных показателей в количественные и наоборот. В исследовании использован метод нечеткого вывода программной среды Matlab.В данной работе был проведен анализ предпосылок внедрения дуального образования в Украине. Осуществлен анализ зарубежного опыта дуального обучения. В результате, были выделены и сгруппированы в три подсистемы (экономическую, политическую и культурно-образовательную) факторы для оценки потенциала внедрения дуального образования в Украине.Результаты моделирования, показанные в исследовании, дают ответ на вопрос целесообразности реализации дуальной формы образования и оценки данного потенциала Украины. Данные, полученные в результате моделирования, свидетельствуют о целесообразности внедрения дуального обучения в Украине. Это связано с тем, что метод нечеткого моделирования показал принадлежность интегральной оценки к среднему терма вывода. Среди положительных факторов, повлиявших на данный результат, стоит отметить уровень расходов государства ВВП на образование и уровень престижа профессионального образования.Преимуществом исследования является количественная оценка потенциала трансфера дуальной формы обучения в Украине, что важно также с точки зрения международного дискурса трансфера дуальной формы обучения. В работе формализована модель потенциала страны внедрения дуального обучения. ; Об'єктом дослідження є закордонний досвід дуальної форми навчання. Одним із найбільш проблемних місць є ефективне перенесення дуальної форми навчання у країни із відсутністю досвіду впровадження та функціонування даного типу навчання. Складність перенесення дуального навчання полягає у багатолітньому формуванні моделі у країнах зародження. Характерні риси моделей дуального навчання були набуті в результаті впливу місцевих чинників та умов країн зародження. Складність перенесення також полягає у формалізації даних оцінки потенціалу країни впровадження. Для вирішення даної задачі найкраще підходять методи нечіткої логіки. Перевагою використання апарату нечіткої логіки є можливість формалізації даних складних систем, конвертування якісних показників у кількісні та навпаки. У дослідженні використано метод нечіткого виведення програмного середовища Matlab.У даній роботі був проведений аналіз передумов впровадження дуальної освіти в Україні. Здійснено аналіз закордонного досвіду дуального навчання. В результаті, були виділені та згруповані у три підсистеми (економічну, політичну та культурно-освітню) фактори для здійснення оцінки потенціалу впровадження дуальної освіти в Україні. Результати моделювання, показані у дослідженні, дають відповідь на питання доцільності реалізації дуальної форми освіти та оцінки даного потенціалу України. Дані, отримані в результаті моделювання, свідчать про доцільність впровадження дуального навчання в Україні. Це пов'язано із тим, що метод нечіткого моделювання показав належність інтегральної оцінки до середнього терму виведення. Серед позитивних чинників, що вплинули на даний результат варто відмітити рівень витрат держави ВВП на освіту та рівень престижу професійної освіти. Перевагою дослідження є кількісна оцінка потенціалу трансферу дуальної форми навчання в Україні, що важливо також із точки зору міжнародного дискурсу трансферу дуальної форми навчання. У роботі формалізовано модель потенціалу країни впровадження дуального навчання.

Background Comprehensive and comparable estimates of health spending in each country are a key input for health policy and planning, and are necessary to support the achievement of national and international health goals. Previous studies have tracked past and projected future health spending until 2040 and shown that, with economic development, countries tend to spend more on health per capita, with a decreasing share of spending from development assistance and out-of-pocket sources. We aimed to characterise the past, present, and predicted future of global health spending, with an emphasis on equity in spending across countries. Methods We estimated domestic health spending for 195 countries and territories from 1995 to 2016, split into three categories-government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private health spending-and estimated development assistance for health (DAH) from 1990 to 2018. We estimated future scenarios of health spending using an ensemble of linear mixed-effects models with time series specifications to project domestic health spending from 2017 through 2050 and DAH from 2019 through 2050. Data were extracted from a broad set of sources tracking health spending and revenue, and were standardised and converted to inflation-adjusted 2018 US dollars. Incomplete or low-quality data were modelled and uncertainty was estimated, leading to a complete data series of total, government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending, and DAH. Estimates are reported in 2018 US dollars, 2018 purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars, and as a percentage of gross domestic product. We used demographic decomposition methods to assess a set of factors associated with changes in government health spending between 1995 and 2016 and to examine evidence to support the theory of the health financing transition. We projected two alternative future scenarios based on higher government health spending to assess the potential ability of governments to generate more resources for health. Findings Between 1995 and 2016, health spending grew at a rate of 4.00% (95% uncertainty interval 3.89-4.12) annually, although it grew slower in per capita terms (2.72% [2.61-2.84]) and increased by less than $ 1 per capita over this period in 22 of 195 countries. The highest annual growth rates in per capita health spending were observed in upper-middle-income countries (5.55% [5.18-5.95]), mainly due to growth in government health spending, and in lower-middle-income countries (3.71% [3.10-4.34]), mainly from DAH. Health spending globally reached $ 8.0 trillion (7.8-8.1) in 2016 (comprising 8.6% [8.4-8.7] of the global economy and $ 10.3 trillion [10.1-10.6] in purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars), with a per capita spending of US$ 5252 (5184-5319) in high-income countries, $ 491 (461-524) in upper-middle-income countries, $ 81 (74-89) in lower-middle-income countries, and $ 40 (38-43) in low-income countries. In 2016, 0.4% (0.3-0.4) of health spending globally was in low-income countries, despite these countries comprising 10.0% of the global population. In 2018, the largest proportion of DAH targeted HIV/AIDS ($ 9.5 billion, 24.3% of total DAH), although spending on other infectious diseases (excluding tuberculosis and malaria) grew fastest from 2010 to 2018 (6.27% per year). The leading sources of DAH were the USA and private philanthropy (excluding corporate donations and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation). For the first time, we included estimates of China's contribution to DAH ($ 644.7 million in 2018). Globally, health spending is projected to increase to $ 15.0 trillion (14.0-16.0) by 2050 (reaching 9.4% [7.6-11.3] of the global economy and $ 21.3 trillion [19.8-23.1] in purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars), but at a lower growth rate of 1.84% (1.68-2.02) annually, and with continuing disparities in spending between countries. In 2050, we estimate that 0.6% (0.6-0.7) of health spending will occur in currently low-income countries, despite these countries comprising an estimated 15.7% of the global population by 2050. The ratio between per capita health spending in high-income and low-income countries was 130.2 (122.9-136.9) in 2016 and is projected to remain at similar levels in 2050 (125.9 [113.7-138.1]). The decomposition analysis identified governments' increased prioritisation of the health sector and economic development as the strongest factors associated with increases in government health spending globally. Future government health spending scenarios suggest that, with greater prioritisation of the health sector and increased government spending, health spending per capita could more than double, with greater impacts in countries that currently have the lowest levels of government health spending. Interpretation Financing for global health has increased steadily over the past two decades and is projected to continue increasing in the future, although at a slower pace of growth and with persistent disparities in per-capita health spending between countries. Out-of-pocket spending is projected to remain substantial outside of high-income countries. Many low-income countries are expected to remain dependent on development assistance, although with greater government spending, larger investments in health are feasible. In the absence of sustained new investments in health, increasing efficiency in health spending is essential to meet global health targets.

