Suchergebnisse

Entre le 30 octobre 2014 et le 15 février 2016, des pilotes de chasse des avions CF-18 ont procédé à 251 frappes aériennes contre des cibles en Irak et en Syrie pour soutenir la campagne aérienne de la coalition internationale, Opération IMPACT. Vulnérables à une combinaison de facteurs de stress uniques associés aux combats air-sol, les pilotes de chasse ont également été exposés à des accusations portées contre eux par les médias canadiens qui remettaient en question leur intégrité morale à cause de violences commises contre des victimes civiles. Aucune recherche à ce jour n'a été menée spécifiquement sur les expériences de combat des pilotes de chasse et les conséquences de ces expériences sur leur bien-être. Située au carrefour des sciences humaines et de la théologie, notre enquête a été guidée par la question de recherche suivante : Quelles réflexions sur les expériences de combat air-sol des pilotes de chasse canadiens aideraient les intervenants militaires à prendre des décisions qui contribueraient au bien-être des pilotes alors que ceux-ci se préparent au combat et participent à de futures campagnes aériennes ? L'approche de recherche. Le chercheur, un aumônier militaire, a interviewé six pilotes de chasse des avions CF-18 stationnés à la base des Forces canadiennes de Bagotville qui ont participé à l'opération IMPACT. Six entretiens avec ces pilotes sont devenus le corpus des pilotes. En utilisant une approche qui relève de la phénoménologie et se situe dans la tradition de la recherche qualitative, le sens attribué par les pilotes à leur expérience de combat a été analysé d'abord au moyen d'une lecture empathique, puis au moyen d'une lecture critique du corpus des entrevues. À partir de cette analyse, le stress et le diptyque honneur / honte ont été identifiés, respectivement, comme les phénomènes clés pour l'interprétation des expériences vécues de ces pilotes. Puisque le stress et l'honneur / la honte sont des expériences communes à toute l'humanité, la compréhension de ces phénomènes s'est enrichie grâce à l'analyse d'un corpus littéraire théologique appartenant au passé. Le corpus des évangiles, composé des quatre évangiles du canon du Nouveau Testament, fournit un récit illustrant la vie et la vision du monde de Jésus-Christ et d'autres personnages bibliques. Des exemples de phénomènes de stress et d'honneur/ honte ont été identifiés dans le corpus des évangiles et interprétés selon une approche textuelle, sociologique et basée sur l'expérience. Par la suite, deux épisodes spécifiques de l'évangile de Luc, Luc 7. 36 à 50 et Luc 15. 11 à 32, ont été analysés plus en profondeur. Conclusions. À partir de l'analyse du corpus pilote et du corpus théologique, nous avons tenté d'établir un dialogue interprétatif entre les sciences humaines et la tradition chrétienne. Suite à cette discussion, notre compréhension de l'expérience des phénomènes de l'honneur et de la honte par des personnages bibliques a été enrichie. De plus, nous avons pu formuler des recommandations en vue de la création de politiques et de pratiques qui pourraient améliorer le bien-être des pilotes de chasse alors qu'ils se préparent au combat et participent à de futures campagnes aériennes. ; Between 30 October 2014 and 15 February 2016, CF-18 fighter pilots conducted 251 air strikes over Iraq and Syria in support of the coalition air campaign Operation IMPACT. Vulnerable to a combination of unique stressors associated with air-to-ground combat, fighterpilots were also exposed to Canadian media accusations of moral violations resulting from civilian casualties. No research to date has been conducted specifically on combat experiences and the well-being of active fighter pilots. Situated at the crossroads of human sciences and theology, this inquiry is guided by the following research question: What theological insights into Canadian fighter pilot air-to-ground combat experiences would help military stakeholders make decisions contributing to pilot well-being as pilots prepare for and participate in future air campaigns? Research Approach. The researcher, a military chaplain, interviewed six CF-18 fighter pilots stationed at Canadian Forces Base Bagotville who supported Operation IMPACT. Six transcribed pilot interviews became the pilot corpus analyzed for this inquiry. Using a multi-method approach within the phenomenological genre of the qualitative research tradition, the meaning pilots attributed to their combat experience was analyzed first, by an empathic reading, then by a critical reading of the pilot corpus. From this analysis, stress and the diptych honour/shame were identified, respectively, as the key phenomena to interpreting pilot combat experiences. Since stress and honour/shame are universal to all humanity, an understanding of these phenomena was enriched through an analysis of a theological corpus of literature from the past. The gospel corpus, comprised of the four gospel accounts within the canon of the New Testament, provided an account of the life-world of Jesus Christ and other biblical characters. Examples of the phenomena of stress and honour/shame were identified in the gospel corpus and interpreted using a textual, sociological, and experiential orientation. Two specific episodes, Luke 7:36-50 and Luke 15:11-32, were then analyzed in more depth. Conclusions. From the analysis of the pilot corpus and the analysis of the gospel corpus, an interpretive dialogue between the human sciences and the Christian tradition was undertaken. As a result of this discussion, our understanding of honour/shame experienced by biblical characters is enriched. In addition, recommendations are offered to assist in the formulation of policies and practices that will improve the well-being of our CF-18 fighter pilots as they prepare for and participate in future air campaigns.

In this article the author considers Europe to be the result of the sedimentation of many united Europes, starting from the Roman and Carolingian empires, which provide a number of attempts at united Europes: the former with its centre in the south of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, the latter with its centre in northern Europe. From these attempts at least two Europes began, ultimately producing the present European Union (EU). The first united Europe was made up of a range of European states and was set up by the knightly, noble and feudal classes with the spread of similar styles, structures, religions (Chris-tianity) and powers. This was followed by a second united Europe based on nation-states and modern empires; fruit of the Enlightenment, it was formed in each one by the intellectual classes and then by the entrepreneurial, commercial and financial classes which characterised Europe until the First World War. The third united Europe is the one which emerged from new values – peace and the individual – and is legitimised by a civil society made up of organisations working upwards from the grass roots. Emerging from the aftermath of the Second World War, this third united Europe is still developing. For how long? For as long as possible, it is to be hoped. The second part of the article takes a long look at the future of this third united Europe, analysing four scenarios projected up to 2050. Starting from the present scenario, scenarios for the future are worked out. We can define them in the following ways: 1) the pure catastrophic scenario: it sees the disappearance of the United Europe or this becomes an empty shell; 2) the realistic catastrophic scenario: it sees the United Europe to become an entity in which internal asymmetrical relations take form, completely open towards the strong-est states and close enough (for the circulation and rules) towards the internal peripheral or smaller states or more little, operating a kind of colonialism; 3) the realistic ideal scenario: it sees that the United Europe keeps the "promises" made and the "premises" from which it is born, except that its member states are still strong and their "reserve of powers". Outwards the EU always remains and keeps the features of an International Organisation; 4) finally the pure ideal scenario: it sees the transformation of the EU in a federal state, in which the sovereignty of the federate state remains more and more soft so much that it disappears, at least in the aspects of general coordination and of the management of the EU general policies. The discussion of the four scenarios verifies which of them will be carried out in the future: after 10 years, 20 years, 30 years. 40 years. It is more likely that the fifth scenario occurs, that is a scenario that collects elements from each of the scenarios considered before and it assumes a further configuration with respect to those are forecast. ; Nell'articolo l'autore interpreta l'Europa come sedimentazione di tante Euro-pe Unite a cominciare dall'Impero Romano e dall'Impero Carolingio, che riguardano alcune prove di Europe Unite: la prima con il centro nella parte sud Europa, il Medio Oriente e il nord Africa, e la seconda con il centro nel nord Europa. Da queste prove sono partite almeno due Europe, che si sono succedute fino a sfociare nell'attuale Unione Europea (UE). La "prima Europa Unita" era articolata in tanti stati Europei ed è state creata dalle classi cavalleresche, nobiliari e feudali con la disseminazione di uguali stili, , regole. strutture, fede cristiana e poteri. A questa è succeduta una "seconda Europa Unita" basata su stati nazionali e imperi moderni e creata dall'Illuminismo, e dalle relative classi intellettuali, e poi da classi imprenditoriali, commerciali, finanziarie caratterizzanti l'Europa fino alla prima guerra mondiale. La "terza Europa Unita" è quella emersa da nuovi valori come l'individuo, la pace e legittimata da società civili formate da organizzazioni che dal basso elaborano tale nuova società europea. Questa terza Europa Unita è sorta dopo la, e dalla, seconda guerra mondiale, ed è tuttora in sviluppo. Fino a quando? Ovviamente ci si augura per un tempo indefinito. La seconda parte dell'articolo considera ampiamente il futuro di questa terza Europa Unita, e i suoi processi vengono considerati attraverso quattro scenari proiettati al 2050. Partendo dallo scenario attuale, gli scenari per il futuro possono essere i seguenti quattro: (1) lo scenario catastrofico puro: esso prevede la scomparsa della UE o questa diventa un guscio vuoto; (2) lo scenario catastrofico realistico: l'UE diventa un'entità nella quale le relazioni interne sono asimmetriche e prendono la forma completamente aperta verso gli stati più grandi e abbastanza vicini (per la circolazione e le regole) e verso gli stati più piccoli o quelli periferici interni, venendo così a realizzarsi forme di colonialismo; (3) lo scenario ideale realistico: l'UE mantiene le "promesse" dalle quali è nata, eccetto che gli stati membri sono ancora forti e con una loro "riserva di poteri". Esternamente l'UE conserva le caratteristiche di una Organizzazione Internazionale; (4) infine lo scenario ideale puro: la trasformazione dell'UE è uno stato federale entro il quale la sovranità del singolo stato federato diventa più o meno debole a tal punto da scomparire, almeno negli aspetti del coordi-namento generale e della gestione delle politiche generali dell'UE. La discussione dei quattro scenari verifica quelli di essi che saranno realizzati nel futuro: dopo 10 anni, dopo 20 anni, dopo 30 anni, dopo 40 anni. È più probabile che si realizzi il quinto scenario, in quanto scenario che raccoglie elementi da ciascuno dei quattro scenari già considerati, riassumendo una ulteriore configurazione delle cose già previste.

