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The Handbook of Environment Statistics is one of the major outputs of RETA 5860: Institutional Strengthening and Collection of Environment Statistics in Selected DMCs. It attempts to address some of the existing methodological gaps in the field of environment statistics. It should be a useful guide to statisticians, environment experts, and government policymakers in their effort to develop a system for collecting environment statistics in developing countries.

In January 2002, ADB commissioned a short review and update of the reports prepared under TA 3401, in the light of recent changes and new information. The aim was to consolidate this work into an updated multimodal transport sector strategy and agenda that will contribute to the Government's planning and preparation of the National Development Plan. The focus of the strategy is principally on physical planning, but it also considers institutional development, legal framework, cost recovery, and other policy issues. This report is organized into three sections: Part A covering general and cross-modal issues, Part B dealing with physical development of the road network and the roads administration, and Part C with the land transport, maritime, and aviation sectors. This division was made to report separately on the areas of responsibility of the two lead Ministries of Water and Public Works (MWPW) and Communication and Transport (MOCT).

In January 2002, ADB commissioned a short review and update of the reports prepared under TA 3401, in the light of recent changes and new information. The aim was to consolidate this work into an updated multimodal transport sector strategy and agenda that will contribute to the Government's planning and preparation of the National Development Plan. The focus of the strategy is principally on physical planning, but it also considers institutional development, legal framework, cost recovery, and other policy issues. This report is organized into three sections: Part A covering general and cross-modal issues, Part B dealing with physical development of the road network and the roads administration, and Part C with the land transport, maritime, and aviation sectors. This division was made to report separately on the areas of responsibility of the two lead Ministries of Water and Public Works (MWPW) and Communication and Transport (MOCT).

The Handbook of Environment Statistics is one of the major outputs of RETA 5860: Institutional Strengthening and Collection of Environment Statistics in Selected DMCs. It attempts to address some of the existing methodological gaps in the field of environment statistics. It should be a useful guide to statisticians, environment experts, and government policymakers in their effort to develop a system for collecting environment statistics in developing countries.

George McGovern describes his working relationship Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield from the mid-to-late 1960s and early 1970s. McGovern relates the challenge of congressional opposition to the Vietnam War. Democrat senators, including Mansfield, struggled to find effective means to legislate an end to the war. He discusses the important role Mansfield played as majority leader putting together the non-partisan Senate Watergate Committee to investigate the scandal. McGovern also talks about his 1972 presidential campaign, for which Mansfield was repeatedly asked to be McGovern's running mate but declined. McGovern shares that Mansfield said that his wife Maureen "doubled his life" through her unwavering support for him. ; https://scholarworks.umt.edu/oberdorfer_mansfieldbiography/1002/thumbnail.jpg

Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die Auswirkungen des Ohrid-Rahmenabkommens und der daraus resultieren konstitutionellen Veränderungen in Mazedonien auf die Entwicklung der politischen Identität. Der Autor bietet eine detaillierte Analyse der Verfassungsänderungen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Stellen, in denen es um Sprache und Identität geht. Es wird argumentiert, dass die Verfassungsänderungen eine politische Identität des Landes hervorbringen, die am besten als ethnisches Mazedonien beschrieben werden kann. Im Gegensatz zu einem liberalen theoretischen Rahmen stützen die Verfassungsänderungen, die bei der Ohrid-Vereinbarung vorgesehen sind, kein völlig liberales Verständnis der politischen Nation und der Gleichheit aller Bürger in Mazedonien. Die neuen Veränderungen setzten das Hauptgewicht eher auf den kollektiven Wert der einzelnen Bürger. Infolgedessen werden ihre Rechte und Pflichten nicht nur innerhalb eines liberalen Rahmens konstitutioneller Demokratie betrachtet. Der Autor argumentiert im Gegensatz dazu, dass die Identität und Sprache der mazedonischen Albaner und anderer Minderheiten am besten durch eine Beachtung liberaler Prinzipien der Staatenbildung erhalten bleiben. (ICD)

Der vorliegende Beitrag wertet das Rahmenabkommen vom August 2001 kritisch aus, dessen Zweck es war, die bewaffnete Konfrontation zwischen der albanischen paramilitärischen Kraft, der nationalen Befreiungsarmee (NLA), und dem mazedonischen Staat zu beenden. Der Autor argumentiert, dass es einige Mängel in der Vereinbarung gibt, die in Zusammenhang mit der regionalen Sicherheit, der organisierten Kriminalität und dem ungelösten Status vom Kosovo stehen und zusammen genommen ein beträchtliches Hindernis für den Frieden und die Stabilität in Mazedonien bedeuten. Diese Mängel beziehen sich auf Probleme der Implementierung der Vereinbarung, sowie auf die Frage, wie der mazedonische Staat gestaltet werden soll. Es wird deutlich, dass die vereinbarte Machtenteilung eher zur Schaffung eines mazedonisch-albanischen binationalen Staates führt als zur Förderung eines bürgerlich orientierten multiethnischen Staates und dass die vorgesehene politische Dezentralisierung die staatliche Kapazität und Autorität untergräbt, wodurch sich die Friedensaussichten in Mazedonien verschlechtern. (ICD)