The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) has mapped the central compact radio source of the elliptical galaxy M87 at 1.3 mm with unprecedented angular resolution. Here we consider the physical implications of the asymmetric ring seen in the 2017 EHT data. To this end, we construct a large library of models based on general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations and synthetic images produced by general relativistic ray tracing. We compare the observed visibilities with this library and confirm that the asymmetric ring is consistent with earlier predictions of strong gravitational lensing of synchrotron emission from a hot plasma orbiting near the black hole event horizon. The ring radius and ring asymmetry depend on black hole mass and spin, respectively, and both are therefore expected to be stable when observed in future EHT campaigns. Overall, the observed image is consistent with expectations for the shadow of a spinning Kerr black hole as predicted by general relativity. If the black hole spin and M87's large scale jet are aligned, then the black hole spin vector is pointed away from Earth. Models in our library of non-spinning black holes are inconsistent with the observations as they do not produce sufficiently powerful jets. At the same time, in those models that produce a sufficiently powerful jet, the latter is powered by extraction of black hole spin energy through mechanisms akin to the Blandford-Znajek process. We briefly consider alternatives to a black hole for the central compact object. Analysis of existing EHT polarization data and data taken simultaneously at other wavelengths will soon enable new tests of the GRMHD models, as will future EHT campaigns at 230 and 345 GHz. ; Academy of Finland [274477, 284495, 312496]; European Commission Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action [731016]; Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University through John Templeton Foundation [60477]; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT, Chile) [PIA ACT172033, Fondecyt 1171506, BASAL AFB-170002, ALMA-conicyt 31140007]; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologica (CONACYT, Mexico) [104497, 275201, 279006, 281692]; Direccion General de Asuntos del Personal Academico-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (DGAPA-UNAM) [IN112417]; European Research Council Synergy Grant "BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes" [610058]; Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant [APOSTD/2018/177]; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation [GBMF-947, GBMF-3561, GBMF-5278]; Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) [JP17J08829]; JSPS Overseas Research Fellowships; Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) [QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJ-SSW-SYS008]; Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI [18KK0090, JP18K13594, JP18K03656, JP18H03721, 18K03709, 18H01245, 25120007]; MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan [105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 106-2112-M-001-011, 106-2119-M-001-027, 107-2119-M-0 01-017, 107-2119-M-001-020, 107-2119-M-110-005]; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) [80NSSC17K0649]; National Key Research and Development Program of China [2016YFA0400704, 2016YFA0400702]; National Science Foundation (NSF) [AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST-0521233, AST-0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST-1126433, AST-1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST-1207730, AST-1207752, MRI-1228509, OPP-1248097]; Natural Science Foundation of China [11573051, 11633006, 11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11873028, 11873073, U1531245, 11473010]; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC); National Research Foundation of Korea [NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, 2015-R1D1A1A01056807, NRF-2015H1D3A1066561]; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award [639.043.513]; Spinoza Prize [SPI 78-409]; Swedish Research Council [2017-00648]; Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada; Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development, Job Creation and Trade; Russian Science Foundation [17-12-01029]; Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad [AYA2015-63939-C2-1-P, AYA2016-80889-P]; US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory [89233218CNA000001]; Italian Ministero dell'Istruzione Universita e Ricerca through the grant Progetti Premiali 2012-iALMA [CUP C52I13000140001]; ALMA North America Development Fund; Sprows Family VURF Fellowship; NSERC Discovery Grant; NINS program of Promoting Research by Networking among Institutions [01421701]; NSF [ACI-1548562, DBI-0735191, DBI-1265383, DBI-1743442]; Compute Ontario; Calcul Quebec; Compute Canada; Smithsonian Institution; Academia Sinica; National Key R&D Program of China [2017YFA0402700]; Science and Technologies Facility Council (UK); CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France); MPG (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Germany); IGN (Instituto Geografico Nacional, Spain); State of Arizona; NSF; NSF Physics Frontier Center award [PHY-0114422]; Kavli Foundation; GBMF [GBMF-947]; National Science Foundation [PLR-1248097]; NSF Physics Frontier Center grant [PHY-1125897]; South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) of South Africa; CyVerse; [Chandra TM6-17006X]; [DD7-18089X]; [AST-1310896]; [AST-1312651]; [AST-1337663]; [AST-1440254]; [AST-1555365]; [AST-1715061]; [AST-1615796]; [AST-1716327]; [OISE-1743747]; [AST-1816420]; [AST-1614868] ; This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at repository@u.library.arizona.edu.

The article deals with the issue of the identity of the place, taken in reference to the concept of places and non-places by Marc Augé. The main purpose of the theoretical analyses and analysis and interpretation of empirical results of the study was to determine the identity of the place (borderland) by referring to the individual memory of members of the minority group, inscribed in multifaceted, individual negotiations of experiencing the identity of the place. An important aspect discussed in the article are issues of social forgetting in Paul Connerton's approach and socio-cultural consequences of this process for the identity of the individual, group and place. Narrative interview was the main form of data collection. The analyses are oriented to the variable of the identity of the borderland. The categories of the analysis refer to: the cultural identity of the borderland; personal memories of respondents related to the events, situations related to the past of their family; social memory of the minority group; social memory of the majority group. Memory of the borderland is a memory strongly embedded in a given area and unequivocally localized – assigned to a place "marked" and "embedded" cul- turally. This, of course, implies a series of difficult group-based negotiations regarding the contents of memory, places, events that, from the perspective of internal diversity of the group, may construct contradictory images of the past of the place. ; jolamusz@uwb.edu.pl ; Faculty of Education, University of Białystok, Poland ; Assmann, J. (2008). Pamięć kulturowa. Pismo, zapamiętywanie i polityczna tożsamość w cywilizacjach starożytnych. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. ; Augé, M. (1995). Non-Places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity. Transl. J. Howe. London, New York: Verso. ; Baker, K. (2012). Identity, Memory and Place. The Word Hoard, 1(1), pp. 23–33. Retrieved from: http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/wordhoard/vol1/iss1/4. ; Buñuel, L. (2013). My Last Sigh. New York: Vintage. ; Castells, M. (1982). Kwestia miejska. Foreword B. Jałowiecki. Transl. B. Jałowiecki, J. Piątkowski. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. ; Castillo, J.J. (2009, April 24). Snowball Sampling. Explorable.com. Retrieved from: http://explorable.com/snowball-sampling. ; Connerton, P. (2008). Seven Types of Forgetting. Memory Studies, 1(1), pp. 59–71. DOI:10.1177/1750698007083889. ; Connerton, P. (2012). Jak społeczeństwa pamiętają. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. ; Erll, A. (2011). Traveling Memory. Paralax, 17(4), pp. 4–18. DOI:10.1080/13534645.2011.605570. ; Giddens, A. (2001). Nowoczesność i tożsamość. "Ja" i społeczeństwo w epoce późnej nowoczesności. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwa Naukowe. ; Giddens, A. (2008). Socjologia. Warszawa: PWN. ; Gills, J.R. (Ed.) (1994). Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity. New York, Princeton: Princeton University Press. ; Golka, M. (2010). Społeczna niepamięć. Pomiędzy zapominaniem a zamazywaniem. In: S. Kapralski (Ed.), Pamięć, przestrzeń, tożsamość (pp. 49–71). Warszawa: Scholar. ; Graves, M., & Rechniewski, E. (2010). From Collective Memory to Transcultural Remembrance. Portal: Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies, 7(1): Fields of Remembrance, pp. 1–15. ; Halbwachs, M. (2008). Społeczne ramy pamięci. Warszawa: PWN. ; Harvey, D. (1989). The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Oxford: Blackwell. ; Hensel, P., & Glinka, P. (2012). Teoria ugruntowana. In: D. Jemielniak (Ed.), Badania jakościowe. Vol. 1: Podejścia i teorie (pp. 89–113). Warszawa: PWN. ; Jałowiecki, B. (2011). Miejsca, przestrzeń, obszar. Przegląd Socjologiczny, 60(2–3), pp. 9–28. ; Kaczmarek, J. (2005). Podejście geobiograficzne w geografii społecznej. Zarys teorii i podstawy metodyczne. Łódź: Wydawnictwo UŁ. ; Kozielecki, J. (1997). Transgresja i kultura. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Akademickie Żak. ; Kwiatkowski, T. (2008). Pamięć zbiorowa społeczeństwa polskiego w okresie transformacji. Warszawa: Scholar. ; Lewicka, M. (2012). Psychologia miejsca. Warszawa: Scholar. ; Losch, D. (2003). Bad Memories, The Poetics of Memory and the Difference of Culture. In: J. Bennett, & R. Kennedy (Eds.), World Memory: Personal Trajectories in Global Time (pp. 30–43). London: Palgrave Macmillan. ; Mannheim, K. (1952). The Problem of Generations. In: K. Mannheim, Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge (pp. 276–322). London: Routledge. ; Mendel, M., & Theiss, W. (Eds.) (2019). Pamięć i miejsce. Perspektywa społeczno-edukacyjna. Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego. ; Nikitorowicz, J. (2018). Etnopedagogika w kontekście wielokulturowości i ustawicznie kształtującej się tożsamości. Kraków: Oficyna Wydawnicza Impuls. ; Nora, P. (2001). Czas pamięci. Transl. W. Dłuski. Res Publica Nowa, 7, pp. 37–43. ; Ryan, L. (2011). Memory, Power and Resistance: The Anatomy of a Tripartite Relationship. Memory Studies, 4(2), pp. 154–169. DOI:10.1177/1750698010366502. ; Rybak-Korneluk, A., Wichowicz, H.M., Żuk, K., & Dziurkowski, M. (2016). Pamięć autobiograficzna i jej znaczenie w wybranych zaburzeniach psychicznych. Psychiatria Polska, 50(5), pp. 959–972. DOI:10.12740/PP/38518. ; Schacter, D.L., & Madore, K.P. (2016). Remembering the Past and Imagining the Future: Identifying and Enhancing the Contribution of Episodic Memory. Memory Studies, 9(3), pp. 245–255. DOI:10.1177/1750698016645230. ; Sobecki, M. (2016). Komunikacja międzykulturowa w perspektywie pedagogicznej. Studium z pogranicza polsko-litewsko-białorusko-ukraińskiego. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Akademickie Żak. ; Tuan, Yi-Fu. (1977). Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience. Minneapolis–London: University of Minnesota Press. ; Wallis, A. (1967). Socjologia wielkiego miasta. Warszawa: PWN. ; Wallis, A. (1990). Socjologia przestrzeni. Warszawa: Niezależna Oficyna Wydawnicza. ; Wójcikowska, K. (2014). Walka o miejsca pamięci w przestrzeni dwunarodowej gminy Sejny. Pogranicze. Studia Społeczne, 23, pp. 65–82. ; 4(126) ; 125 ; 137

This study was conducted on an assessment of the various mitigation strategies to combat desertification in Jibia and Kaita Local Government Areas of Katsina State, Nigeria. The data use includes Satellite imageries for the study such as landsat MSS of 1976, landsat TM of 1987, SPOT XS of 1995 and landsat ETM of 2006 as well as structured questionnaires. Sixty close ended copies of the Questionnaire were administered in the study. Purposive sampling method of administering questionnaires was adopted. The percentages land mass covered for each of these variables was determined and estimated in M2. literature was obtained from various agencies which were responsible for desertification control in Katsina state. It was found from the reserved forest that in 1976 the percentage of reserved forest was 2.57%. In 1987 however, it increased by 73.9% to 76.47 %. By 1995, it declined by 9.42% to 67.05% and further declined by 0.52% in 2006. Effort to combat desertification through the use of reserved forest has been quite significant over the years. Also, noticed was a declined in shelter belt from 5.91% in 1987 to 1.097% in 1995 and a shot up to 7.39% in 2006. About 37% of the respondent opined that the deforestation leads to the disappearance of trees while 33% pinioned that it leads to reduction on agricultural productivity. The major strategy adopted to combat desertification is tree planting as supported by 88% of the respondents. It found that desertification as major environmental problem of the study area has reduced drastically from 43.34% in 1976 to 1.29% in 2006. It was also revealed from this study that some organizations such as European Economic Community/Katsina State government EEC/KTSG, Katsina Afforestation Project Unit KTAPU and Local Government Councils are the major agencies that are responsible for mitigating desertification in the study area. Keywords: Desertification, Mitigation, Afforestation, Shelterbelt and Satellite image References Ariyo, J.A, Abdullahi, C.J. Stigter, O.Z Onyewotu and I. Musa (2005). Community Participation in Planning Desertification, Control Interventions in Northern Nigeria. Lessons from Kano State. A Paper Presented at the Conference on Prospects and Problems of Agricultural Development in Nigeria, Held in Ahmadu Bello University Zaria. June 29th – July 2nd, 2005. Auwal, U. (2006). An Appraisal of Desertification in Arid Zone of Bauchi State. Unpublished PGDEM thesis Department of Geography, Bayero University Kano. Babura, D.U. (2001). Desertifucation in Babura Local Government Area. Unpublished PGDEM Thesis. Department of Geography, Bayero University Kano. Bala, A. (2003). An Evaluation of Drought Incidence and Hazards in Northern Nigeria. A Paper Presented at a Seminar on the Conservation of the environment. Department of Geography Isa Kaita College of Education, Dutsinma, Katsina State 5th November. Bins, T. (1990). The Threatening Deserts: Ox Blackwell. Campbell, D.J (1986). The Prospects For desertification in Kajiado District Kenya, Geg. Federal Office of Statistics (1999). Annual Abstracts of Statistics: facts and Figures about Nigeria. Katsina Afforestation Project Unit (2006). A brief on Katsina Afforestation Project Unit (FGN ASSISTED) 1st February, 2006. Katsina Afforestation Project Unit (2006). Annual Reports on Afforestation Projects. Katsina Afforestation Project Unit (2009). Annual Reports on Afforestation Project. Katsina Afforestation Project Unit KTAPU. (2009). A brief on Katsina Afforestation Project Unit (FGN ASSITED) 5th February, 2009. Katsina Agricultural and Rural Development Authority KTARDA. (2006). Land Management\ Unit, Historical Background to soil conservation in Katsina State. Katsina Arid Zone Programme EEC/KTSG (1995). Soil Conservation Experience, A paper for KSACDP one day Soil conservation Strategy Workshop 14th December, 1995. Katsina Arid Zone Programme EEC/KTSG. (1995). Historical background of soil conservation efforts in Katsina State. Msafirri, F. (2009). Involving or not Involving Communities in strategies to combat Desertification and Drought in Kenya. Murtala S.K. (2003). An Analysis of the problems of desertification in Katsina local government area. An NCE project, Isa kaita College of Education Dutsin Ma, Katsina state. Nasiru, I.M. (2009). Combating Desertification and Drought in Nigeria. Daily Trust Monday, 25th. National Population Commission (2006). Federal Republic of Nigeria (2009), National Population Commission Official Gazette No2, Abuja 2nd February 2009 Vol 96. Njeru, J. (2005). Monitoring and Modelling crop growth, water use and production crop growth, water use and production under dry land environment, north west of mount Kenya. Nyong, A.O. and Kanoroglou, P.S (1999). The Influence of water resources and their locations on rural distribution in north eastern Nigeria. A journal of environmental sciences. Owen and Pickering (1997). Global environmental issues. Rutledge and New York. Sagua, V.O, Enabor, E.E, K.O P.R.O, Ojanuga A.V, Mortimore, M. and Kalu, A.E. (1987). Ecological Disasters in Nigeria. Drought and Desertification Federal Ministry of science and Technology Lagos. Sani, M. (1996). Evaluation of Desertification and its effects in Jibia local Government area of Katsina state. Unpublished PGDEM Thesis. Department of Geography Bayero University Kano. Shittu, K. (1999). An Assessment on the socio economic effects of desertification in Katsina state. An Unpublished BSC project Department of Geography Bayero University Kano. Stebbing, E.P. (1935). The Encroaching Sahara: The Threat to west Africa colonies. A geographical Journal. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (1997). A new Response an age – old problem. 