This dissertation is a monograph of the nongovernmental organisation (NGO) Doctors Without Borders (MSF). It is based on an ethnographic inquiry into the operations of this medical humanitarian NGO as they take place. Observing members of MSF providing healthcare to migrants in Paris and to inhabitants of a slum in Nairobi, evaluating and planning projects in their headquarters, we see them tinker together the sometimes-incompatible goals of a seemingly simple humanitarian mission: medical assistance to the vulnerable around the world. Our pragmatist approach consists in arguing that analysis of international aid must account for how humanitarians find a way to hold together the ambiguities, and even the contradictions, of this claimed mission in the ambivalent effects humanitarian aid in practice. To this end, we ask how MSF selects those it seeks to assist around the world. Our response entails close description of the instrumentation of triage: the problematic processes of elaborating and using tools that support the reflexive choice of beneficiaries around the globe. We then make three analytical gestures, allowing us to contribute to ongoing discussions in anthropology on global assemblages, global spaces, and global health. First, we show how the processes of bordering, territorializing, and scaling that triage instruments support, participate in producing humanitarian locations: humanitarian space, the field, medical platforms, and headquarters. Second, analysing the ways triage instruments script for those humanitarians claim to assist, we argue that MSF gains humanitarian agency in the ways it relates to humanitarian beneficiaries: the tact and tactics of care, the reciprocal recognition of beneficiaries in their need and of MSF's need to help, the acceptance of responsibility for this vulnerability coupled with an attempt to transfer responsibility to public health care systems. Third, accounting for these instruments in terms of humanitarian technologies of intervention, we demonstrate how MSF makes timely interventions into governing bodies and the bodies of the governed. Together, our description of aid as it takes place and our analysis of the problems associated with humanitarian locations, beneficiaries, and technologies of intervention constitute what we call MSF's humanitarian presence. This humanitarian presence indicates the ways MSF exists, in their global physical extension, in the health care they practice, in their nongovernmental politics and their ethics of attention. This concept supports critique by indicating, first, the multiple and incompatible goods that are to inhere in humanitarian aid, and second, those specific instances when MSF has failed to do so. ; Cette thèse constitue une monographie de l'organisation non gouvernementale Médecins Sans Frontières. Son matériel de base est une enquête ethnographique menée sur les opérations de cette ONG médicale humanitaire au moment même où elles se déroulent. En observant les membres de MSF en train de proposer des soins médicaux aux migrants dormant dans les rues à Paris ou aux habitants d'un bidonville à Nairobi, ou en train d'évaluer et de planifier leurs projets depuis le siège, nous les voyons bricoler pour faire tenir ensemble les objectifs parfois incompatibles d'une mission humanitaire en apparence simple : l'assistance médicale à des personnes vulnérables à travers le monde. Notre approche pragmatiste nous invite à prendre au sérieux dans l'analyse le fait que c'est l'aide humanitaire elle-même qui doit faire tenir ensemble en situation les ambiguïtés, les ambivalences ou même les contradictions d'une telle mission, tant dans ses projets et ses actions que dans ses effets ambivalents. Pour ce faire, nous nous sommes demandé comment procède MSF pour sélectionner celles et ceux qu'elle cherche à aider autour du monde. Pour répondre, nous avons produit une description fine de l'instrumentation du triage : les processus d'élaboration et l'usage des outils qui soutiennent le choix réflexif des bénéficiaires autour du globe. Nous proposons pour cela trois gestes analytiques, qui nous permettent de contribuer aux discussions actuelles sur la globalité en anthropologie : assemblages globaux, espaces globaux, santé globale. D'abord, nous montrons comment le tracé de frontières, de territoires, d'échelles que ces instruments de triage ne cessent de produire participe à la distribution de lieux humanitaires : l'espace humanitaire, le terrain, les plateformes médicales, le siège de MSF. Ensuite, en faisant porter l'analyse sur la façon dont les instruments de triage débouchent sur une mise en « scripts » ou en scénarios de ceux que les humanitaires prétendent aider, nous montrons comment MSF acquiert la capacité d'agir spécifiquement dans ses relations avec les bénéficiaires humanitaires : tact et tactiques du care, reconnaissance réciproque des bénéficiaires dans leur besoin d'aide et des humanitaires dans leur besoin d'aider, acceptabilité d'une responsabilité envers cette vulnérabilité associée dans le même temps à la tentative de transférer cette responsabilité vers des systèmes des santé publics. Enfin, en rendant compte de ces instruments en termes de technologies humanitaires d'intervention, nous mettons en évidence la façon dont MSF opère des interventions ponctuelles tant dans les organes de gouvernement que dans les corps des gouvernés. Notre description de l'aide en train de se faire et notre analyse des problèmes associés aux lieux, aux bénéficiaires et aux technologies d'intervention humanitaires constituent ce que nous appelons l'aide humanitaire au présent. Par aide humanitaire au présent, nous désignons les manières d'exister de MSF, son extension physique globale, les soins de santé qu'elle accomplit, sa politique non gouvernementale et son éthique de l'attention. Sur ce concept peut se soutenir une approche critique positive de l'aide humanitaire, considérant à la fois la pluralité et l'incompatibilité des bénéfices qu'elle est censée apporter, mais aussi les cas et les instances précis où MSF a échoué à les faire tenir ensemble.

Multi-body systems (MSs) are assemblies composed of multiple bodies (either rigid or structurally flexible) connected among each other by means of mechanical joints. In many engineering fields (such as aerospace, aeronautics, robotics, machinery, military weapons and bio-mechanics) a large number of systems (e.g. space robots, aircraft, terrestrial vehicles, industrial machinery, launching systems) can be included in this category. The dynamic characteristics and performance of such complex systems need to be accurately and rapidly analyzed and predicted. Taking this engineering background into consideration, a new branch of study, named as Multi-body Systems Dynamics (MSD), emerged in the 1960s and has become an important research and development area in modern mechanics; it mainly addresses the theoretical modeling, numerical analysis, design optimization and control for complex MSs. The research on dynamics modeling and numerical solving techniques for rigid multi-body systems has relatively matured and perfected through the developments over the past half century. However, for many engineering problems, the rigid multi-body system model cannot meet the requirements in terms of precision. It is then necessary to consider the coupling between the large rigid motions of the MS components and their elastic displacements; thus the study of the dynamics of flexible MSs has gained increasing relevance. The flexible MSD involves many theories and methods, such as continuum mechanics, computational mechanics and nonlinear dynamics, thus implying a higher requirement on the theoretical basis. Robotic on-orbit operations for servicing, repairing or de-orbiting existing satellites are among space mission concepts expected to have a relevant role in a close future. In particular, many studies have been focused on removing significant debris objects from their orbit. While mission designs involving tethers, nets, harpoons or glues are among options studied and analyzed by the scientific and industrial community, the debris removal by means of robotic manipulators seems to be the solution with the longest space experience. In fact, robotic manipulators are now a well-established technology in space applications as they are routinely used for handling and assembling large space modules and for reducing human extravehicular activities on the International Space Station. The operations are generally performed in a tele-operated approach, where the slow motion of the robotic manipulator is controlled by specialized operators on board of the space station or at the ground control center. Grasped objects are usually cooperative, meaning they are capable to re-orient themselves or have appropriate mechanisms for engagement with the end-effectors of the manipulator (i.e. its terminal parts). On the other hand, debris removal missions would target objects which are often non-controlled and lacking specific hooking points. Moreover, there would be a distinctive advantage in terms of cost and reliability to conduct this type of mission profile in a fully autonomous manner, as issues like obstacle avoidance could be more easily managed locally than from a far away control center. Space Manipulator Systems (SMSs) are satellites made of a base platform equipped with one or more robotic arms. A SMS is a floating system because its base is not fixed to the ground like in terrestrial manipulators; therefore, the motion of the robotic arms affects the attitude and position of the base platform and vice versa. This reciprocal influence is denoted as "dynamic coupling" and makes the dynamics modeling and motion planning of a space robot much more complicated than those of fixed-base manipulators. Indeed, SMSs are complex systems whose dynamics modeling requires appropriate theoretical and mathematical tools. The growing importance SMSs are acquiring is due to their operational ductility as they are able to perform complicated tasks such as repairing, refueling, re-orbiting spacecraft, assembling articulated space structures and cleaning up the increasing amount of space debris. SMSs have also been employed in several rendezvous and docking missions. They have also been the object of many studies which verified the possibility to extend the operational life of commercial and scientific satellites by using an automated servicing spacecraft dedicated to repair, refuel and/or manage their failures (e.g. DARPA's Orbital Express and JAXA's ETS VII). Furthermore, Active Debris Removal (ADR) via robotic systems is one of the main concerns governments and space agencies have been facing in the last years. As a result, the grasping and post-grasping operations on non-cooperative objects are still open research areas facing many technical challenges: the target object identification by means of passive or active optical techniques, the estimation of its kinematic state, the design of dexterous robotic manipulators and end-effectors, the multi-body dynamics analysis, the selection of approaching and grasping maneuvers and the post-grasping mission planning are the main open research challenges in this field. The missions involving the use of SMSs are usually characterized by the following typical phases: 1. Orbital approach; 2. Rendez-vous; 3. Robotic arm(s) deployment; 4. Pre-grasping; 5. Grasping and post-grasping operations. This thesis project will focus on the last three. The manuscript is structured as follows: Chapter 1 presents the derivation of a multi-body system dynamics equations further developing them to reach their Kane's formulation; Chapter 2 investigates two different approaches (Particle Swarm Optimization and Machine Learning) dealing with a space manipulator deployment maneuver; Chapter 3 addresses the design of a combined Impedance+PD controller capable of accomplishing the pre-grasping phase goals and Chapter 4 is dedicated to the dynamic modeling of the closed-loop kinematic chain formed by the manipulator and the grasped target object and to the synthesis of a Jacobian Transpose+PD controller for a post-grasping docking maneuver. Finally, the concluding remarks summarize the overall thesis contribution.