Sammlung von Beiträgen über das Verhältnis von Rechtspolitik, Gesetzgebung und politischem Entscheidungsprozeß in Großbritannien, Frankreich, Deutschland, Italien, Niederlande, Belgien und der EG. (AuD-Ber)

As world leaders gather in New York for the United Nations General Assembly, there is a palpable sense that the global balance of power is shifting. Three decades after the end of the Cold War, the unipolar moment appears to have given way to a far more complex system of geopolitics.BRICS — a non-Western geopolitical grouping led by Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa — doubled its size a few weeks ago when it invited six states from the Global South to join its ranks. And well over a year into the war in Ukraine, most countries have chosen not to join the West in its sanctions regime against Russia despite intense diplomatic pressure. "As the unipolar era that followed the end of the Cold War recedes, the global South is coming alive once again," wrote Sarang Shidore in a recent essay for Foreign Affairs. "But its guiding principle this time is not idealism but realism, with an unhesitating embrace of national interests and increased recourse to power politics."To better understand these trends, RS sat down with Shidore, who recently took over the new Global South Program at the Quincy Institute. Shidore brings an unconventional yet realist perspective on the end of the unipolar moment and the rise of a new world order. His message is clear: The U.S. can't stop the rise of a new order, but it can help shape certain trends in its favor if policymakers can accept that unipolarity is, in fact, dead. The following conversation has been edited for length and clarity.RS: Why do you find the category of the "Global South" useful? Why is it analytically valuable?Shidore: The key is to understand that the world is not equitable when it comes to power — not just wealth, not just income, but power. Power is a squishy quality, but it is, at the end of the day, what makes things happen.When you look at the power map of the world, you see some clear winners and some others who are not quite in the room. The winners are the United States and its core allies in Europe, probably Japan, probably Korea to a large degree. You have the other great powers, Russia and China, who by virtue of being great powers can exercise influence and resist various pressures.What's left is a huge number of states. Now, not all of them are poor. The majority of them are quite poor, but there are some middle-income countries or even some countries that have become wealthy. Nevertheless, they are not in the inner rooms of decision making in the world order. They feel they cannot shape the world order in any substantial way. They're deeply dissatisfied in terms of their status and their influence.As with all labels, there is ambiguity. It's not a precise formula that you can punch in and get a precise answer. The point is that any definition like the "Global South" or the "West", if it's useful to describe an important dynamic in the world order, then it is of value.Of course economics is going to come into it. Of course the colonial past is a part of it. It's a tapestry. But nevertheless, it's a geopolitical fact. Broadly speaking, I would center it on geopolitics and power.RS: It's the geopolitical haves and the have-nots.Shidore: That's right. RS: So we've got this group of countries that's dissatisfied, that doesn't want to play great power politics, that wants to be involved in the system. Is that just a desire, and or is there an actual momentum towards change?Shidore: This is a debate. I think most people would agree that we are less unipolar than we were in the 1990s. Most people have accepted that something was lost in the war on terror, that America lost significant amounts of credibility and even took an economic hit and [suffered] a strategic setback. Then, of course, you had the financial crisis. With the financial crisis and then the Covid shock, you create a lot of damaging impact in the Global South. But nevertheless, after these three crises have happened, when we look at the world you still see that today, there are middle powers with significantly more influence than they had in 1992. There's easily nine or 10 of those. Not only do they have more economic power, but they also have more political savviness and ability to play the game of international politics, get their preferences noticed and acted upon, and sometimes really chart their own futures in their regions and beyond.Turkey is an example of that. It plays its game quite cleverly. Of course, it overshoots and has suffered economic shocks recently, and so forth. But the bottom line is, it's no longer the country it was in the 1990s, [when it was] economically much weaker, knocking on the door and patiently trying to get into the European Union saying, "We are Europeans. Please accept us as Europeans." They're now saying, "We don't care if you admit us or not. We are striking out on our own." One can agree or disagree with specific policies, but as an actor, Turkey is asserting itself. It's a variable thing. If you take military power, there's no doubt that the United States dominates the world, and no middle power can come close. If you take financial power, the U.S. again dominates the world. If you take economic power in a broad sense of the term, there things have really changed. Now you have China, of course, the big other in the room, by some measure