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Summary Background Comprehensive and comparable estimates of health spending in each country are a key input for health policy and planning, and are necessary to support the achievement of national and international health goals. Previous studies have tracked past and projected future health spending until 2040 and shown that, with economic development, countries tend to spend more on health per capita, with a decreasing share of spending from development assistance and out-of-pocket sources. We aimed to characterise the past, present, and predicted future of global health spending, with an emphasis on equity in spending across countries. Methods We estimated domestic health spending for 195 countries and territories from 1995 to 2016, split into three categories—government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private health spending—and estimated development assistance for health (DAH) from 1990 to 2018. We estimated future scenarios of health spending using an ensemble of linear mixed-effects models with time series specifications to project domestic health spending from 2017 through 2050 and DAH from 2019 through 2050. Data were extracted from a broad set of sources tracking health spending and revenue, and were standardised and converted to inflation-adjusted 2018 US dollars. Incomplete or low-quality data were modelled and uncertainty was estimated, leading to a complete data series of total, government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending, and DAH. Estimates are reported in 2018 US dollars, 2018 purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars, and as a percentage of gross domestic product. We used demographic decomposition methods to assess a set of factors associated with changes in government health spending between 1995 and 2016 and to examine evidence to support the theory of the health financing transition. We projected two alternative future scenarios based on higher government health spending to assess the potential ability of governments to generate more resources for health. Findings Between 1995 and 2016, health spending grew at a rate of 4·00% (95% uncertainty interval 3·89–4·12) annually, although it grew slower in per capita terms (2·72% [2·61–2·84]) and increased by less than $1 per capita over this period in 22 of 195 countries. The highest annual growth rates in per capita health spending were observed in upper-middle-income countries (5·55% [5·18–5·95]), mainly due to growth in government health spending, and in lower-middle-income countries (3·71% [3·10–4·34]), mainly from DAH. Health spending globally reached $8·0 trillion (7·8–8·1) in 2016 (comprising 8·6% [8·4–8·7] of the global economy and $10·3 trillion [10·1–10·6] in purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars), with a per capita spending of US$5252 (5184–5319) in high-income countries, $491 (461–524) in upper-middle-income countries, $81 (74–89) in lower-middle-income countries, and $40 (38–43) in low-income countries. In 2016, 0·4% (0·3–0·4) of health spending globally was in low-income countries, despite these countries comprising 10·0% of the global population. In 2018, the largest proportion of DAH targeted HIV/AIDS ($9·5 billion, 24·3% of total DAH), although spending on other infectious diseases (excluding tuberculosis and malaria) grew fastest from 2010 to 2018 (6·27% per year). The leading sources of DAH were the USA and private philanthropy (excluding corporate donations and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation). For the first time, we included estimates of China's contribution to DAH ($644·7 million in 2018). Globally, health spending is projected to increase to $15·0 trillion (14·0–16·0) by 2050 (reaching 9·4% [7·6–11·3] of the global economy and $21·3 trillion [19·8–23·1] in purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars), but at a lower growth rate of 1·84% (1·68–2·02) annually, and with continuing disparities in spending between countries. In 2050, we estimate that 0·6% (0·6–0·7) of health spending will occur in currently low-income countries, despite these countries comprising an estimated 15·7% of the global population by 2050. The ratio between per capita health spending in high-income and low-income countries was 130·2 (122·9–136·9) in 2016 and is projected to remain at similar levels in 2050 (125·9 [113·7–138·1]). The decomposition analysis identified governments' increased prioritisation of the health sector and economic development as the strongest factors associated with increases in government health spending globally. Future government health spending scenarios suggest that, with greater prioritisation of the health sector and increased government spending, health spending per capita could more than double, with greater impacts in countries that currently have the lowest levels of government health spending. Interpretation Financing for global health has increased steadily over the past two decades and is projected to continue increasing in the future, although at a slower pace of growth and with persistent disparities in per-capita health spending between countries. Out-of-pocket spending is projected to remain substantial outside of high-income countries. Many low-income countries are expected to remain dependent on development assistance, although with greater government spending, larger investments in health are feasible. In the absence of sustained new investments in health, increasing efficiency in health spending is essential to meet global health targets.

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :행정대학원 글로벌행정전공,2019. 8. 구민교. ; Discussions on'state capitalism'became more controversial in 21 century with the rise of emerging countries such as China and India. Since Hall and Soskice first presented two types of capitalism such as liberal market economies (LMEs) and coordinated market economies (CMEs), other studies tried to extend the debates beyond Western Europe and Northern America, and the role of 'states'became important to determine the types of capitalism. Though many theories argued that state capitalism is likely to lead to inefficiency by focusing on social objectives or political gain, institution-based view see that the SOEs performance will vary depending on country-specific features. US and other western developed countries are trying to formulate SOE rules through the international trade agreements such as the CPTPP, the TTIP and the UNMCA as the response to this phenomenon. Korea is expected to be a member of new agreements in the future. The new agreements are not"illegalizing"SOEs but require each government to ensure SOEs to compete on the same basis as private firms. Some countries with strong SOEs such as China and India do not agree on these rules as they see the SOE policies are the matters of economic sovereignty. However, as a member of OECD and a close economic and political partner of the US, Korea cannot ignore the formation of SOE rules in the trade agreements. Fifty five public institutions in Korea are possibly to be categorized as"SOEs", and diverse forms of government's favoritism such as financial contribution, government's indirect guarantee and tax exemption are likely to be regarded as"NCA" under the new rules. Whether those government's support will cause adverse effects on other countries will depend on whether those SOEs are competing in the global goods and services markets and whether they obtained advantages due to the assistances. Having SOEs will not prevent Korea from joining the CPTPP, but some reforms of its SOEs will be needed to conform to the SOE rules in this trade agreement. As to the direction of reform, Korea should focus on three things. First, the government should establish a new accounting system for SOEs, which separates commercial activities that are disciplined by the SOE rules and non-commercial activities, as the OECD Guidelines suggest. This will ensure that there is no cross-subsidization between those two activities. Second, the government should reduce the SOEs' role in foreign markets, as Japan did in the energy sector. Third, the government should reduce or eliminate financial support to SOEs, especially in areas where they compete with private companies. ; 이전 시대부터 등장하였던 국가 자본주의 (State Capitalism)는 중국, 인도 등 신흥경제국 성장으로 21세기 들어 더욱 주목받고 있다. Hall과 Soskice는 자유시장경제 (LMEs)와 조정시장경제 (CMEs)로 "자본주의의 다양성" 모델을 제기하였는데, 국가의 역할을 새롭게 조명하면서 자본주의 논의를 서유럽과 북미 이외의 지역으로 넓히고자 하는 시도는 지속되어왔다. 국가자본주의가 사회적 목적이나 정치적 목적을 달성하기위해 비효율적인 체제로 이를 것이라고 보는 견해가 있으나, 제도주의 (institution-based view) 입장에서는 그 성과를 획일적으로 볼 수는 있으며 국가별로 다른 조건에 따라 달라질 수 있다고 본다. 미국을 비롯한 서구 선진국들은 CPTPP, TTIP, UNMCA 등 새로운 무역협정을 통해 국영기업에 대한 규범을 형성하며 이를 견제하고자 노력하고 있다. 새로운 규범은 국영기업을 금지하지는 않으나, 국영기업이 민간 기업과 동등한 조건에서 경쟁하도록 규율한다. 중국, 인도 등 강한 국영기업을 가진 나라들은 이러한 규범에 동의하지 않고 국가 경제 주권의 문제라고 주장한다. 그러나 OECD 회원국이자 미국의 가까운 정치적, 경제적 파트너로서 한국은 국영기업 규범을 무시할 수 없는 실정이다. CPTPP 국영기업 챕터에 따라 분석한 결과 55개의 공공기관이 "국영기업" 정의에 해당할 가능성이 있으며, 정부가 제공하고 있는 자금 지원, 간접적 정부 보증, 세제 혜택 등이 "비상업적 지원"에 해당할 수 있다. 이러한 지원이 다른 국가에게 "부정적 영향"을 주었는지 여부는, 각 국영기업이 경쟁하고 있는 재화 및 서비스 시장과 이러한 지원을 통한 실질적 혜택 여부에 따라 판단하게 될 것이다. 국영기업을 보유하고 있는 것 자체가 CPTPP 등 국제협정에 가입하는 것을 막는 것은 아니나, 향후 이를 대비한 국내 제도 정비가 바람직한 것으로 보인다. 이를 위해 국영기업 내 상업적/비상업적 (공공목적) 활동에 대한 회계를 분리하고, 해외에서 타기업과 경쟁하는 분야의 국영기업 역할을 축소하고, 상업적 활동에 대한 정부 지원을 줄여가는 것이 적절한 방향이 될 것이다. ; Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Study Background 1 1.2. Purpose of Researh and Methods 8 1.3. Literature Review 13 Chapter 2. Theories on SOE behavior and State capitalism 19 2.1. State Capitalism as a Type of Capitalism 19 2.2. Theories on SOE and State Capitalism 23 Chapter 3. Multilateral Trade Rules on SOEs 31 3.1. Non-binding Rules: Competitive Neutrality 31 3.2. SOE rules under the WTO and Previous RTAs 33 Chapter 4. SOE rules in Recent Trade Agreements 39 4.1. Background and overview 39 4.2. Analysis of main Elements 40 Chapter 5. Analysis of Korean SOEs 48 5.1. Previous Policies on SOEs in Korea 48 5.2. Identifying SOEs in Korea 50 5.3. Analysis of SOE activities 55 5.4. Cases: KNOC and KOGAS 64 5.5. Singapore and Japans SOEs and Policy implication to the Korea 78 Chapter 6. Conclusion 86 Annex. Identification of Korean SOEs 89 Bibliography 92 Abstract in Korean 95 ; Master