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과(국제지역학전공), 2020. 8. 이영섭. ; 농업 부문은 개발 도상국의 출현 과정에서 중요한 역할을 합니다. 농업 생산의 증가는 생산자가 식품 자급 자족 달성에 기여하는 주요 목표입니다. 세네갈에서 농업 부문의 잠재력은 국가 부의 창출에 크게 기여할 수 있습니다. 세네갈 농업의 생산성과 경쟁력 향상은 빈곤 퇴치와 포용적 성장 증진을위한 우선 순위입니다. 그렇기 때문에 모든 잠재력을 활용하기 위해 농업 부문이 항상 세네갈 정부가 시행하는 다양한 정책에서 특권을 누려온 이유입니다. 세네갈 정부는 보조금을 통해 농업 부문에 대한 지원 정책을 시작했습니다. 따라서 농업 발전 전략은 경제 성장, 소득 재분배 및 식량 안보와 관련된 모든 중요성을 부문에 할당하기 위해 시작되었습니다. 생산 다각화 전략의 일환으로 정부는 농업 부문 현대화를 위해 종자, 비료 및 농업 기계 구매에 대한 여러 보조금 정책을 도입했습니다. 그러나 식민지 시대 이후 다양한 농업 개발 정책과 전략은 농촌 인구의 생활 환경을 개선하고 식량 안보를 보장하지 못했습니다. 농업 생산을 늘리기 위해 2000년대에 적극적인 보조금 정책이 시행되었습니다. 보조금의 적극적인 정책은 생산과 생산성의 부흥을 가능하게 했습니다. 농업 생산의 부흥은 비료와 양질의 종자 가격의 보조금 지원으로 설명되어 수확량을 향상시켰습니다. 그러나 보조금 제도는 매우 역기능적입니다. 실제로 그들은 현재의 형태로 보조금 분배 과정에서 언급된 왜곡때문에 정부에 대한 부족을 구성한다. 이러한 모든 어려움은 보조금의 효과성에 대한 논쟁을 불러 일으킨다. 세네갈 정부가 농업 보조금에 배치한 상당한 자원은 예상 결과를 산출하지 못했습니다. 시민 사회, 생산자 조직 및 기술 및 금융 파트너 모두 보조금 정책에 대한 새로운 접근 방식을 추천했습니다. 이 연구는 세네갈의 농업 보조금이 T21 모델에 대한 전향적 분석을 사용하여 미치는 영향을 식별하고 분석합니다. 우리는 10년동안 농업 보조금을 늘리는 시나리오를 구현했습니다 (2020-2030). 시뮬레이션 결과에 따르면 농업 보조금이 농업 생산량과 농민 소득에 큰 영향을 미치기 때문에 이 새로운 보조금 접근법이 필요하다는 것이 밝혀졌습니다. 농업 보조금의 긍정적인 효과는 소규모 생산자에게 상대적으로 유리합니다. 농업 보조금은 특히 빈곤층의 식량 안보 향상에 기여합니다. ; The agricultural sector plays an important role in the emergence process of developing countries. The increase in agricultural production is the main objective of producers to contribute to the achievement of food self-sufficiency. In Senegal, the potential of the agricultural sector could contribute significantly to the creation of national wealth. Improving the productivity and competitiveness of Senegalese agriculture is a priority for promoting poverty reduction and enhancing inclusive growth. That's the reason why the agricultural sector has always enjoyed a privileged place in the various policies implemented by the Government of Senegal in order to exploit all potentialities. The Government of Senegal has initiated a policy of support to the agricultural sector through subsidies. Thus, agricultural development strategies have been initiated to allocate the sector all its importance related to economic growth, income redistribution and food security. As part of a strategy to diversify production, the Government has introduced several subsidy policies for the purchase of seeds, fertilizers and agricultural machinery, with a view to modernizing the agricultural sector. However, since the colonial era, the various agricultural development policies and strategies have failed to improve the living conditions of rural populations and also to ensure food security. An active subsidy policy was implemented in the 2000s to increase agricultural production. The active policy of subsidies has allowed a revival of production and productivity. The revival of agricultural production is explained by the subsidization of fertilizer and quality seed prices which has led to improved yields. However, the subsidy system put in place is very dysfunctional. Indeed, in their present form they constitute a shortfall for the Government because of the distortions noted in the subsidy distribution process. All these noted difficulties raise the debate on the effectiveness of subsidies. The significant resources deployed by the Government of Senegal in agricultural subsidies have not produced the expected results. Civil society, producer organizations and technical and financial partners have all recommended a new approach to subsidy policy. This study identifies and analyses the impact of agricultural subsidies in Senegal using prospective analysis with T21 model. We implemented a scenario of increasing agricultural subsidies for ten years (2020-2030). Simulation results have shown that this new subsidy approach is needed as agricultural subsidies have a significant impact on agricultural production as well as on farmers' incomes. The positive effects of agricultural subsidies are relatively more favorable to small producers. Agricultural subsidies contribute to improving food security especially for poor households. ; CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Background of the study 1 1.2. Statement of the problem 3 1.3. Motivation and significance of the study 4 1.4. General objective 6 1.5. Methodology and expected results 7 1.6. Organization of the study 8 1.7. Limitations 9 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 10 2.1. The definition of subsidies 10 2.2. International Context 11 2.3. National Context 15 CHAPTER 3: REVIEW OF AGRICULTURAL POLICIES FROM 1960 TO 2017 18 3.1. The Agricultural Policy 1960-1979 21 3.2. Agricultural policies over the period 1980-1999 25 3.3. Agricultural policies from 2000 to 2017 30 CHAPTER 4: SUBSIDY POLICY APPROACH 43 4.1. History of subsidy policy 43 4.2. Implementation of subsidy policy 44 4.2.1. The subsidy distribution mechanism 46 4.2.2. Justification of the new approach of subsidy system 48 4.3. Institutional support of subsidy 49 4.4. Sustainability of the subsidy policy 51 CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS WITH T21 MODEL 60 5.1. Approach and Method 60 5.2. The T21 model in Senegal 63 5.3. Analysis of simulation 68 5.3.1. Description des scenarios 68 5.3.2. Analysis of simulation results 70 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 87 6.1. Conclusion 87 6.2. Recommendations 88 REFERENCES: 93 ; Master