bigger than the United States. In material terms, China is actually a bigger economy than the U.S. But all these other middle powers have actually achieved a relative economic level of consumption, travel, connectivity through technology. What they had in the 1990s was much less than what they have now. They're able to muscle their way into the debate, at least in some form. But there's still a long way to go for genuine change in institutions.This contestation is happening as we speak. It's going to play out over one, two, maybe three decades, and this is when we are going to have winners and losers on all sides. Ultimately, I'm most interested in what we do in the United States about it. Are you going to be in denial until it's too late? Or are you going to understand what's happening in the world and craft a strategy that benefits the American people and allows the U.S. to navigate the shoals of what is a more complicated and, in some ways, more treacherous world?RS: You're getting at something there about the difficulty of having an American state coming out of the unipolar moment and being in this position where it seems like this trend is a threat to American power. A lot of people will say China is the big problem, but it seems like you're laying out a much larger, broader threat to American power and its ability to enforce its will. Do you see it in those zero sum terms?Shidore: I think people are seeing it in zero sum terms. That's the problem. First of all, I think it's futile. If there was a button we could push and return to 1992, would many people press it? I think a lot of people would say, "Let's go back and give ourselves a second chance." Maybe a world in which America in 1992 had taken its victory humbly and said unipolarity is something we're going to sustain through an enlightened understanding of interests, maybe that would have been a wonderful thing. But that's not what happened. Now, it's too late to put the genie back into the bottle. We are inevitably heading in a certain direction, we cannot have the debates on whether we're gonna return to unipolarity, or whether that would have been a better world. What we have now is the reality of today's world and the world of the future.There are dangers in all orders. There is no perfect global order where all the bases are covered, everybody's safe, rich, and happy, and the environment is perfect. As it is there are threats. Climate change is a major threat. If we start adding threats and inflating threats, then we will have one of two reactions. One is that we will take measures that are far in excess of the real threat. And we have done that before, in the war of terror. We could have another version of it. The other end of the spectrum is we lose hope and confidence, and that's not a good thing either. So let's understand the reality of the world and understand that a lot of what are now called threats are either relatively minor, or they're actually opportunities. There are opportunities here to increase influence in the Global South. Just because country X has invited China to build a port doesn't mean China's going to have a base there. If you push it to choose, then maybe that will happen.There's an anxiety at work here. Behind the facade of confidence is the deep anxiety of losing America's mojo. I don't think America's mojo is lost. This is a huge country with a diverse set of people, and people still want to come and live here. It's got enormous resources. It's secure. There's no reason to lose confidence and get so stricken with anxiety.RS: We've got the General Assembly coming up this week in the UN. Something that Biden and the whole administration have planted a flag on is this idea of Security Council reform. BRICS, too, recently endorsed as a bloc the idea of Security Council reform. Is that one of the key things to move forward into an equitable system for some of these middle powers that really want a higher level of influence?Shidore: There's no doubt that that's a gold standard. The UN is the only really global body. We don't have anything comparable. But everything that I know about it tells me it's hard to change because the bar for reform is very high.I'm more looking at the other major global institutions, the Bretton Woods institutions: the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. There are possibilities there. But because that isn't moving either, alternative institutions are cropping up, whether it's the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, whether it's the New Development, whether it's bilateral projects like China's Belt and Road Initiative, they're stepping in and doing things on the ground. The World Bank System still remains among the biggest. It sets a lot of norms and standards. People look to the World Bank for a lot of things. But if it doesn't reform, there's gonna come a day when it just becomes one of many. That's not beneficial to the U.S. The impatience for change is growing. As we know well, the current design of the order is a 1945 design. We are practically 20 years away from 2045. So how are you going to reach 2045 and after 100 years there's been no significant change to the world order's design? I think that's just not a sustainable proposition.

