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Donald Trump and PESCO: Influence of Individual to Transatlantic Defence Structure In this study I defend the thesis that US President Donald Trump had a negative impact to transatlantic defence structure that is NATO, which led to the PESCO agreement ratification in late 2017. This agreement increases integration of most of European countries in defence sphere by allowing to cooperate in fields of military equipment purchase and various strategic defence capabilities projects, as well as requires member states to regularly increasing defence budgets in real terms and to increase defence investment expenditure to 20% of total defence spending. The PESCO agreement is entirely European project and US is not a part of it. In this research I made a statement that election of Donald Trump and his rhetoric towards NATO allies had a negative impact to whole transatlantic defence structure and forced European leaders to ratify PESCO agreement. In order to defend my statement, methodological individualism approach to this problem was used. I used Karl Raimund Popper's and Joseph Agassi's institutional individualism theory as a base of my research and created 4 subpart analysis structure, which was used in order to defend my thesis. In the first subpart, the institutional background and history of NATO was analysed. The domination of US in NATO, while European partners were less concerned with defence led to the situation where European countries were accused by United States of not participating enough in burden sharing. In the second subpart, the impact of structural situation to individual's (that is Donald Trump) circumstances and his behaviour was analysed. The European so called "freeride" in NATO was and still is a major problem that is highlighted in Trump's "America First" strategy that was used during his presidential election campaign and presidency. In the third subpart, Donald Trump's rhetoric towards NATO allies, in respect to "America First" strategy, during his presidential election campaign and during his time in office, was analysed. Donald Trump regularly criticised Europeans countries for not fulfilling their agreements and not spending 2 percent of GDP for defence. In institutional individualism view this criticism of European countries are Donald Trump's "cry" for "reform" inside the NATO. In the final subpart, the transatlantic defence structure's, that is NATO, response to Donald Trump's "reform" was analysed. NATO European leaders did not agree with D. Trump's terms and "reform" of NATO and were not willing to drastically increase defence spending. This led to situation where European leaders could not "punish" United States nor could trust US to keep their commitments to NATO anymore, therefore pushed European leaders to ratify a PESCO agreement. This research shows how agent has impact to changes in various international structures and focused primarily on Donald Trump's influence to structural changes of NATO which led to PESCO agreement ratification on the other side of Atlantic. It was done in a way in which Donald Trump is considered to be one of many individuals that belong to transatlantic defence structure and was just a part of the agent/structure influence triangle. Therefore, the main goal of this research was not to show why Donald Trump had an impact to transatlantic defence structure and PESCO, but rather to answer how he could done such impact in the agent/structure relations. However, this master's thesis can be a basis for any researcher that is willing to do so: to answer the question why during Donald Trump's presidency and not Barack Obama's, for example, the PESCO agreement was ratified and trust issues between US and European countries rose again.

It seems that the aim of conventional studies on tactile maps for visually impaired people have been to improve their utility in terms of instrumentalism. However, given the recent progress of disability studies in social science and post-representational approach in recent map studies, it is necessary to examine how tactile maps work in the society and how they relate to "disability" as a social phenomenon. These are also important issues to think about how geospatial information technology for visually impaired people embed in the society. Hence, regarding the map as more-than-representation, this paper analysed various documents (e.g. newspaper articles, essays, instruction manuals for orientation and mobility specialist), and considered the social position of tactile maps in Japan. The results showed the following. The tactile map has a long history as a teaching material of geography. It was used for education for the blind in Western countries in the late 18th century. This situation was introduced to Japan by overseas memoir. For example, in the late Edo era, Namura Gohachirou who was a member of Japanese Embassy to the United States witnessed geography education using tactile maps at the blind school in New York. In his diary named Akou Nikki , Namura said that the education for blinds using tactile maps seemed to "translation" from the words of those who can see both eyes well to the words of visually impaired people. His statement clearly shows the material difference of tactile maps. Many tactile maps have acquired social status as "translated objects". The material form of tactile maps is different from the "map" (visual map) known to the general public, so it makes awareness of physical differences between the body of visually impaired people and sighted people. In 1880, the first blind school in Japan, Kyoto Moua In had exhibited teaching materials and other instruments to the exposition, including a tactile map representing the city of Kyoto. Such a social event also had a role to attract the attention of sighted people to the material heterogeneity of the tactile map and visually impaired people. The 1960s-80s was the period of the situation of tactile maps changed significantly in Japan. In the 1960s, rehabilitation techniques for visual impairments was introduced to Japan from USA, and the concept of "orientation" which was lacking in conventional walking training diffused. In accordance with these movement, the teaching manual of orientation and mobility (O&M) training became write the methodologies to make and use the tactile map for the training. In 1964, Kazuo Honma, the founder of Japan Brail Library, visited all over the world and bought lots of tools for visually impaired people, including tactile maps, at the blind libraries in various places and brought them back to Japan. He held an exhibition to show those materials in the following year. Furthermore, as the International Year of Disabled Persons 1981 and the subsequent enforcement of various laws related to people with disability, it has been emphasized to create cities where physically impaired people can go out of their homes. Since that time the tactile maps began to be installed in public facilities, and were introduced in the assistive technology catalogs. In this way, the tactile map was incorporated into the context of "outdoor behavior" and "walking". Not only the body of visually impaired people but also the tactile maps as material objects have increasingly been exposed to the "outside" spaces (e.g. city, road). As a result, the tactile map became understood from the viewpoint of "safety", and it became involved with human and non-human actors (e.g. government offices, volunteer organizations, barrier-free laws, traffic guidelines) different from those of geography education.