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과(국제지역학전공), 2020. 8. 이영섭. ; 농업 부문은 개발 도상국의 출현 과정에서 중요한 역할을 합니다. 농업 생산의 증가는 생산자가 식품 자급 자족 달성에 기여하는 주요 목표입니다. 세네갈에서 농업 부문의 잠재력은 국가 부의 창출에 크게 기여할 수 있습니다. 세네갈 농업의 생산성과 경쟁력 향상은 빈곤 퇴치와 포용적 성장 증진을위한 우선 순위입니다. 그렇기 때문에 모든 잠재력을 활용하기 위해 농업 부문이 항상 세네갈 정부가 시행하는 다양한 정책에서 특권을 누려온 이유입니다. 세네갈 정부는 보조금을 통해 농업 부문에 대한 지원 정책을 시작했습니다. 따라서 농업 발전 전략은 경제 성장, 소득 재분배 및 식량 안보와 관련된 모든 중요성을 부문에 할당하기 위해 시작되었습니다. 생산 다각화 전략의 일환으로 정부는 농업 부문 현대화를 위해 종자, 비료 및 농업 기계 구매에 대한 여러 보조금 정책을 도입했습니다. 그러나 식민지 시대 이후 다양한 농업 개발 정책과 전략은 농촌 인구의 생활 환경을 개선하고 식량 안보를 보장하지 못했습니다. 농업 생산을 늘리기 위해 2000년대에 적극적인 보조금 정책이 시행되었습니다. 보조금의 적극적인 정책은 생산과 생산성의 부흥을 가능하게 했습니다. 농업 생산의 부흥은 비료와 양질의 종자 가격의 보조금 지원으로 설명되어 수확량을 향상시켰습니다. 그러나 보조금 제도는 매우 역기능적입니다. 실제로 그들은 현재의 형태로 보조금 분배 과정에서 언급된 왜곡때문에 정부에 대한 부족을 구성한다. 이러한 모든 어려움은 보조금의 효과성에 대한 논쟁을 불러 일으킨다. 세네갈 정부가 농업 보조금에 배치한 상당한 자원은 예상 결과를 산출하지 못했습니다. 시민 사회, 생산자 조직 및 기술 및 금융 파트너 모두 보조금 정책에 대한 새로운 접근 방식을 추천했습니다. 이 연구는 세네갈의 농업 보조금이 T21 모델에 대한 전향적 분석을 사용하여 미치는 영향을 식별하고 분석합니다. 우리는 10년동안 농업 보조금을 늘리는 시나리오를 구현했습니다 (2020-2030). 시뮬레이션 결과에 따르면 농업 보조금이 농업 생산량과 농민 소득에 큰 영향을 미치기 때문에 이 새로운 보조금 접근법이 필요하다는 것이 밝혀졌습니다. 농업 보조금의 긍정적인 효과는 소규모 생산자에게 상대적으로 유리합니다. 농업 보조금은 특히 빈곤층의 식량 안보 향상에 기여합니다. ; The agricultural sector plays an important role in the emergence process of developing countries. The increase in agricultural production is the main objective of producers to contribute to the achievement of food self-sufficiency. In Senegal, the potential of the agricultural sector could contribute significantly to the creation of national wealth. Improving the productivity and competitiveness of Senegalese agriculture is a priority for promoting poverty reduction and enhancing inclusive growth. That's the reason why the agricultural sector has always enjoyed a privileged place in the various policies implemented by the Government of Senegal in order to exploit all potentialities. The Government of Senegal has initiated a policy of support to the agricultural sector through subsidies. Thus, agricultural development strategies have been initiated to allocate the sector all its importance related to economic growth, income redistribution and food security. As part of a strategy to diversify production, the Government has introduced several subsidy policies for the purchase of seeds, fertilizers and agricultural machinery, with a view to modernizing the agricultural sector. However, since the colonial era, the various agricultural development policies and strategies have failed to improve the living conditions of rural populations and also to ensure food security. An active subsidy policy was implemented in the 2000s to increase agricultural production. The active policy of subsidies has allowed a revival of production and productivity. The revival of agricultural production is explained by the subsidization of fertilizer and quality seed prices which has led to improved yields. However, the subsidy system put in place is very dysfunctional. Indeed, in their present form they constitute a shortfall for the Government because of the distortions noted in the subsidy distribution process. All these noted difficulties raise the debate on the effectiveness of subsidies. The significant resources deployed by the Government of Senegal in agricultural subsidies have not produced the expected results. Civil society, producer organizations and technical and financial partners have all recommended a new approach to subsidy policy. This study identifies and analyses the impact of agricultural subsidies in Senegal using prospective analysis with T21 model. We implemented a scenario of increasing agricultural subsidies for ten years (2020-2030). Simulation results have shown that this new subsidy approach is needed as agricultural subsidies have a significant impact on agricultural production as well as on farmers' incomes. The positive effects of agricultural subsidies are relatively more favorable to small producers. Agricultural subsidies contribute to improving food security especially for poor households. ; CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Background of the study 1 1.2. Statement of the problem 3 1.3. Motivation and significance of the study 4 1.4. General objective 6 1.5. Methodology and expected results 7 1.6. Organization of the study 8 1.7. Limitations 9 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 10 2.1. The definition of subsidies 10 2.2. International Context 11 2.3. National Context 15 CHAPTER 3: REVIEW OF AGRICULTURAL POLICIES FROM 1960 TO 2017 18 3.1. The Agricultural Policy 1960-1979 21 3.2. Agricultural policies over the period 1980-1999 25 3.3. Agricultural policies from 2000 to 2017 30 CHAPTER 4: SUBSIDY POLICY APPROACH 43 4.1. History of subsidy policy 43 4.2. Implementation of subsidy policy 44 4.2.1. The subsidy distribution mechanism 46 4.2.2. Justification of the new approach of subsidy system 48 4.3. Institutional support of subsidy 49 4.4. Sustainability of the subsidy policy 51 CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS WITH T21 MODEL 60 5.1. Approach and Method 60 5.2. The T21 model in Senegal 63 5.3. Analysis of simulation 68 5.3.1. Description des scenarios 68 5.3.2. Analysis of simulation results 70 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 87 6.1. Conclusion 87 6.2. Recommendations 88 REFERENCES: 93 ; Master

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과(국제협력전공), 2020. 8. 신성호. ; North Korea's nuclear program and the complete denuclearisation of the Korean Peninsula have been one of the biggest challenges in the history of denuclearisation negotiations. The Trump administration appeared to have been improving the relationship with North Korea and making a dramatic progress on the denuclearisation process through multiple high-level visits and meaningful summits however, his accomplishment has become on the verge of collapse again, just as other previous administrations had undergone. One critical component of the nuclear negotiation with North Korea is the role of the US and the US diplomacy, alongside with various multilateral initiatives and cooperation. Using the US diplomatic framework of coercive diplomacy, this paper seeks to understand the major causes of failure of the US diplomacy during the Obama administration and the negotiation with North Korea in particular. The findings suggest that the strength of motivation and the sense of urgency of negotiating countries one of key factors that facilitates the negotiation process. The findings also suggest that international community, particularly the regional actors plays an increasingly important role during the negotiation process and thus needs to be actively facilitated in negotiations over North Korea's nuclear weapons program. Analysing the previous administration's negotiation process, this study is expected to provide an insightful lesson for the Trump administration. ; 오바마 행정부의 핵심 외교적 성과 중 하나는 바로 이란과의 포괄적공동행동계획(Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action: JCPOA) 합의이다. 취임 이후 스마트파워 외교를 내세워 세계와 소통하겠다고 다짐했던 오바마 대통령의 의지는 이란과 국제사회의 핵문제에 대한 합의를 가능하게 했다. 하지만 같은 적대국 관여외교를 펼친 북한과는 핵 협상을 진전시키지 못했을 뿐만 아니라 임기가 지날수록 북한에의 관심이 시들 해지는 모습을 발견할 수 있었다. 왜 북한은 예외적인 모습으로 남겨졌을까? 이 논문은 왜 오바마 대통령의 외교정책이 미국의 적대국과의 비핵화 협상 과정에서 각기 다른 결과를 낳았는지에 대한 이유를 주요 연구 문제로 다루며, 이를 설명하기 위해 알렉산더 조지 (Alexander L. George)의 강압외교 (coercive diplomacy) 이론을 활용한다. 이 논문은 우선 이란과 북한과의 핵 협상 과정을 각각 분석하여 오바마 대통령의 두 임기 동안 미국이 어떤 강압전략을 채택하였으며, 그 적대국들이 (각각 이란과 북한) 어떤 역강압 전략을 채택하여 맞대응 하였는지를 분석한다. 이 분석을 기반으로 오바마 행정부의 대이란 전략과 대북 전략에서 드러나는 공통점과 차이점을 비교∙분석함으로써 협상의 성공 및 실패의 요인을 설명한다. 그 결과, 알렉산더 조지가 제시한 '강압외교가 성공하기 위한 8가지 조건' 중에서 크게 동기의 비대칭과 강압국의 요구에 순응해야 하는 긴박감 그리고 국내 및 국제적 지지를 협상의 성패를 가르는 주 요인을 꼽았으며, 이러한 결과는 현재 교착상태에 빠진 북핵 협상을 재가동 하기 위해서는 북한 국내상황에 대한 충분한 이해와 더불어 국제사회의 협력 및 지지가 중요하다는 점을 시사한다. ; Chapter I. Introduction 1 1. Background of the Research 1 2. Research Purpose and Objectives 3 3. Thesis Structure 4 Chapter II. Literature Review 5 1. Theoretical Framework: Coercive Diplomacy Theory 5 1) Concept of Strategic Coercion and Theory of Coercive Diplomacy 5 2) Three Types of Coercive Diplomacy 7 3) Strategies of Coercive Diplomacy 8 4) Conditions that Favour Successful Coercive Diplomacy 10 2. Obama Doctrine and the US Security Strategy 13 1) Obama Administration's US Foreign Policy in Various Dimensions 13 2) Obama's Vision on the Nuclear-Free World 17 Chapter III. An Analysis of Nuclear Diplomacy with Iran 20 1. The Nuclear Diplomacy with Iran: the US Strategic Coercion 20 1) From 'Try-and-See' to 'Gradual Turning of the Screw' Coercive Diplomacy 21 2) Iran's Counter Coercive Diplomacy and Increasing Multilateral Coercion 26 3) New Sanctions and Prolonged Iranian Counter Coercive Diplomacy 29 4) The Impact of Sanctions and Obama's Re-election 32 5) Election of President Rouhani and the Joint Plan of Action 34 2. Assessing the Use of Coercive Diplomacy under the Obama Administration: The Case of Iran 36 1) The First Term of Obama's Presidency and the Enmity Trap 36 2) The Second Term of Obama's Presidency and Clash with Israel 37 Chapter IV. An Analysis of Nuclear Diplomacy with North Korea 39 1. Nuclear Diplomacy with North Korea: the US Strategic Coercion 39 1) Strategy of Disengagement and 'Try-and-See' Coercive Diplomacy 39 2) North Korea's Use of Terror and Nuclear Coercion 42 3) Vicious Cycle of 'Coercive Counter Coercive Diplomacy' and Continuous Escalation of Tension 46 4) Third Nuclear Test and the Increase of North Korean Nuclear Deterrence 50 5) Ongoing Nuclear Tests and An Endless Loop of Coercive Diplomacy- Counter Coercive Diplomacy 53 2. Assessing the Use of Coercive Diplomacy under the Obama Administration: The Case of North Korea 56 1) Deterioration of Information on North Korea 57 2) Strengthening North Korea's Nuclear Capability 58 Chapter V. Comparative Analysis of Iran and North Korea in the Nuclear Negotiation Process 59 1. Asymmetry of Demands and Motivations and Its Impact on Negotiations 59 1) Negotiation with Iran: High Motivation and High Sense of Urgency 59 2) Negotiation with North Korea: Low Motivation and Low Sense of Urgency 62 2. The Role of Multilateral Talks and Active Support from Regional Actors 65 1) China's New Role during the JCPOA Negotiations 65 2) Active Cooperation from E3 on Sanctions Policy 68 3) Ambivalent Attitude of China on North Korean Nuclear Issue 73 4) Contradictory Attitude of Russia and its Insignificant Role 77 Chapter VI. Conclusion 80 1. Main Objectives and the Findings of the Study 80 2. Limitations 86 Bibliography 88 초록 97 ; Master