The issue of the regulation of artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the significant challenges faced by the EU at present. Most researchers focus on the substantive scope of AI regulation, including state law, ethical norms and soft law. In addition to the substantive and legal scope of the regulation, it is worthwhile considering the manner of such regulation.1 Since AI is an algorithmic code, it seems correct to regulate (restrict) AI not so much with traditional law established in natural (human) language as with one implemented into algorithms. They may operate as a tool supporting traditional legislation (RegTech), but it is possible to go further with the issue and create regulation algorithms which implement the law as the effective law. However, this requires a new approach to law and legislation – the law as algorithmic code. ; University of Silesia, Poland ; Dariusz Szostek is Associate Professor in the Department of Civil Law and Civil Procedure at the Faculty of Law and Administration, Opole University, Poland, Head of the Centre for Legal Problems of Technical Issues and New Technologies; European Parliament AI Observatory science expert (2020–2024), and member of European Union Intellectual Property Office, Chairman of the Scientific Council of the Virtual Department of Law and Ethics. ; dariusz.szostek@szostek-bar.pl ; 43 ; 60 ; 3 ; Aires J., Pinheiro D., Strube de Lima V. and Meneguzzi F., Norm conflict identification in contracts, "Artificial Intelligence and Law" 2017, vol. 25. ; Araszkiewicz M.: Algorytmizacja myślenia prawniczego. Modele, możliwości, ograniczenia, (in:) D. Szostek (ed.), Legal tech. 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This is an open accBroderick, Avery E.; Gold, Roman; Karami, Mansour; Preciado-López, Jorge A.; Tiede, Paul; Pu, Hung-Yi; Akiyama, Kazunori; Alberdi, Antxon; Alef, Walter; Asada, Keiichi; Azulay, Rebecca; Baczko, Anne-Kathrin; Baloković, Mislav; Barrett, John; Bintley, Dan; Blackburn, Lindy; Boland, Wilfred; Bouman, Katherine L.; Bower, Geoffrey C.; Bremer, Michael; Brinkerink, Christiaan D.; Brissenden, Roger; Britzen, Silke; Broguiere, Dominique; Bronzwaer, Thomas; Byun, Do-Young; Carlstrom, John E.; Chael, Andrew; Chatterjee, Shami; Chatterjee, Koushik; Chen, Ming-Tang; Chen, Yongjun; Cho, Ilje; Conway, John E.; Cordes, James M.; Crew, Geoffrey B.; Cui, Yuzhu; Davelaar, Jordy; De Laurentis, Mariafelicia; Deane, Roger; Dempsey, Jessica; Desvignes, Gregory; Doeleman, Sheperd S.; Eatough, Ralph P.; Falcke, Heino; Fish, Vincent L.; Fomalont, Ed; Fraga-Encinas, Raquel; Friberg, Per; Fromm, Christian M.; Galison, Peter; Gammie, Charles F.; García, Roberto; Gentaz, Olivier; Georgiev, Boris; Goddi, Ciriaco; Gómez, José L.; Gu, Minfeng; Gurwell, Mark; Hada, Kazuhiro; Hecht, Michael H.; Hesper, Ronald; Ho, Luis C.; Ho, Paul; Honma, Mareki; Huang, Chih-Wei L.; Huang, Lei; Hughes, David H.; Inoue, Makoto; Issaoun, Sara; James, David J.; Janssen, Michael; Jeter, Britton; Jiang, Wu; Jiménez-Rosales, Alejandra; Johnson, Michael D.; Jorstad, Svetlana; Jung, Taehyun; Karuppusamy, Ramesh; Kawashima, Tomohisa; Keating, Garrett K.; Kettenis, Mark; Kim, Jae-Young; Kim, Jongsoo; Kino, Motoki; Koay, Jun Yi; Koch, Patrick M.; Koyama, Shoko; Kramer, Michael; Kramer, Carsten; Krichbaum, Thomas P.; Kuo, Cheng-Yu; Lee, Sang-Sung; Li, Yan-Rong; Li, Zhiyuan; Lindqvist, Michael; Lico, Rocco; Liu, Kuo; Liuzzo, Elisabetta; Lo, Wen-Ping; Lobanov, Andrei P.; Loinard, Laurent; Lonsdale, Colin; Lu, Ru-Sen; MacDonald, Nicholas R.; Mao, Jirong; Marscher, Alan P.; Martí-Vidal, Iván; Matsushita, Satoki; Matthews, Lynn D.; Menten, Karl M.; Mizuno, Yosuke; Mizuno, Izumi; Moran, James M.; Moriyama, Kotaro; Moscibrodzka, Monika; Müller, Cornelia; Nagai, Hiroshi; Nagar, Neil M.; Nakamura, Masanori; Narayan, Ramesh; Narayanan, Gopal; Natarajan, Iniyan; Neri, Roberto; Ni, Chunchong; Noutsos, Aristeidis; Okino, Hiroki; Olivares, Héctor; Ortiz-León, Gisela N.; Oyama, Tomoaki; Palumbo, Daniel C. M.; Park, Jongho; Pen, Ue-Li; Pesce, Dominic W.; Piétu, Vincent; Plambeck, Richard; PopStefanija, Aleksandar; Porth, Oliver; Prather, Ben; Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh; Rao, Ramprasad; Rawlings, Mark G.; Raymond, Alexander W.; Rezzolla, Luciano; Ripperda, Bart; Roelofs, Freek; Rogers, Alan; Ros, Eduardo; Rose, Mel; Rottmann, Helge; Ruszczyk, Chet; Ryan, Benjamin R.; Rygl, Kazi L. J.; Sánchez, Salvador; Sánchez-Arguelles, David; Sasada, Mahito; Savolainen, Tuomas; Schloerb, F. Peter; Schuster, Karl-Friedrich; Shao, Lijing; Shen, Zhiqiang; Small, Des; Sohn, Bong Won; SooHoo, Jason; Tazaki, Fumie; Tilanus, Remo P. J.; Titus, Michael; Toma, Kenji; Torne, Pablo; Traianou, Efthalia; Trippe, Sascha; Tsuda, Shuichiro; van Bemmel, Ilse; van Langevelde, Huib Jan; van Rossum, Daniel R.; Wagner, Jan; Wardle, John; Weintroub, Jonathan; Wex, Norbert; Wharton, Robert; Wielgus, Maciek; Wong, George N.; Wu, Qingwen; Yoon, Doosoo; Young, André; Young, Ken; Younsi, Ziri; Yuan, Feng; Yuan, Ye-Fei; Zensus, J. Anton; Zhao, Guangyao; Zhao, Shan-Shan; Zhu, Ziyan; Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration ess article.-- Full list of authors: ; The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) provides the unprecedented ability to directly resolve the structure and dynamics of black hole emission regions on scales smaller than their horizons. This has the potential to critically probe the mechanisms by which black holes accrete and launch outflows, and the structure of supermassive black hole spacetimes. However, accessing this information is a formidable analysis challenge for two reasons. First, the EHT natively produces a variety of data types that encode information about the image structure in nontrivial ways; these are subject to a variety of systematic effects associated with very long baseline interferometry and are supplemented by a wide variety of auxiliary data on the primary EHT targets from decades of other observations. Second, models of the emission regions and their interaction with the black hole are complex, highly uncertain, and computationally expensive to construct. As a result, the scientific utilization of EHT observations requires a flexible, extensible, and powerful analysis framework. We present such a framework, Themis, which defines a set of interfaces between models, data, and sampling algorithms that facilitates future development. We describe the design and currently existing components of Themis, how Themis has been validated thus far, and present additional analyses made possible by Themis that illustrate its capabilities. Importantly, we demonstrate that Themis is able to reproduce prior EHT analyses, extend these, and do so in a computationally efficient manner that can efficiently exploit modern high-performance computing facilities. Themis has already been used extensively in the scientific analysis and interpretation of the first EHT observations of M87. © 2020. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. ; This work was made possible by the facilities of the Shared Hierarchical Academic Research Computing Network (SHARCNET: www.sharcnet.ca) and Compute/Calcul Canada (www.computecanada.ca). Computations were made on the supercomputer Mammouth Parallele 2 from University of Sherbrooke, managed by Calcul Quebec and Compute Canada. The operation of this supercomputer is funded by the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI), the ministere de l'Economie, de la science et de l'innovation du Quebec (MESI), and the Fonds de recherche du Quebec-Nature et technologies (FRQ-NT). This work was supported in part by Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics. Research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development, Job Creation and Trade. A.E.B. thanks the Delaney Family for their generous financial support via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute. A.E.B., P.T., and M.K. receive additional financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada through a Discovery Grant. R.G. receives additional support from the ERC synergy grant "BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes" (grant No. 610058). We thank Jason Dexter for helpful comments and suggestions. We further thank the following organizations and programs: the Academy of Finland (projects 274477, 284495, 312496); the Advanced European Network of E-infrastructures for Astronomy with the SKA (AENEAS) project, supported by the European Commission Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action under grant agreement 731016; the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung; Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, through grants from the John Templeton Foundation and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; the China Scholarship Council; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT, Chile, via PIA ACT172033, Fondecyt 1171506, BASAL AFB-170002, ALMA-conicyt 31140007); Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico, projects 104497, 275201, 279006, 281692); the Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute; Direccion General de Asuntos del Personal Academico-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (DGAPA-UNAM, project IN112417); the European Research Council Synergy Grant "BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes" (grant 610058); the Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant APOSTD/2018/177; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (grants GBMF-3561, GBMF-5278); the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV; the International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne; the Jansky Fellowship program of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); the Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellowship (JP17J08829); the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS, grants QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJ-SSW-SYS008); the Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG); the Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG and the CAS; the MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI (grants 18KK0090, JP18K13594, JP18K03656, JP18H03721, 18K03709, 18H01245, 25120007); the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds; the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan (105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 106-2112-M-001-011, 106-2119-M-001-027, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107-2119-M-001-020, and 107-2119-M-110-005); the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, Fermi Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC17K0649); the National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan; the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant 2016YFA0400704, 2016YFA0400702); the National Science Foundation (NSF, grants AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST-0521233, AST-0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST-1126433, AST-1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST-1207730, AST-1207752, MRI-1228509, OPP-1248097, AST-1310896, AST-1337663, AST-1440254, AST-1555365, AST-1715061, AST-1615796, AST-1716327, OISE-1743747, AST-1816420); the Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 11573051, 11633006, 11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, including a Discovery Grant and the NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarships-Doctoral Program); the National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China; the National Research Foundation of Korea (the Global PhD Fellowship Grant: grants NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, 2015-R1D1A1A01056807, the Korea Research Fellowship Program: NRF-2015H1D3A1066561); the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award (grant 639.043. 