BACKGROUND: Comprehensive and comparable estimates of health spending in each country are a key input for health policy and planning, and are necessary to support the achievement of national and international health goals. Previous studies have tracked past and projected future health spending until 2040 and shown that, with economic development, countries tend to spend more on health per capita, with a decreasing share of spending from development assistance and out-of-pocket sources. We aimed to characterise the past, present, and predicted future of global health spending, with an emphasis on equity in spending across countries. METHODS: We estimated domestic health spending for 195 countries and territories from 1995 to 2016, split into three categories-government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private health spending-and estimated development assistance for health (DAH) from 1990 to 2018. We estimated future scenarios of health spending using an ensemble of linear mixed-effects models with time series specifications to project domestic health spending from 2017 through 2050 and DAH from 2019 through 2050. Data were extracted from a broad set of sources tracking health spending and revenue, and were standardised and converted to inflation-adjusted 2018 US dollars. Incomplete or low-quality data were modelled and uncertainty was estimated, leading to a complete data series of total, government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending, and DAH. Estimates are reported in 2018 US dollars, 2018 purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars, and as a percentage of gross domestic product. We used demographic decomposition methods to assess a set of factors associated with changes in government health spending between 1995 and 2016 and to examine evidence to support the theory of the health financing transition. We projected two alternative future scenarios based on higher government health spending to assess the potential ability of governments to generate more resources for health. FINDINGS: Between 1995 and 2016, health spending grew at a rate of 4·00% (95% uncertainty interval 3·89-4·12) annually, although it grew slower in per capita terms (2·72% [2·61-2·84]) and increased by less than $1 per capita over this period in 22 of 195 countries. The highest annual growth rates in per capita health spending were observed in upper-middle-income countries (5·55% [5·18-5·95]), mainly due to growth in government health spending, and in lower-middle-income countries (3·71% [3·10-4·34]), mainly from DAH. Health spending globally reached $8·0 trillion (7·8-8·1) in 2016 (comprising 8·6% [8·4-8·7] of the global economy and $10·3 trillion [10·1-10·6] in purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars), with a per capita spending of US$5252 (5184-5319) in high-income countries, $491 (461-524) in upper-middle-income countries, $81 (74-89) in lower-middle-income countries, and $40 (38-43) in low-income countries. In 2016, 0·4% (0·3-0·4) of health spending globally was in low-income countries, despite these countries comprising 10·0% of the global population. In 2018, the largest proportion of DAH targeted HIV/AIDS ($9·5 billion, 24·3% of total DAH), although spending on other infectious diseases (excluding tuberculosis and malaria) grew fastest from 2010 to 2018 (6·27% per year). The leading sources of DAH were the USA and private philanthropy (excluding corporate donations and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation). For the first time, we included estimates of China's contribution to DAH ($644·7 million in 2018). Globally, health spending is projected to increase to $15·0 trillion (14·0-16·0) by 2050 (reaching 9·4% [7·6-11·3] of the global economy and $21·3 trillion [19·8-23·1] in purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars), but at a lower growth rate of 1·84% (1·68-2·02) annually, and with continuing disparities in spending between countries. In 2050, we estimate that 0·6% (0·6-0·7) of health spending will occur in currently low-income countries, despite these countries comprising an estimated 15·7% of the global population by 2050. The ratio between per capita health spending in high-income and low-income countries was 130·2 (122·9-136·9) in 2016 and is projected to remain at similar levels in 2050 (125·9 [113·7-138·1]). The decomposition analysis identified governments' increased prioritisation of the health sector and economic development as the strongest factors associated with increases in government health spending globally. Future government health spending scenarios suggest that, with greater prioritisation of the health sector and increased government spending, health spending per capita could more than double, with greater impacts in countries that currently have the lowest levels of government health spending. INTERPRETATION: Financing for global health has increased steadily over the past two decades and is projected to continue increasing in the future, although at a slower pace of growth and with persistent disparities in per-capita health spending between countries. Out-of-pocket spending is projected to remain substantial outside of high-income countries. Many low-income countries are expected to remain dependent on development assistance, although with greater government spending, larger investments in health are feasible. In the absence of sustained new investments in health, increasing efficiency in health spending is essential to meet global health targets. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. ; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation ; Sí

Introduction: Genetic counselling is an increasingly current subject area especially its branch of oncogenetics due to the prevalence of hereditary neoplastic syndromes. The scientific and technological evolution associated with this matter has made genetic testing available to the population, increasing the need and importance of introducing genetic counselling into the national health system (NHS) for appropriate guidance and support of patients and their families. However, this is still an area with little visibility and awareness by other medical professionals, which translates as few specialised professionals, and therefore, scarce specialised services. This portrays that the awareness for the inclusion of these services within the national health system (NHS) is present, however, there are still barriers that need to be overcome to fully reach all the patients and families in need. Objective: The main objective of this study is to understand how Portugal has developed its genetic counselling practice and how it is organised at a national level. As secondary objectives this review aims to Identify development of genetic counselling in Portugal, and how it has been able to reach all the patients and families in need of these services, identify new opportunities for development and enhancement of genetic counselling practice in Portugal and compare genetic counselling practice in Portugal with other European countries, through a descriptive literature review. Methods: Research of scientific articles in the Pubmed, ResearchOnly, Google Scholar and UpToDate databases, and use of bibliographic references. Results: Portugal has initiated this introduction by creating a master's degree, having legislation related to the subject, having developed guidelines and recommendation for oncogenetic patients, and by having a national association of genetic counsellors (APPAcGen), as well as be part of international associations, such as the European Society of Human Genetics. Genetic counselling is integrated into some medical services and is part of the medical practice in Portugal, however, there is still a lack of specialised professionals and integration of these in multidisciplinary teams within the NHS. Conclusion: Portugal has initiated the development of this area within its services, however, as it