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과(국제협력전공), 2020. 8. 신성호. ; North Korea's nuclear program and the complete denuclearisation of the Korean Peninsula have been one of the biggest challenges in the history of denuclearisation negotiations. The Trump administration appeared to have been improving the relationship with North Korea and making a dramatic progress on the denuclearisation process through multiple high-level visits and meaningful summits however, his accomplishment has become on the verge of collapse again, just as other previous administrations had undergone. One critical component of the nuclear negotiation with North Korea is the role of the US and the US diplomacy, alongside with various multilateral initiatives and cooperation. Using the US diplomatic framework of coercive diplomacy, this paper seeks to understand the major causes of failure of the US diplomacy during the Obama administration and the negotiation with North Korea in particular. The findings suggest that the strength of motivation and the sense of urgency of negotiating countries one of key factors that facilitates the negotiation process. The findings also suggest that international community, particularly the regional actors plays an increasingly important role during the negotiation process and thus needs to be actively facilitated in negotiations over North Korea's nuclear weapons program. Analysing the previous administration's negotiation process, this study is expected to provide an insightful lesson for the Trump administration. ; 오바마 행정부의 핵심 외교적 성과 중 하나는 바로 이란과의 포괄적공동행동계획(Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action: JCPOA) 합의이다. 취임 이후 스마트파워 외교를 내세워 세계와 소통하겠다고 다짐했던 오바마 대통령의 의지는 이란과 국제사회의 핵문제에 대한 합의를 가능하게 했다. 하지만 같은 적대국 관여외교를 펼친 북한과는 핵 협상을 진전시키지 못했을 뿐만 아니라 임기가 지날수록 북한에의 관심이 시들 해지는 모습을 발견할 수 있었다. 왜 북한은 예외적인 모습으로 남겨졌을까? 이 논문은 왜 오바마 대통령의 외교정책이 미국의 적대국과의 비핵화 협상 과정에서 각기 다른 결과를 낳았는지에 대한 이유를 주요 연구 문제로 다루며, 이를 설명하기 위해 알렉산더 조지 (Alexander L. George)의 강압외교 (coercive diplomacy) 이론을 활용한다. 이 논문은 우선 이란과 북한과의 핵 협상 과정을 각각 분석하여 오바마 대통령의 두 임기 동안 미국이 어떤 강압전략을 채택하였으며, 그 적대국들이 (각각 이란과 북한) 어떤 역강압 전략을 채택하여 맞대응 하였는지를 분석한다. 이 분석을 기반으로 오바마 행정부의 대이란 전략과 대북 전략에서 드러나는 공통점과 차이점을 비교∙분석함으로써 협상의 성공 및 실패의 요인을 설명한다. 그 결과, 알렉산더 조지가 제시한 '강압외교가 성공하기 위한 8가지 조건' 중에서 크게 동기의 비대칭과 강압국의 요구에 순응해야 하는 긴박감 그리고 국내 및 국제적 지지를 협상의 성패를 가르는 주 요인을 꼽았으며, 이러한 결과는 현재 교착상태에 빠진 북핵 협상을 재가동 하기 위해서는 북한 국내상황에 대한 충분한 이해와 더불어 국제사회의 협력 및 지지가 중요하다는 점을 시사한다. ; Chapter I. Introduction 1 1. Background of the Research 1 2. Research Purpose and Objectives 3 3. Thesis Structure 4 Chapter II. Literature Review 5 1. Theoretical Framework: Coercive Diplomacy Theory 5 1) Concept of Strategic Coercion and Theory of Coercive Diplomacy 5 2) Three Types of Coercive Diplomacy 7 3) Strategies of Coercive Diplomacy 8 4) Conditions that Favour Successful Coercive Diplomacy 10 2. Obama Doctrine and the US Security Strategy 13 1) Obama Administration's US Foreign Policy in Various Dimensions 13 2) Obama's Vision on the Nuclear-Free World 17 Chapter III. An Analysis of Nuclear Diplomacy with Iran 20 1. The Nuclear Diplomacy with Iran: the US Strategic Coercion 20 1) From 'Try-and-See' to 'Gradual Turning of the Screw' Coercive Diplomacy 21 2) Iran's Counter Coercive Diplomacy and Increasing Multilateral Coercion 26 3) New Sanctions and Prolonged Iranian Counter Coercive Diplomacy 29 4) The Impact of Sanctions and Obama's Re-election 32 5) Election of President Rouhani and the Joint Plan of Action 34 2. Assessing the Use of Coercive Diplomacy under the Obama Administration: The Case of Iran 36 1) The First Term of Obama's Presidency and the Enmity Trap 36 2) The Second Term of Obama's Presidency and Clash with Israel 37 Chapter IV. An Analysis of Nuclear Diplomacy with North Korea 39 1. Nuclear Diplomacy with North Korea: the US Strategic Coercion 39 1) Strategy of Disengagement and 'Try-and-See' Coercive Diplomacy 39 2) North Korea's Use of Terror and Nuclear Coercion 42 3) Vicious Cycle of 'Coercive Counter Coercive Diplomacy' and Continuous Escalation of Tension 46 4) Third Nuclear Test and the Increase of North Korean Nuclear Deterrence 50 5) Ongoing Nuclear Tests and An Endless Loop of Coercive Diplomacy- Counter Coercive Diplomacy 53 2. Assessing the Use of Coercive Diplomacy under the Obama Administration: The Case of North Korea 56 1) Deterioration of Information on North Korea 57 2) Strengthening North Korea's Nuclear Capability 58 Chapter V. Comparative Analysis of Iran and North Korea in the Nuclear Negotiation Process 59 1. Asymmetry of Demands and Motivations and Its Impact on Negotiations 59 1) Negotiation with Iran: High Motivation and High Sense of Urgency 59 2) Negotiation with North Korea: Low Motivation and Low Sense of Urgency 62 2. The Role of Multilateral Talks and Active Support from Regional Actors 65 1) China's New Role during the JCPOA Negotiations 65 2) Active Cooperation from E3 on Sanctions Policy 68 3) Ambivalent Attitude of China on North Korean Nuclear Issue 73 4) Contradictory Attitude of Russia and its Insignificant Role 77 Chapter VI. Conclusion 80 1. Main Objectives and the Findings of the Study 80 2. Limitations 86 Bibliography 88 초록 97 ; Master