513) and Spinoza Prize SPI 78-409; the New Scientific Frontiers with Precision Radio Interferometry Fellowship awarded by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) of South Africa; the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) national infrastructure, for the provisioning of its facilities/observational support (OSO receives funding through the Swedish Research Council under grant 2017-00648) the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science); the Russian Science Foundation (grant 17-12-01029); the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (grants PGC2018-098915-B-C21, AYA2016-80889-P); the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award for the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709); the Toray Science Foundation; the US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory (operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the USDOE (Contract 89233218CNA000001)); the Italian Ministero dell'Istruzione Universita e Ricerca through the grant Progetti Premiali 2012-iALMA (CUP C52I13000140001); the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 730562 RadioNet; ALMA North America Development Fund; the Academia Sinica; Chandra TM6-17006X. This work used the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), supported by NSF grant ACI-1548562, and CyVerse, supported by NSF grants DBI-0735191, DBI-1265383, and DBI-1743442. XSEDE Stampede2 resource at TACC was allocated through TG-AST170024 and TG-AST080026N. XSEDE JetStream resource at PTI and TACC was allocated through AST170028. The simulations were performed in part on the SuperMUC cluster at the LRZ in Garching, on the LOEWE cluster in CSC in Frankfurt, and on the HazelHen cluster at the HLRS in Stuttgart. ; Peer reviewed

Submitted 2020-07-05 | Accepted 2020-08-14 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.205-213The African Chicken Genetic Gain (ACGG) project (https://africacgg.net/) aims at backyard poultry optimization by commercial dual-purpose breeds introduction into Africa. To measure benefits, genotype by environment interaction (GxE) analysis provides guidance while predicting environmental effects on production traits of breeds. A survey among Ethiopian poultry smallholders showed egg sale being the most important purpose of keeping village chickens in Oromia. Data was available about laying of 894 ACGG chickens in Oromia. Hence current research questions were: 1) Does GxE take place? 2) Which breed performs best regarding laying and in which environment within Oromia? Traits investigated were egg number and egg weight of five breeds (S-RIR, Sasso, Horro, Kuroiler and Koekoek) located in three zones (East Hararge, East and West Shoa) and 5 districts (Adami Tulu, Bako Tibe, Dano, Dugda and Haromaya) in Oromia. Observations were taken as group measure performing weighted analyses. GxE was only present for egg number with magnitude strongest for zone. S-RIR performed best for both traits in both environments, except Kuroiler performing better in East Shoa for egg number and Koekoek for egg weight. This indicates success of crossbreed S-RIR. Sasso and Horro performed worst supported by previous research for Horro but not Sasso. Low precipitation in East Shoa caused bigger distance in egg number predictions, being higher for S-RIR and lower for Horro and Sasso compared to West Shoa. Apart from these final conclusions, social context of breeding and data collection difficulties should not be forgotten. 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Intensivt diskuteret på den internationale scene, som illustreret ved Verdensmålene for bæredygtig udvikling, som De Forenede Nationer har lanceret, har bæredygtig udvikling og bæredygtighed været veletablerede som centrale emner for vores samfund. Det nylige videnskabelige arbejde opfordrer indtrængende til at reducere det miljømæssige bæredygtighedstryk, således at jordens livsstøttende funktioner kan opretholdes, og økonomier og samfund, der er indeholdt i jordsystemet, kan forblive intakte. Virksomhedernes rolle i at understøtte overgangen til bæredygtige samfund er blevet understreget af forskere, beslutningstagere og virksomheder selv. I denne sammenhæng udvikler virksomhederne i stigende grad deres egne bæredygtighedstilgange. Bæredygtighedstilgange kan tage forskellige former såsom miljøledelse, bæredygtig forsyningskædeforvaltning og renere produktion. I dette ph.d.-projekt blev der taget et produkt livscyklusperspektiv, som betragter virksomheder som de vigtigste udbydere af varer og tjenesteydelser (i det følgende omtalt som "produkter") med deres indlejrede livscykluser i vores økonomier. Beslutningerne i produktudviklingsaktiviteterne er typisk betragtet som at bestemme en stor del af produkternes miljømæssige bæredygtighedseffekter over deres livscyklus. Derfor har virksomhederne en central rolle at spille gennem udvikling og levering af produkter, som er fokus for forskning indenfor miljøvenlig produktudvikling (ecodesign). Bæredygtighedsstrategier kan undersøges i forskellige lag, lige fra intern organisatorisk funktion, over operativ bæredygtighed og virksomhedernes fortællinger, til fungeren af det overordnede erhvervsmæssige økosystem. I dette ph.d.-projekt blev bæredygtighedstilgange i et produkt-livscyklusperspektiv undersøgt baseret på to forskellige lag af bæredygtighedstilgange, nemlig virksomhedsfortællinger og intern organisatorisk fungeren. For det første, selv om livscyklus-tænkning er blevet drevet af forskellige industri- og politiske initiativer og blev anset for at udgøre et fælles verdensbillede af miljøforvaltning, er det uklart, i hvilket omfang den aktivt anvendes i industrien til at lede bæredygtighedstilgange. Dette ph.d.