still is an unrecognised medical profession, its inclusion within the NHS is hard and has shown to have many barriers. At a European level, Portugal is heading the right direction, accompanying many other European countries in the development of this subject area. ; Introdução: Aconselhamento genético é uma área cada vez mais presente, especialmente o ramo de oncogenética devido à prevalência das síndromes neoplásicos hereditários. Dado o desenvolvimento de técnicas de identificação e diagnóstico de variantes patogénicas, levou a que mais utentes e as suas famílias tivessem ao seu dispor testes genéticos. Neste sentido, a introdução de aconselhamento genético (AG) nos serviços de saúde tornou-se imprescindível para que os utentes e suas famílias que passam por este processo possam ter algum acompanhamento especializado que os ajude a nível psicológico, social, pessoal e profissional durante todo o processo. Em Portugal, a especialidade de Genética Médica foi reconhecida pela Ordem dos Médicos em 1998, disponibilizando desde essa data a consulta de AG a todos os utentes, não obstante, esta continua a ser uma área com pouca visibilidade e conhecimento por parte da população médica, assim como da população em geral. Objetivos: O objetivo principal desta revisão é perceber a organização dos serviços de AG na área oncológica em Portugal, quais as organizações e recomendações existentes. Compreender a envolvência desta temática no SNS, e a sua participação a nível europeu. Métodos: Pesquisa bibliográfica na base de dados Pubmed, ResearchOnly, UptoDate e Google Scholar. Uso de referências bibliográficas de artigos selecionados, como também o uso de livros e jornais indexados, relacionados com a temática da dissertação. Resultados: Portugal encontra-se numa fase de desenvolvimento, com legislação publicada referente a testes genéticos e AG. Iniciou também um mestrado profissionalizante nesta área, de maneira a aumentar a formação que é escassa. Portugal faz parte de associações europeias que visam desenvolver diretrizes consensuais a nível internacional, como também tem uma associação de profissionais de AG a nível nacional (APPAcGen). Esta associação engloba todos os aspetos de AG, como a organização dos serviços no SNS, critérios de referência dos utentes, entre outras informações relevantes tanto para profissionais de saúde como para a população em geral. Na área de oncogenética, o facto de no SNS haver hospitais oncológicos levou a que esta área fosse desenvolvida e fosse criado guias de orientação terapêutica para estes pacientes e suas famílias. Estes guias ajudam os profissionais de saúde a referenciar os pacientes quando necessário, como também a identificar a necessidade de AG para estes casos. Existe neste momentos alguns serviços com AG integrado, porém continua a ser escasso e pouco suficiente para toda a população que necessita destes cuidados. Conclusão: Em Portugal, diferente do que acontece em outros países europeus, o AG é da responsabilidade do médico geneticista e não de um técnico de AG. Há um grande desconhecimento no que concerne a esta área quer pela população em geral, quer pelos próprios profissionais de saúde, como uma necessidade cada vez maior de ter equipas multidisciplinares nesta área.

We present the calibration and reduction of Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) 1.3 mm radio wavelength observations of the supermassive black hole candidate at the center of the radio galaxy M87 and the quasar 3C 279, taken during the 2017 April 5-11 observing campaign. These global very long baseline interferometric observations include for the first time the highly sensitive Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA); reaching an angular resolution of 25 mu as, with characteristic sensitivity limits of similar to 1 mJy on baselines to ALMA and similar to 10 mJy on other baselines. The observations present challenges for existing data processing tools, arising from the rapid atmospheric phase fluctuations, wide recording bandwidth, and highly heterogeneous array. In response, we developed three independent pipelines for phase calibration and fringe detection, each tailored to the specific needs of the EHT. The final data products include calibrated total intensity amplitude and phase information. They are validated through a series of quality assurance tests that show consistency across pipelines and set limits on baseline systematic errors of 2% in amplitude and 1 degrees in phase. The M87 data reveal the presence of two nulls in correlated flux density at similar to 3.4 and similar to 8.3 G lambda and temporal evolution in closure quantities, indicating intrinsic variability of compact structure on a. timescale of days, or several light-crossing times for a. few billion solar-mass black hole. These measurements provide the first opportunity to image horizon-scale structure in M87. ; Academy of Finland [274477, 284495, 312496]; European Commission Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action [731016]; Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University through John Templeton Foundation [60477]; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT, Chile) [PIA ACT172033, Fondecyt 1171506, BASAL AFB-170002, ALMA-conicyt 31140007]; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico) [104497, 275201, 279006, 281692]; Direccion General de Asuntos del Personal Academico-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (DGAPA-UNAM) [IN112417]; European Research Council Synergy Grant "BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes" [610058]; Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant [APOSTD/2018/177]; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation [GBMF 947, GBMF-3561, GBMF-5278]; Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) [JP17J08829]; JSPS Overseas Research Fellowships; Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) [QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJ-SSW-SYS008]; Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI [18KK0090, JP18K13594, JP18K03656, JP18H03721, 18K03709, 18H01245, 25120007]; MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan [105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 106-2112-M-001-011, 106-2119-M-001-027, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107-2119-M-001-020, 107-2119-M-110-005]; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) [80NSSC17K0649]; National Key Research and Development Program of China [2016YFA0400704, 2016YFA0 400702]; National Science Foundation (NSF) [AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST-0521233, AST-0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST-1126433, AST-1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST-1207730]; Natural Science Foundation of China [11573051, 11633006, 11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11873028, 11873073, U1531245, 11473010]; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC); National Research Foundation of Korea [2015-R1D1A1A01056807, NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, NRF-2015H1D3A1066561]; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award [639.043.513]; Spinoza Prize [SPI 78-409]; Swedish Research Council [2017-00648]; Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada; Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development, Job Creation and Trade; Russian Science Foundation [17-12-01029]; Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad [AYA2015-63939-C2-1-P, AYA2016-80889-P]; US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory [89233218CNA000001]; Italian Ministero dell'Istruzione Universita e Ricerca through the grant Progetti Premiali 2012-iALMA [CUP C52I13000140001]; ALMA North America Development Fund; NSF [ACI-1548562, DBI-0735191, DBI-1265383, DBI-1743442]; Smithsonian Institution; Academia Sinica; National Key R&D Program of China [2017YFA0402700]; Science and Technologies Facility Council (UK); CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France); MPG(Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Germany); IGN (Instituto Geografico Nacional, Spain); State of Arizona; NSF Physics Frontier Center award [PHY-0114422]; Kavli Foundation; National Science Foundation [PLR-1248097]; NSF Physics Frontier Center [PHY-1125897]; Jansky Fellowship program of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) of South Africa; State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award [SEV-2017-0709]; European Union' s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme [730562 RadioNet]; GBMF [GBMF-947]; Compute Ontario; Calcul Quebec; Compute Canada; NSF; CyVerse; [Chandra TM6-17006X]; [AST-1207752]; [MRI-1228509]; [OPP-1248097]; [AST-1310896]; [AST-1312651]; [AST-1337663]; [AST-1440254]; [AST-1555365]; [AST-1715061]; [AST-1615796]; [AST-1716327]; [OISE-1743747]; [AST-1816420]; [AST-1614868] ; This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at repository@u.library.arizona.edu.