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 사범대학 협동과정 글로벌교육협력전공, 2020. 8. 김형렬. ; This study aims to draw policy implications by examining the school type effect on students' academic performance in Indonesia. Research focused on the contributing role of private schools in educational development and providing educational opportunities. The 2018 data of the program for international student assessment (PISA) was used for analysis, and a propensity score matching (PSM) method was employed to control for preexisting differences between students who attend a private school and their public school counterparts. Then, multilevel model analysis was conducted. Extant literature generally recognizes that, in Indonesia, the quality of education provided by private schools was lower than that of public schools. This disparity leads to low achievement of students attending private schools. The study results partly proved this concern. In the multilevel analysis, there were significant school sector differences, even after controlling for student background characteristics. That is, private schools had a negative impact on students' reading literacy scores. Further analysis was carried out to prove if differences exist in academic achievement between government-dependent and independent private schools, a distinction defined by the degree of financial assistance received from the government. The results suggested variation in the effect of private schools based on their types. On one hand, the impact of school types on academic performance was not statistically significant for private government-dependent schools. The results suggest the importance of schooling, as attending certain types of schools does not affect a student's reading literacy scores. However, the characteristics of the school itself have a more significant impact. On the other hand, students in independent private schools showed significantly lower reading literacy scores than students attending public schools. The study results showed that the impact on a student's reading scores varies depending on the type of private school they attend. The difference in reading scores between types of schools was influenced by students' background characteristics. However, a substantial part of the difference was explained by school-related factors. Therefore, this finding suggests the need for careful consideration of the role and quantitative expansion of private schools. This study contributes to providing empirical evidence about the school type effect in Indonesia. In particular, it fills a gap in existing literature by suggesting different outcomes according to the subtype of private school. It also suggests policy implications for educational development in Indonesia. The study concludes by suggesting areas for further research regarding school type effect and school choice, and it suggests data suitable for Indonesia's context and qualitative research methodologies that can contribute to educational development. ; 본 연구는 인도네시아의 교육발전 측면에서 사립학교가 교육기회를 제공하는데 중요한 역할을 했다는 점에 주목하여 학교유형이 학생의 학업성취도에 미치는 영향을 실증적으로 분석하기 위해 실시되었다. 분석에는 국제학업성취도평가(PISA)의 2018년도 자료가 사용되었으며 경향점수매칭을 통해 선택편의를 제거한 뒤 학교효과를 보다 엄밀하게 검증하고자 하였다. 기존 문헌에서는 서구의 사립학교와는 인도네시아의 사립학교에서 제공되는 교육의 질이 공립에 비해 떨어지고, 이는 사립학교에 재학하는 학생들의 낮은 성취도로 이어진다는 인식이 일반적이었다. 연구결과는 사립학교 학생들의 읽기 점수는 공립학교의 학생들보다 낮은 것으로 나타나 사립학교유형이 학생의 학업성취에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 드러났다. 이러한 학교유형에 따른 차이가 사립학교 유형을 세분화하였을 때도 여전히 입증되는지 살펴보기 위해 사립학교를 정부로부터 재정적인 지원을 받는 정도에 따라 정부에 재정적으로 의존하는 사립학교와 정부로부터 재정적으로 독립된 사립학교로 구분하여 학교 유형 효과를 검증하기 위한 추가 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 정부에 재정적으로 의존하는 사립학교유형은 학생의 읽기 점수에 미치는 영향은 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 이는 특정 유형의 학교에 다니는 것이 학생의 학업성취에 영향을 미치는 것이 아니라, 학교 자체의 특성이 더 큰 영향을 미친다는 것으로 학교 교육의 중요성을 시사하는 부분이다. 반면, 정부로부터 재정적으로 독립된 사립학교의 학생은 선택편의를 제거한 이후에도 공립학교에 재학하는 학생에 비해 읽기 점수가 통계적으로 유의하게 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 연구 결과는 사립학교의 유형에 따라 학생의 읽기 점수에 미치는 영향이 다른 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 학교유형간 읽기 점수의 차이는 학생의 배경요인에 영향을 받기도 하지만 학교와 관련된 요소들로 설명되는 부분이 많은 것으로 보여져 사립학교의 역할과 양적 확대에 관해 면밀한 검토가 요구된다. 본 연구는 인도네시아의 사립학교효과를 추정함으로써 교육 발전 측면에서 학교자원의 중요성 및 양질의 교육을 제공이라는 교육 목표 달성을 위해 사립학교 역할에 대한 국가의 입장 재정립의 필요성과 같은 정책적 시사점을 도출하였다. 이러한 시사점은 개발도상국의 학교효과 연구에서 단순히 공사립 간 교육결과를 비교를 하는 것에서 나아가 국가의 맥락을 반영할 수 있는 다양한 학교유형이 포함되어야 할 필요성을 보여준다. ; CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Study background 1 1.2 Research purpose and questions 4 1.3 Study method 5 1.4 Organization of the Thesis 6 CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW 8 2.1 Background of Educational System in Indonesia 8 2.1.1 Indonesia's Education system 8 2.1.2 Major policies for education reform and challenges 10 2.1.3 Private schools in Indonesia 13 2.2 School effectiveness and School type 16 2.2.1 School effectiveness 16 2.2.2 The School type effect on students' educational outcome 17 2.2.3 Factors causing the difference in student achievement due to school type 22 2.2.4 Selection Bias in School effectiveness studies 25 CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY 28 3.1 Data and Sample 28 3.2 Variables 29 3.2.1 Dependent variable 29 3.2.2 Independent variable 30 3.2.3 Control variables 30 3.3 Analytic plan 35 3.3.1 Propensity score matching model 36 3.3.2 Multilevel model 37 3.3.3 Model specification 38 CHAPTER IV. RESULT 44 4.1 Descriptive statistics 44 4.2 Multilevel analysis before propensity score matching 49 4.3 Multilevel analysis after propensity score matching 56 4.4 Further analysis 65 4.4.1 Private government-dependent school versus public school 65 4.4.2 Private independent school versus Public school 71 CHAPTER V. DISCUSSION 78 5.1 Different effects of school type on students' academic performance 78 5.2 Policy implications 84 CHAPTER Ⅵ. CONCLUSION 88 6.1 Summary 88 6.2 Limitations and Suggestion for Further Studies 90 BIBLIOGRAPHY 91 국문초록 100 ; Master

Climate change poses serious risks for rural livelihoods and food security in Rwanda. At the same time, a significant number of Rwandan farmers pool their resources together through cooperatives and Village Savings and Loan Associations (VSLAs) in order to increase productivity. Therefore, it is important to consider on the one hand the future impacts of climate change on the microfinance sector in Rwanda, and on the other to ensure that the benefits of microfinance can decrease rural residents' vulnerability to climate impacts. This research project focuses on the clients of Urwego Bank, one of Opportunity International UK's local partners in a development project funded by the Scottish Government, with the aim to provide microcredit loans to 8,500 smallholder farmers working in government-supported agricultural cooperatives. The study specifically investigates the impacts of small loans on the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of farmers in southern and western Rwanda (Huye and Rubavu districts). The study involved field visits to the districts of Huye (Southern Province) and Rubavu (Western Province). Both regions are being increasingly affected by climate change in the form of increasing drought spells and erratic rainfall. Farmers involved in this study formed part of two distinct forms of associations: a rice cooperative (Huye field site) and VSLAs specialised in potato production (Rubavu site). Membership of these allows access to Urwego Bank loans used to procure seeds and fertiliser. A total of 28 interviews were conducted: 24 with farmers (20 cooperative/VSLA members and 4 non-members), 3 with Urwego Bank staff and one with a government agency representative. The study was supplemented by analysis of documents, including government reports and policies, and grey literature. The farmers in the study viewed loans as one of the most effective ways to increase agricultural productivity and income. Loans increase disposable incomes in the short term, allowing farmers to direct resources to other household expenses. The loans also give farmers access to higher quality seeds and fertiliser, helping them to close the 'yield gap'. Specific aspects of the Urwego Bank model, including cashless loan delivery, the timing and efficiency of loan disbursement were also valued by the farmers interviewed. Most participants had direct experience of both droughts and floods in recent years. Farmers reported a range of adverse climate impacts on their crops, which could significantly reduce harvests. These had led to food scarcity, financial difficulties - with several mentions of struggling to pay for school fees – and migration of labourers. To cope with climate impacts, participants reported to have implemented hydrological solutions (contours and water channels), changed farming practice (planting earlier, crop rotation, or climate-resilient crops), increased pesticide use, engaged in off-farm income generation or made changes to their financial management. Microloans of fertilisers were perceived to ensure at least some harvest and thus income, even in adverse conditions, which helped participants cope with climate impacts. In some instances, the seeds provided through microloans by Urwego Bank appeared to be of climate-resilient variety. Microloans were not available for other climate adaptations, such as contour digging, irrigation or pesticide application. Overall, the loans seemed to provide greater financial flexibility which helped with general expenses. However, several participants reported that paying back the loans to the cooperative was challenging after harvests had failed. The financial and 'good agricultural practice' training provided by Urwego Bank was generally perceived as helpful by the farmers and appeared to include broader farming guidance not directly related to the seed or fertilisers provided. There was however no evidence that long-term impacts of fertiliser or pesticide use on water and soil quality were considered during the training, something that is recommended in Rwandan government policies. Non-members indicated that not having access to training could be an impediment to adaptation but that they had sometimes learned from neighbours. Cooperatives and VSLAs serve both as a safety net and a catapult for their members' economic and social development by way of enhanced access to loans, training and markets. However, interviews with both members and non-members suggest that there is also the risk of reduced social mobility (involving technical, economic, social and political entry barriers that complicate access to such groups) and consequently growing socio-economic stratification, posing a serious challenge to inclusive development. Study findings do not support the theoretical effectiveness of the 'trickle-down' approach to development, whereby increasingly productive farmers will indirectly share their wealth with poorer farmers. Farmers reported that both the cooperative and VSLAs did not have any major issues with repaying loans for members who have defaulted, which protects Urwego Bank from financial loss. Farmers and Urwego Bank employees highlighted that there is an informal understanding between the Bank and its clients whereby there is a certain degree of flexibility in repayment if crops are negatively affected by changes in weather. While this certainly benefits the clients, questions remain on the financial sustainability of the Urwego Bank model if the frequency and intensity of climate events increases in the future. Farmers' feedback on how their livelihoods can be improved include changes to the purpose, scope and timing of loans, training opportunities, meteorological information, crop insurance and connections to other development partners. The research team suggest a number of recommendations centred on similar issues (loan purpose, training, and crop insurance) as well as on the financial, social and environmental sustainability of the microfinance sector, the needs of young people, partnerships, the need for large-scale investments and future research directions.

Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Pendidikan, Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka, Pengeluaran Pemerintah Terhadap Tingkat Kemiskinan Kabupaten/Kota Di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat Nur Aina SafitriABSTRAK Ukuran keberhasilan pembangunan suatu negara itu dapat dilihat dari penyelesaian masalah seperti jumlah kemiskinan yang meningkat, penyaluran pendapatan yang buruk, serta lapangan pekerjaan yang tidak variatif dan tidak mampu menyerap para pekerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi, pendidikan, tingkat pengangguran terbuka, dan pengeluaran pemerintah terhadap tingkat kemiskinan Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan menggunakan data sekunder. Metode analisis dalam penelitian ini adalah metode analisis regresi linear berganda yang menggunakan model Random Effect dengan metode Panel Least Square (PLS). 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This Volume 25 of Lagos Notes and Records presents another round of well-researched scholarly contributions from established and middle-level career researchers spread across key disciplines in the humanities namely language, literature, communication studies, history, linguistics, conflict resolution and crisis management, and music. Articles received from authors outside the traditional base of the journal continue to confirm the transdisciplinary reputation this journal has acquired over the years and its increasing national and international appeal. The first article by Takehiko Ochiai examines the Sandline Affair and the United Kingdom's interference in the Sierra Leonean polity in the 1990s, which led to violations of the United Nations sanctions against Sierra Leone during the country's civil war. The author argues that the role played by the UK, coupled with the complexity of the relationship that existed among the various actors in the conflict, complicated the war situation in the country. Albert Oikelome, in the second article, examines the issue of compositional elements in the music of Fela Kuti, focusing on selected songs of the Afrobeat legend and the key to understanding his creative resourcefulness. The author analyses the techniques employed by the musician to achieve his enviable feats in music and concludes that Fela Kuti's vocal elements were exceptional. The third article by Lọla Akande offers a new approach to our understanding of city life by confronting the rural bias which tends to privilege the countryside over the urban space. Based on a close-reading technique that engages the city as a living space, Akande argues that neither the village nor the city is a haven, but that each demands choices that are both personal and public for inhabitants to survive the various obstacles in life. In the fourth article, Eric Mensah examines Nkrumah's rhetorical urgency as an argumentative tool for the establishment of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). He demonstrates ways through which major rhetorical constraints could inhibit a successful rhetorical performance and how effectively a rhetorician can deploy relevant tools in addressing a composite audience using the example of Kwame Nkrumah. Akinmade Akande, Kofo Adedeji, and Anjola Robbin on their part examine how stand-up comedy has impacted the linguistic order in Nigeria. They employed recorded performances of seven popular Nigerian stand-up comedians to illustrate the importance of the profession to the development of Nigerian pidgin. The authors argue that Nigerian stand-up comedians are social critics and communicators whose purpose of condemning immoral acts of political leaders is driven by their desire to change the society for the better. Sunday Ofuani, in the sixth article, examines the compositional utility and rationale of figurative-sounds in the vocal music of some eminent Nigerian composers. He argues that sonic idioms creatively permeate sonic-imagery, sonic-reference, and sonic-allusion of replicated phenomenon. He concludes that Nigerian contemporary composers in their search for indigenous sonic materials stylistically indulge in utilizing figurative sounds in their vocal music. Ayọdeji Adedara, in an ecoparadox based article, examines some gubernatorial speeches of Babatunde Fashola selected across his eight-year tenure as governor of Lagos State, Nigeria. He identifies the extent to which the Fashola administration was ecocentric both in policy formulation and programme implementation, noting that the speeches show that the former governor was an earth-friendly leader. However, the fact that some aspects of the speeches portrayed instances in which economic considerations got primacy over environmentalism contra the expectation that political leaders should value the environment the same way they value economic interests. The paper concludes that the framing of climate change in governmental discourse needs to transcend valuing the nonhuman world only extrinsically. In the eight article, Abosede Babatunde emphasises the need to rethink the Eurocentric conflict management strategies often adopted to manage conflicts in Africa given their inherent inadequacies. Consequently, she makes a case for more creative, contextual, and innovative approaches to conflict resolution in Africa that would combine both African and Western conflict management strategies. Carol Anyagwa's article investigates the dominant linguistic pattern of Catholic liturgy in Lagos based on data elicited from seven out of the fifteen deaneries of the Church in Lagos. It opines that there is a subsisting case of unconscious linguicism resulting in a tendency towards mono-lingualism and the domination of English over Latin and indigenous Nigerian languages. It concludes by recommending the need to reverse the trend. The tenth article by Adeyẹmi Adegoju and Bukunmi Adetunji is concerned with the use of linguistic resources to thread ideology in selected political teachings of Pastor Bakare. The authors focus on the pastor's elucidation of leadership-citizenship responsiveness required for building an enduring and participatory democratic culture in Nigeria. They observe that the pastor is ideologically radical in his texts' structuring with the intention to ignite nationalism in his audiences in order to consolidate democracy in Nigeria. Lastly, Adewale Tiamiyu examines the significances of the romantic period in two romantic plays through the analysis of their actions based on the dichotomy of the classics and the romantics. The author applies the Greïmas' theory in three different dimensions to illustrate the conflict between the classics and the romantics and concludes that while men grow classical in marriage, women often desire to retain their degree of romanticism in courtship. Finally, it is my desire and hope that the academic community will find the articles in this volume interesting, meaningful, and useful in their quest to expand the frontiers of knowledge. Prof. Olufunkẹ Adeboye Dean, Faculty of Arts Editor-in-Chief

Full list of authors: Kemmer, J.; Stock, S.; Kossakowski, D.; Kaminski, A.; Molaverdikhani, K.; Schlecker, M.; Caballero, J. A.; Amado, P. J.; Astudillo-Defru, N.; Bonfils, X.; Ciardi, D.; Collins, K. A.; Espinoza, N.; Fukui, A.; Hirano, T.; Jenkins, J. M.; Latham, D. W.; Matthews, E. C.; Narita, N.; Pallé, E.; Parviainen, H.; Quirrenbach, A.; Reiners, A.; Ribas, I.; Ricker, G.; Schlieder, J. E.; Seager, S.; Vanderspek, R.; Winn, J. N.; Almenara, J. M.; Béjar, V. J. S.; Bluhm, P.; Bouchy, F.; Boyd, P.; Christiansen, J. L.; Cifuentes, C.; Cloutier, R.; Collins, K. I.; Cortés-Contreras, M.; Crossfield, I. J. M.; Crouzet, N.; de Leon, J. P.; Della-Rose, D. D.; Delfosse, X.; Dreizler, S.; Esparza-Borges, E.; Essack, Z.; Forveille, Th.; Figueira, P.; Galadí-Enríquez, D.; Gan, T.; Glidden, A.; Gonzales, E. J.; Guerra, P.; Harakawa, H.; Hatzes, A. P.; Henning, Th.; Herrero, E.; Hodapp, K.; Hori, Y.; Howell, S. B.; Ikoma, M.; Isogai, K.; Jeffers, S. V.; Kürster, M.; Kawauchi, K.; Kimura, T.; Klagyivik, P.; Kotani, T.; Kurokawa, T.; Kusakabe, N.; Kuzuhara, M.; Lafarga, M.; Livingston, J. H.; Luque, R.; Matson, R.; Morales, J. C.; Mori, M.; Muirhead, P. S.; Murgas, F.; Nishikawa, J.; Nishiumi, T.; Omiya, M.; Reffert, S.; Rodríguez López, C.; Santos, N. C.; Schöfer, P.; Schwarz, R. P.; Shiao, B.; Tamura, M.; Terada, Y.; Twicken, J. D.; Ueda, A.; Vievard, S.; Watanabe, N.; Zechmeister, M. ; We present the confirmation and characterisation of GJ 3473 b (G 50-16, TOI-488.01), a hot Earth-sized planet orbiting an M4 dwarf star, whose transiting signal (P = 1.1980035 ± 0.0000018 d) was first detected by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). Through a joint modelling of follow-up radial velocity observations with CARMENES, IRD, and HARPS together with extensive ground-based photometric follow-up observations with LCOGT, MuSCAT, and MuSCAT2, we determined a precise planetary mass, Mb = 1.86 ± 0.30 M·, and radius, Rb = 1.264 ± 0.050 R·. Additionally, we report the discovery of a second, temperate, non-transiting planet in the system, GJ 3473 c, which has a minimum mass, Mc sin i = 7.41 ± 0.91 M·, and orbital period, Pc = 15.509 ± 0.033 d. The inner planet of the system, GJ 3473 b, is one of the hottest transiting Earth-sized planets known thus far, accompanied by a dynamical mass measurement, which makes it a particularly attractive target for thermal emission spectroscopy. © 2020 ESO. ; CARMENES is an instrument at the Centro Astronomico Hispano-Aleman de Calar Alto (CAHA, Almeria, Spain). CARMENES was funded by the German Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG), the Spanish Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), the European Union through FEDER/ERF FICTS-2011-02 funds, and the members of the CARMENES Consortium (Max-Planck-Institut fur Astronomie, Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, Landessternwarte Konigstuhl, Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai, Insitut fur Astrophysik Gottingen, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Thuringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, Hamburger Sternwarte, Centro de Astrobiologia and Centro Astronomico Hispano-Aleman), with additional contributions by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, the German Science Foundation through the Major Research Instrumentation Programme and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Research Unit FOR2544 "Blue Planets around Red Stars", the Klaus Tschira Stiftung, the states of Baden-Wurttemberg and Niedersachsen, and by the Junta de Andalucia. Part of this work was funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion via projects PID2019-109522GB-C51/2/3/4 and AYA2016-79425C3-1/2/3-P, (MEXT/)JSPS KAKENHI via grants 15H02063, JP17H04574, 18H05442, JP18H01265, JP18H05439, 19J11805, JP19K14783, and 22000005, JST PRESTO via grant JPMJPR1775, FCT/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC, PTDC/FIS-AST/32113/2017) via grant UID/FIS/04434/2019, FEDER - Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional through COMPETE2020 - Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacao (POCI-010145-FEDER-032113), the FONDECYT project 3180063, Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE2020 - Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacao by these grants: UID/FIS/04434/2019; UIDB/04434/2020; UIDP/04434/2020; PTDC/FIS-AST/32113/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032113; PTDC/FISAST/28953/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028953. and the International Graduate Program for Excellence in Earth-Space Science. Part of the data analysis was carried out on the Multi-wavelength Data Analysis System operated by the Astronomy Data Center, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. Funding for the TESS mission is provided by NASA's Science Mission directorate. We acknowledge the use of public TESS Alert data from pipelines at the TESS Science Office and at the TESS Science Processing Operations Center. This research has made use of the Exoplanet Follow-up Observation Program website, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program. Resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High-End Computing Program through the NASA Advanced Supercomputing Division at Ames Research Center for the production of the SPOC data products. This paper includes data collected by the TESS mission, which are publicly available from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes. This work makes use of observations from the LCOGT network. The analysis of this work has made use of a wide variety of public available software packages that are not referenced in the manuscript: Exo-Striker (Trifonov 2019), astropy (Astropy Collaboration 2018), scipy (Virtanen et al. 2020), numpy (Oliphant 2006), matplotlib (Hunter 2007), tqdm (da Costa-Luis 2019), pandas (The pandas development team 2020), seaborn (Waskom et al. 2020), lightkurve (Lightkurve Collaboration 2018) and PyFITS (Barrett et al. 2012).