-projekt har til formål at undersøge dette spørgsmål baseret på firmafortællinger og, mere præcist, baseret på virksomhedernes bæredygtighedsrapporter. Disse rapporter (Corporate sustainability reports) giver indsigt i, hvordan virksomheder mener at deres bæredygtighedsindsats bør være fremlagt bedst muligt, og dermed indeholder de begreber og ræsonnementslinjer, der anses for kritiske af virksomhederne selv for deres officielle kommunikation. I denne sammenhæng er det første forskningsspørgsmål (RQ1), der behandles i dette ph.d.-projekt: "I hvilken grad er livscyklus-tænkning til stede i virksomhedsfortællinger om deres bæredygtighedsstrategier, der fremgår af virksomhedernes bæredygtighedsrapporter?" For det andet peger seneste udviklinger inden for litteratur omkring integrering af miljøveling produktudvikling på en dybere inddragelse af både formelle aspekter (f.eks. organisatoriske enheder, processer og mål) og uformelle aspekter (f.eks. individuelle aspirationer, rutiner og magtforhold) af organisatorisk fungeren. Et rammeværk fra den generelle ledelseslitteratur, nemlig "organisationers fire-linse-perspektiv", blev identificeret som en mulig konceptuel ramme for at imødegå formelle og uformelle aspekter af organisatorisk fungeren. I denne sammenhæng er det andet forskningsspørgsmål (RQ2), der behandles i dette ph.d.-projekt: "I hvilket omfang kan organisationernes fire-linse-perspektiv hjælpe med at undersøge og understøtte integration af ecodesign i virksomhedernes formelle og uformelle organisatoriske fungeren?" Tilstedeværelsen af livscyklus-tænkning i virksomhedernes fortællinger, som præsenteret i virksomhedernes bæredygtighedsrapporter, blev undersøgt ved hjælp af tre forskellige indikatorer: (i) referencer til livscyklusbaserede metoder; ii) omfanget af, hvilke rapporterede miljømæssige bæredygtighedstiltag der dækker de forskellige livscyklusfaser og (iii) tilstedeværelse af elementer af livscyklus-tænkning i virksomhedernes fortællinger (konkret: produkt-livscyklus-system, hotspots i livscyklussen, trade-offs i livscyklussen eller på tværs af miljøproblemer, og produkt-miljø-bæredygtigheds budget relateret til ideen om økologiske grænser). De vigtigste resultater er: 1. Idéen om produktets livscyklus blev fundet værende til stede i virksomhedernes bæredygtighedsrapporter som et koncept eller gennem operativ praksis, der tager sigte på de forskellige livscyklusfaser. 2. Livscyklusvurderingsmetoden i sig selv blev fundet med en ret svag tilstedeværelse i virksomhedernes bæredygtighedsrapporter globalt, men i mindre, målrettede prøver af virksomheders bæredygtighedsrapporter blev forekomsten af livscyklusbaserede metoder fundet hyppigere. 3. Livscyklus-tænkning blev kun fundet i begrænset omfng til kritisk at analysere og reflektere over miljømæssige bæredygtighedsproblemer i forbindelse med produktets livscyklus. Et antal litteratur- og empiriske undersøgelser blev gennemført for at besvare RQ2 og bestod i alt af (i) kortlægning af tiltag omkring integration af ecodesign der støtter fire-linse-perspektivet og (ii) afdækning af tvær-linse-effekter, dvs. interaktioner mellem linser og (iii) efterfølgende anvendelser af fire-linse-perspektivet i ecodesign-integrationsaktiviteter. De vigtigste resultater er: 1. Linse-dominans blev identificeret blandt tiltag, der støtter ecodesign-integration i litteratur og empiriske data, selvom der også blev fundet tiltag svarende til alle linser. 2. Indikationer af tvær-linse-effekter, dvs. indikationer om, at mål svarende til en given linse forøger faktorer i kernen af andre linser, blev fundet i litteraturen og i de empiriske data. 3. Tre mulige anvendelser af fire-linse-perspektivet i ecodesign-integrationsaktiviteter blev udviklet, herunder løbende forbedring, problemløsning og uddannelse eller rekruttering af medarbejdere. Sammen har de to spor i dette ph.d.-projekt til fælles at muliggøre at "komme tættere på virksomheder" - til virksomhedernes forståelse for, hvordan de bedst kan præsentere deres bæredygtighedsindsats og til virksomhedernes interne organisatoriske fungeren. Denne ph.d.-forskning giver komplementær indsigt i, hvordan man kan styrke integrationen af bæredygtighedstilgange i industrien, ud fra et produkts livscyklusperspektiv. Det første spor identificerede behovet for øget brug af livscyklus-tænkning i virksomhedernes fortællinger om centrale analyser og refleksioner omkring eksisterende produktlivscyklusystemer og de miljømæssige bæredygtighedsudfordringer, de er forbundet med. Det andet spor banede vejen for yderligere afprøvning af den analytiske og praktiske værdi af organisationernes fire-linse-perspektiv for at undersøge og støtte ecodesign-integration i virksomheder med en bred horisont af, hvad intern organisatorisk fungeren indebærer. Disse to spor blev fulgt i stor udstrækning uafhængigt af hinanden, og mulighederne for deres kombination er skitseret for fremtidig forskning. ; Intensively discussed in the international scene, as illustrated with the Sustainable Development Goals launched by the United Nations, sustainable development and sustainability have been well established as central topics for our societies. Recent scientific work urges to reduce environmental sustainability pressures so that Earth's life-supporting functions can be maintained, and economies and societies nested in the Earth system can keep thriving. The role of companies in supporting the transition towards sustainable societies has been emphasized by researchers, policy-makers and companies themselves. In this context, companies increasingly develop their own sustainability approaches. Sustainability approaches can take various forms such as environmental management, sustainable supply chain management, and cleaner production. In this PhD project, a product life cycle perspective was taken, which relates to viewing companies as the major providers of goods and services (hereafter referred to as "products"), with their embedded life cycles, in our economies. The decisions made during the product development activities have typically been considered to determine a large share of products' environmental sustainability impacts along their life cycle. Hence, companies have a key role to play through the development and delivery of products, which is the focus of ecodesign research. Sustainability approaches can be researched on different layers, ranging from internal organizational functioning, over operational sustainability practices and companies' narratives, to functioning of the overall business ecosystem. In this PhD project, sustainability approaches from a product life cycle perspective were researched based on two different layers of sustainability approaches, namely company narratives and internal organizational functioning. First, although life cycle thinking has been driven by various industry and policy-making initiatives, and been considered to constitute a shared worldview of environmental management, the extent to which it is actively used in industry to guide sustainability approaches remains unclear. This PhD project set out to research this question based on company narratives, and more precisely based on corporate sustainability reports. Corporate sustainability reports deliver insights on how companies understand that their sustainability efforts should be best presented, and, hence, contain concepts and reasoning lines considered critical by the companies' themselves for their official communications. In this context, the first research question (RQ1) addressed in this PhD project is: "To what extent is life cycle thinking present in company narratives of their sustainability approaches provided in corporate sustainability reports?" Second, recent developments in ecodesign integration literature have called for a deeper embracement of both formal aspects (e.g. organizational units, processes and targets) and informal aspects (e.g. individual aspiration, routines, and power relationships) of organizational functioning. A framework from general management literature, the four-lens view of organizations, was identified as a candidate conceptual framework to address formal and informal aspects of organizational functioning. In this context, the second research question (RQ2) addressed in this PhD project is: "To what extent can the four-lens view of organizations help investigating and supporting ecodesign integration in formal and informal organizational functioning of companies?" The presence of life cycle thinking in companies' narratives provided in corporate sustainability reports was explored using three different indicators: (i) references to life cycle-based methodologies; (ii) extent to which reported environmental sustainability operational practices covered the different life cycle stages; and (iii) presence of life cycle thinking elements in companies' narratives (product life cycle system, hotspots in the life cycle, tradeoffs in the life cycle or across environmental problems, and product environmental sustainability budget related to the idea of ecological limits). The main findings are: 1. The idea of product life cycle was found present in corporate sustainability reports as a concept or through operational practices addressing the different life cycle stages. 2. The Life Cycle Assessment methodology in itself was found with a rather weak presence in corporate sustainability reports globally; yet, in smaller and targeted samples, presence of life cycle-based methodologies was found more frequent; 3. Life cycle thinking was found only limitedly used to critically analyze and reflect about environmental sustainability problems associated with product life cycles. A set of literature and empirical studies were undertaken to answer RQ2, and overall consisted of (i) mapping measures in favor of ecodesign integration in the four-lens view framework; (ii) uncovering cross-lens effects, i.e. interactions between lenses, and (iii) deriving applications of the four-lens view in ecodesign integration activities. The main findings are: 1. Lens dominance was revealed among measures in favor of ecodesign integration in literature and empirical data, although measures corresponding to all lenses were found. 2. Indications of cross-lens effects, i.e. indications that measures corresponding to a given lens enhance factors at the core of other lenses, were found in the literature and in the empirical data. 3. Three hypothesized applications of the four-lens view in ecodesign integration activities were derived including continuous improvement, problem solving and training or recruitment of employees. Together, the two tracks of this PhD project had in common to allow "getting closer to companies"- to the companies' understanding of how to best present their sustainability efforts, and to the companies' internal organizational functioning, respectively. This PhD research provides complementary insights on how to strengthen the integration of sustainability approaches in industry, from a product life cycle perspective. The first track identified the need for an increased use of life cycle thinking in companies' narratives for critical analyses and reflections about existing product life cycle systems, and the environmental sustainability challenges they are associated with. The second track paved the way for further testing of the analytical and practical value of the four-lens view of organizations to investigate and support ecodesign integration in companies, with a broad horizon of what internal organizational functioning entails. These two tracks were conducted independently to a great extent, and opportunities for their cross-linking are outlined for future research.