We present measurements of the properties of the central radio source in M87 using Event Horizon Telescope data obtained during the 2017 campaign. We develop and fit geometric crescent models (asymmetric rings with interior brightness depressions) using two independent sampling algorithms that consider distinct representations of the visibility data. We show that the crescent family of models is statistically preferred over other comparably complex geometric models that we explore. We calibrate the geometric model parameters using general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) models of the emission region and estimate physical properties of the source. We further fit images generated from GRMHD models directly to the data. We compare the derived emission region and black hole parameters from these analyses with those recovered from reconstructed images. There is a remarkable consistency among all methods and data sets. We find that >50% of the total flux at arcsecond scales comes from near the horizon, and that the emission is dramatically suppressed interior to this region by a factor >10, providing direct evidence of the predicted shadow of a black hole. Across all methods, we measure a crescent diameter of 42 +/- 3 mu as and constrain its fractional width to be <0.5. Associating the crescent feature with the emission surrounding the black hole shadow, we infer an angular gravitational radius of GM/Dc(2) = 3.8 +/- 0.4 mu as. Folding in a distance measurement of 16.8(-0.7)(+0.8) gives a black hole mass of M = 6.5. 0.2 vertical bar(stat) +/- 0.7 vertical bar(sys) x 10(9) M-circle dot. This measurement from lensed emission near the event horizon is consistent with the presence of a central Kerr black hole, as predicted by the general theory of relativity. ; Academy of Finland [274477, 284495, 312496]; European Commission Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action [731016]; Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University through John Templeton Foundation [60477]; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT, Chile) [PIA ACT172033, Fondecyt 1171506, BASAL AFB-170002, ALMA-conicyt 31140007]; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico) [104497, 275201, 279006, 281692]; Direccion General de Asuntos del Personal Academico-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (DGAPA-UNAM) [IN112417]; European Research Council Synergy Grant "BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes" [610058]; Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant [APOSTD/2018/177]; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation [GBMF 947, GBMF-3561, GBMF-5278]; Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) [JP17J08829]; JSPS Overseas Research Fellowships; Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) [QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJ-SSW-SYS008]; Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI [18KK0090, JP18K13594, JP18K03656, JP18H03721, 18K03709, 18H01245, 25120007]; MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan [105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 106-2112-M-001-011, 106-2119-M-001-027, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107-2119-M-001-020, 107-2119-M-110-005]; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) [80NSSC17K0649]; National Key Research and Development Program of China [2016YFA0400704, 2016YFA0400702]; National Science Foundation (NSF) [AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST-0521233, AST-0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST-1126433, AST-1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST-1207730, AST-1207752, MRI-1228509]; Natural Science Foundation of China [11573051, 11633006, 11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11873028, 11873073, U1531245, 11473010]; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC); National Research Foundation of Korea [2015-R1D1A1A01056807, NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, NRF-2015H1D3A1066561]; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award [639.043.513]; Spinoza Prize [SPI 78-409]; Swedish Research Council [2017-00648]; Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada; Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development, Job Creation and Trade; Russian Science Foundation [17-12-01029]; Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad [AYA2015-63939-C2-1-P, AYA2016-80889-P]; US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory [89233218CNA000001]; Italian Ministero dell'Istruzione Universita e Ricerca through the grant Progetti Premiali 2012-iALMA [CUP C52I13000140001]; ALMA North America Development Fund; NSF [DBI-0735191, DBI-1265383, DBI-1743442, ACI-1548562]; Smithsonian Institution; Academia Sinica; National Key R&D Program of China [2017YFA0402700]; Science and Technologies Facility Council (UK); CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France); MPG (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Germany); IGN (Instituto Geografico Nacional, Spain); State of Arizona; NSF Physics Frontier Center award [PHY-0114422]; Kavli Foundation; National Science Foundation [PLR-1248097]; NSF Physics Frontier Center [PHY-1125897]; South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) of South Africa; Compute Ontario; Calcul Quebec; Compute Canada; NSF; GBMF [GBMF-947]; CyVerse; [OPP-1248097]; [AST-1310896]; [AST-1312651]; [AST-1337663]; [AST-1440254]; [AST-1555365]; [AST-1715061]; [AST-1614868]; [AST-1615796]; [AST-1716327]; [OISE-1743747]; [AST-1816420] ; This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at repository@u.library.arizona.edu.