We present observations of the unusually luminous Type II supernova (SN) 2016gsd. With a peak absolute magnitude of V = -19.95 ± 0.08, this object is one of the brightest Type II SNe, and lies in the gap of magnitudes between the majority of Type II SNe and the superluminous SNe. Its light curve shows little evidence of the expected drop from the optically thick phase to the radioactively powered tail. The velocities derived from the absorption in H α are also unusually high with the blue edge tracing the fastest moving gas initially at 20 000 km s-1, and then declining approximately linearly to 15 000 km s-1 over ∼100 d. The dwarf host galaxy of the SN indicates a low-metallicity progenitor which may also contribute to the weakness of the metal lines in its spectra. We examine SN 2016gsd with reference to similarly luminous, linear Type II SNe such as SNe 1979C and 1998S, and discuss the interpretation of its observational characteristics. We compare the observations with a model produced by the jekyll code and find that a massive star with a depleted and inflated hydrogen envelope struggles to reproduce the high luminosity and extreme linearity of SN 2016gsd. Instead, we suggest that the influence of interaction between the SN ejecta and circumstellar material can explain the majority of the observed properties of the SN. The high velocities and strong H α absorption present throughout the evolution of the SN may imply a circumstellar medium configured in an asymmetric geometry. ; MF acknowledges the support of a Royal Society – Science Foundation Ireland University Research Fellowship. The JEKYLL simulations were performed on resources provided by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at Parallelldatorcentrum (PDC). PL acknowledges support from the Swedish Research Council. MS is supported by a generous grant (13261) from Villum Fonden and a project grant (8021-00170B) from the Independent Research Fund Denmark (IRFD). NUTS2 is funded in part by the Instrument Center for Danish Astronomy (IDA). This work is based (in part) on observations collected at the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere, Chile as part of PESSTO (the Public ESO Spectroscopic Survey for Transient Objects) ESO program 188.D−3003, 191.D−0935, more ESO acknowledgements. The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys (PS1) and the PS1 public science archive have been made possible through contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, the Queen's University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation Grant No. AST−1238877, the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE), the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. The SCUSS is funded by the Main Direction Program of Knowledge Innovation of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KJCX2−EW−T06). It is also an international cooperative project between National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, USA. Technical support and observational assistance from the Bok telescope are provided by Steward Observatory. The project is managed by the National Astronomical Observatory of China and Shanghai Astronomical Observatory. Data resources are supported by Chinese Astronomical Data Center (CAsDC). SD and PC acknowledge Project 11573003 supported by NSFC. This research uses data obtained through the Telescope Access Program (TAP), which has been funded by the National Astronomical Observatories of China, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Special Fund for Astronomy from the Ministry of Finance. SJS acknowledges STFC grant ST/P000312/1. This work has made use of data from the Asteroid Terrestial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) Project. ATLAS is primarily funded to search for near earth asteroids through NASA grants NN12AR55G, 80NSSC18K0284, and 80NSSC18K1575; byproducts of the NEO search include images and catalogues from the survey area. The ATLAS science products have been made possible through the contributions of the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy, the Queen's Univeristy Belfast, the Space Telescope Science Institute, and the South African Astronomical Observatory. OR acknowledges support by projects IC120009 'Millennium Institute of Astrophysics (MAS)' of the Iniciativa Científica Milenio del Ministerio de Economía, Fomento y Turismo de Chile and CONICYT PAI/INDUSTRIA 79090016. JH acknowledges financial support from the Finnish Cultural Foundation. Some data were taken with the Las Cumbres Observatory Network. GH and DAH are supported by NSF grant AST-1313484. GH thanks the LSSTC Data Science Fellowship Program, which is funded by LSSTC, NSF Cybertraining Grant #1829740, the Brinson Foundation, and the Moore Foundation; his participation in the program has benefited this work. LG was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 839090. This work also makes use of observations collected at the European Southern Observatory under ESO programme 0103.D-0338(A). CPG acknowledges support from EU/FP7-ERC grant no. [615929].

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Last year's suggested Holiday Reading was a great success, so here it goes again! The same qualifier applies: the selected readings reflect my own personal tastes rather than any specific external metric. The list is drawn from works published or accepted for publication in 2019. Happy holidays and happy reading!

The year of 2019 was the year of popular BOOKS in Economics. If you have time, pick up Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo's "Good Economics for Hard Times"; or Anne Case and Angus Deaton's "Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism"; or Raghu Rajan's "The Third Pillar: How Markets and the State Leave the Community Behind". While these writings are focused on advanced economies, they serve as a reminder that higher per capita income while necessary, is by no means sufficient for people's well-being – a message that many developing and emerging economies may find relevant these days.

Coming to the more traditional medium of discourse in Economics, journal publications, many of you will want to read "Using Randomized Controlled Trials to Estimate Long-Run Impacts in Development Economics"(Annual Review of Economics 11, 2019) by Bouguen, Adrien, Yue Huang, Michael Kremer, and Edward Miguel. 2019. You will come away with a better understanding of why the 2019 Nobel Prize of Economics went to those promoting the use of RCTs in Economics: Banerjee, Duflo, and Kremer (a coauthor of the above study).

In a different line of work, Melissa Dell, Nathan Lane, and Pablo Querubin examine in "The Historical State, Local Collective Action, and Economic Development in Vietnam" (Econometrica 2019) the importance of institutions for long-run development. By exploiting variation in state conditions across villages within Vietnam and using detailed historical data, they show how institutions affected norms, governance, and economic outcomes centuries after the original institutions disappeared. While the paper makes for captivating reading, it leaves one with a rather pessimistic outlook: how can countries escape the curse of bad institutions they inherited from centuries ago?

A series of other papers look into approaches for promoting development – institutional constraints notwithstanding. In "Disrupting Education? Experimental Evidence on Technology-Aided Instruction in India," (American Economic Review 2019), Karthik Muralidharan, Abhijeet Singh, and Alejandro Ganimian show that technology can be harnessed to improve educational outcomes, especially among academically weaker students.

Another positive message from 2019 is that increased labor mobility contributes to productivity growth. In "The Aggregate Productivity Effects of Internal Migration: Evidence from Indonesia"(Journal of Political Economy, forthcoming), Gharad Bryan and Melanie Morten show that removing barriers to internal migration in Indonesia generates significant, if highly heterogenous, productivity gains.

The optimistic messages of the previous two papers are counterbalanced by the results of two papers that yield rather negative results. In "Experimental Evidence on the Economics of Rural Electrification" (Journal of Political Economy, forthcoming), Kenneth Lee, Edward Miguel and Catherine Wolfram report results from an experiment that randomized the expansion of electric grid infrastructure in rural Kenya. The results are disappointing: demand for connections is much lower than anticipated and among newly connected households, electricity consumption is very low. Overall, the authors find "no meaningful medium-run impacts on economic and non-economic outcomes."

Similarly, the paper "Tourism and Economic Development: Evidence from Mexico's Coastline," by Benjamin Faber and Cecile Gaubert (American Economic Review 2019) slashes the hope of many developing countries that tourism will be their ticket to long-run growth and development. The authors find that tourism provides a boost to the regions directly affected by it; however, the benefits to local communities are offset in the long-run by reductions in agglomeration economies in the rest of the country, so that in the end, the effect of tourism on the country's aggregate growth is negligible.

The above papers demonstrate why research is important! We cannot make progress unless we understand what works, and what does not. Papers showing what has not lived up to expectations are as important as those that document success.

While the international community tries to figure out ways to promote development, in the meantime it is imperative to assist the poor. How do we do this effectively? The paper "The Price Effects of Cash Versus In-Kind Transfers" (Review of Economic Studies, 2019), by Jesse Cunha, Giacomo De Giorgi, and Seema Jayachandran speaks to this question. It compares in-kind to cash transfers to the poor and shows that there are advantages to the former as they lead to lower local prices, especially in less developed villages. The paper's findings are particularly relevant to the World Bank in light of a closely related paper by Deon Filmer, Jed Friedman, Eeshani Kandpal and Junko Onishi on the effects of cash transfers on local prices in remote villages in the Philippines.

To finish on an optimistic note, the paper "Private Outsourcing and Competition: Subsidized Food Distribution in Indonesia" (Journal of Political Economy 2019) by Abhijit Banerjee, Rema Hanna, Jordan Kyle, Benjamin Olken, and Sudarno Sumatro, examines Indonesia's largest transfer program and finds that outsourcing the last mile of food delivery to the private sector reduces operating costs without sacrificing quality. A small step towards increasing efficiency while curtailing rent extraction.

Enjoy! I wish you a very happy 2020 and look forward to next year's research.

















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Pinelopi Goldberg
Former Chief Economist, World Bank Group
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V Baskar


September 09, 2021

You could also come out with a separate list of publications from the studies carried out and reported in the various publications of IMG & WORLD BANK.