Background Comprehensive and comparable estimates of health spending in each country are a key input for health policy and planning, and are necessary to support the achievement of national and international health goals. Previous studies have tracked past and projected future health spending until 2040 and shown that, with economic development, countries tend to spend more on health per capita, with a decreasing share of spending from development assistance and out-of-pocket sources. We aimed to characterise the past, present, and predicted future of global health spending, with an emphasis on equity in spending across countries. Methods We estimated domestic health spending for 195 countries and territories from 1995 to 2016, split into three categories-government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private health spending-and estimated development assistance for health (DAH) from 1990 to 2018. We estimated future scenarios of health spending using an ensemble of linear mixed-effects models with time series specifications to project domestic health spending from 2017 through 2050 and DAH from 2019 through 2050. Data were extracted from a broad set of sources tracking health spending and revenue, and were standardised and converted to inflation-adjusted 2018 US dollars. Incomplete or low-quality data were modelled and uncertainty was estimated, leading to a complete data series of total, government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending, and DAH. Estimates are reported in 2018 US dollars, 2018 purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars, and as a percentage of gross domestic product. We used demographic decomposition methods to assess a set of factors associated with changes in government health spending between 1995 and 2016 and to examine evidence to support the theory of the health financing transition. We projected two alternative future scenarios based on higher government health spending to assess the potential ability of governments to generate more resources for health. Findings Between 1995 and 2016, health spending grew at a rate of 4.00% (95% uncertainty interval 3.89-4.12) annually, although it grew slower in per capita terms (2.72% [2.61-2.84]) and increased by less than $ 1 per capita over this period in 22 of 195 countries. The highest annual growth rates in per capita health spending were observed in upper-middle-income countries (5.55% [5.18-5.95]), mainly due to growth in government health spending, and in lower-middle-income countries (3.71% [3.10-4.34]), mainly from DAH. Health spending globally reached $ 8.0 trillion (7.8-8.1) in 2016 (comprising 8.6% [8.4-8.7] of the global economy and $ 10.3 trillion [10.1-10.6] in purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars), with a per capita spending of US$ 5252 (5184-5319) in high-income countries, $ 491 (461-524) in upper-middle-income countries, $ 81 (74-89) in lower-middle-income countries, and $ 40 (38-43) in low-income countries. In 2016, 0.4% (0.3-0.4) of health spending globally was in low-income countries, despite these countries comprising 10.0% of the global population. In 2018, the largest proportion of DAH targeted HIV/AIDS ($ 9.5 billion, 24.3% of total DAH), although spending on other infectious diseases (excluding tuberculosis and malaria) grew fastest from 2010 to 2018 (6.27% per year). The leading sources of DAH were the USA and private philanthropy (excluding corporate donations and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation). For the first time, we included estimates of China's contribution to DAH ($ 644.7 million in 2018). Globally, health spending is projected to increase to $ 15.0 trillion (14.0-16.0) by 2050 (reaching 9.4% [7.6-11.3] of the global economy and $ 21.3 trillion [19.8-23.1] in purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars), but at a lower growth rate of 1.84% (1.68-2.02) annually, and with continuing disparities in spending between countries. In 2050, we estimate that 0.6% (0.6-0.7) of health spending will occur in currently low-income countries, despite these countries comprising an estimated 15.7% of the global population by 2050. The ratio between per capita health spending in high-income and low-income countries was 130.2 (122.9-136.9) in 2016 and is projected to remain at similar levels in 2050 (125.9 [113.7-138.1]). The decomposition analysis identified governments' increased prioritisation of the health sector and economic development as the strongest factors associated with increases in government health spending globally. Future government health spending scenarios suggest that, with greater prioritisation of the health sector and increased government spending, health spending per capita could more than double, with greater impacts in countries that currently have the lowest levels of government health spending. Interpretation Financing for global health has increased steadily over the past two decades and is projected to continue increasing in the future, although at a slower pace of growth and with persistent disparities in per-capita health spending between countries. Out-of-pocket spending is projected to remain substantial outside of high-income countries. Many low-income countries are expected to remain dependent on development assistance, although with greater government spending, larger investments in health are feasible. In the absence of sustained new investments in health, increasing efficiency in health spending is essential to meet global health targets. ; Peer reviewed

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :국제대학원 국제학과(국제지역학전공),2019. 8. Sheen, Seong-Ho. ; 개발원조는 외교 정책을 수행하는 데 있어 중요한 도구 중 하나이므로 이는 공여국과 수원국의 국가이익, 외교전략 및 국가비전을 뚜렷하게 드러낸다. 동남아시아에서 미국과 중국의 원조 경쟁이 점점 치열해지고 있는 가운데, 점차 떠오르는 중국의 저우추취(走出去)전략에 있어, 미국은 공여국의 지배적인 위치를 점하지 못하고 있다. 동남아는 미국의 아시아 태평양 지역전략의 중추적인 위치에 놓여있고, 중국의 인접지역 이므로, 미 - 중의 경제와 안보에 밀접히 연관된 지역이다. 동남아시아의 지정학적 특성상 미 - 중 양국이 자신의 국가이익을 수호하고자 개발원조의 수단으로 지역 세력균형을 유지하기 위해 양국의 경쟁이 이 지역에서 펼쳐지고 있다. 본 논문은 캄보디아와 필리핀 두 지역을 사례로 아래의 두 연구 목적을 달성하고자 한다: 1) 21 세기에 중국과 미국이 캄보디아와 필리핀에 제공 한 개발원조에 초점을 맞추어, 성격이 다른 두 개의 개발원조 및 수원국의 반응의 유사점과 차이점을 비교하고자 한다. 2) 개발원조의 관점에서 캄보디아와 필리핀이 미국과 중국 사이에서 망설이는 이유를 설명하고자 한다. 물론, 캄보디아는 중국과 냉전이후부터 이어진 전통적 우호관계에 있는 국가이고, 필리핀은 미국의 동맹국으로서 아세안국가에서 가장 많은 군사적원조를 받고, 미국의 의제에 굳건히 따르는 나라이므로, 두 나라는 아세안 국가에서 서로 정반대의 입장을 취하고 있는 나라라고 할 수 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 21세기 초부터, 특히 중국이 '일대일로' 사업을 추진하고 난 후, 양국은 미국을 점차 멀리하고 중국의 개발원조에 관심을 갖기 시작했고, 이는 양국의 외교정책이 변화하고 있음을 시사한다. 개발원조를 기점으로, 동남아시아 지역의 세력균형이 변화되고 있는 모습을 발견할 수 있다. 본 논문은 공여국과 수원국의 시각에서 이 현상에 대해 설명하고자 하며, 이는 국가이익의 변동, 미 – 중이 제공하는 개발원조의 차이, 그리고 캄보디아와 필리핀의 국가 지도자 자체가 두 강대국에 대한 태도의 변화로 이어졌다고 주장하는 바이다. ; Foreign aid has always been one of the most important tools in implementing foreign policy, and offers a distinct perspective to observe one's national interests, foreign strategy and objective, either for the donors or the receivers. With China's rising and its implementation of going out policy, U.S. can no longer keep its position as the dominant donor around the world. Especially when we come to the area of Southeast Asia, one of the most important strategic region for U.S. as a pillar in Asia-Pacific and for China as key neighborhood both in economic and security, the competition of foreign aid has become much more intense in order to achieve one's own national interests as well as trip each other in balancing of power. This article selects Cambodia and the Philippines as two targeting cases, trying to achieve two purposes, 1) focus on the foreign aid provided by China and the United States to Cambodia and the Philippines in the 21st century, trying to compare the similarities and differences between the two-different kind of foreign aid and the responses of recipient countries; 2) explain Cambodia and Philippine's swing between U.S. and China through the perspective of foreign aid. Cambodia has been a traditional ally of China since the Cold War, while the Philippines act as the traditional security ally of the United States who receive the most U.S. military assistance in ASEAN and always been firmly following the U.S. in the international agenda. Through the whole research, although Cambodia and the Philippines can be two different types of country representing ASEAN in playing between U.S. and China, as they always show opposite stands towards China and U.S. in ASEAN, however, since the beginning of the 21st century, especially since China proposed the Belt and Road Initiative policy, both the two countries show a tendency to drift apart from the United States but approach China in terms of foreign aid, which can be seen as a symptom for their changes of foreign policy. Taking foreign aid as an entry point, we can see the direction of power balancing changes in the southeast Asia region. This article tries to explain this interesting phenomenon through both of the perspective of the donors and the recipients. I argue that it is the national interest changes, the different features between the foreign aid offered by China and U.S., as well as the national leader themselves led to their different attitudes towards two great powers. ; Chapter I Introduction 2 1. Background of the study 2 2. Literature review 5 3. Methodology 9 Chapter II The Foreign Aid from U.S. and China 12 1. Definition of foreign aid 12 2. Comparison between U.S. and China offering foreign aid 16 3. The history of foreign aid in ASEAN from U.S. 21 4. The history of foreign aid in ASEAN from China 26 Chapter III Foreign Aid to Cambodia since 21th Century 29 1. Change of foreign aid from U.S. and China 29 2. Comparison of foreign aid between U.S. and China 31 3. Cambodias changing attitudes between U.S. and China 40 Chapter IV Foreign Aid to the Philippines since 21th Century 45 1. Change of foreign aid from U.S. and China 45 2. Comparison of foreign aid between U.S. and China 47 3. The Philippines changing attitudes between U.S. and China 53 Chapter V Conclusion 58 Bibliography 61 ; Master