Context. We find an extended source in the direct vicinity of Sgr A∗ with an approximate projected mean distance of 425 ± 26 mas. Its sky-projected elongated shape can be described by an averaged spatial extension of x = 110 ± 20 mas and y = 180 ± 20 mas. With this, the observed object points in the analyzed SINFONI data sets between 2006 and 2016 directly toward the supermassive black hole. We discuss different possible scenarios that could explain the detected blueshifted line emission source. Aims. Here we present a detailed and extensive analysis of the adaptive optics corrected SINFONI data between 2006 and 2016 with a spatial pixel scale of 0 . ″ 025 and a corresponding field of view of 0 . ″ 8 × 0 . ″ 8 per single data cube with the focus on the newly discovered source. We spectroscopically identify the source, which we name X8, in the blueshifted Brγ line maps. Additionally, an upper limit for the continuum magnitude can be derived from the close-by S-star S41. Methods. We applied the standard reduction procedure with the SINFONI/EsoRex pipeline for the analysis. We applied pre- and post-data correction in order to establish various calibration procedures. For the sharpened images, we used the Lucy-Richardson algorithm with a low iteration number. For the high-pass filtered images, we used the smooth-subtracting process in order to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. Results. We are able to detect the elongated line emission source in quantified data sets between 2006 and 2016. We find a lower limit for the infrared continuum magnitude of K s 17.0 ± 0.1. The alignment of X8 toward Sgr A∗ can be detected in data sets that fulfill a sufficient number of observations with a defined quality level. A more detailed analysis of the results shows indications of a bipolar outflow source that might be associated with either a young stellar object, or with a post-AGB star or young planetary nebula. Conclusions. The near-infrared excess source X8 close to S24, S25, and S41 can be detected between 2006 and 2016. In addition to an apparent bow-shock morphology, the source shows clear signatures of a bipolar outflow that is consistent with both a young stellar object and a post-AGB star. If confirmed, this would be the closest ever detected bipolar outflow source to the supermassive black hole. Similar to the case of the DSO/G2 source and other dusty sources, it further supports the in situ star formation in the direct vicinity of Sgr A∗. If X8 were a bow-shock source, it would be the third object of this type that can be found in projection in the mini-cavity. This scenario would support the idea that the cavity is created by a wind from Sgr A∗. © ESO 2019. ; We received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2013-2017) under grant agreement no 312789 - Strong gravity: Probing Strong Gravity by Black Holes Across the Range of Masses. Michal Zajacek acknowledges the support by the National Science Centre, Poland, grant No. 2017/26/A/ST9/00756 (Maestro 9). This work was supported in part by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) via the Cologne Bonn Graduate School (BCGS), the Max Planck Society through the International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Astronomy and Astrophysics, as well as special funds through the University of Cologne and SFB 956 - Conditions and Impact of Star Formation. ; Peer Reviewed

19 pages, 9 figures, 1 table ; Aerosols are an integral part of the Arctic climate system due to their direct interaction with radiation and indirect interaction through cloud formation. Understanding aerosol size distributions and their dynamics is crucial for the ability to predict these climate relevant effects. When of favourable size and composition, both long-rangetransported-and locally formed particles-may serve as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Small changes of composition or size may have a large impact on the low CCN concentrations currently characteristic of the Arctic environment. We present a cluster analysis of particle size distributions (PSDs; size range 8-500 nm) simultaneously collected from three high Arctic sites during a 3-year period (2013-2015). Two sites are located in the Svalbard archipelago: Zeppelin research station (ZEP; 474 m above ground) and the nearby Gruvebadet Observatory (GRU; about 2 km distance from Zeppelin, 67 m above ground). The third site (Villum Research Station at Station Nord, VRS; 30 m above ground) is 600 km west-northwest of Zeppelin, at the tip of northeastern Greenland. The GRU site is included in an inter-site comparison for the first time. K-means cluster analysis provided eight specific aerosol categories, further combined into broad PSD classes with similar characteristics, namely pristine low concentrations (12 %-14 % occurrence), new particle formation (16 %-32 %), Aitken (21 %-35 %) and accumulation (20 %-50 %). Confined for longer time periods by consolidated pack sea ice regions, the Greenland site GRU shows PSDs with lower ultrafine-mode aerosol concentrations during summer but higher accumulation-mode aerosol concentrations during winter, relative to the Svalbard sites. By association with chemical composition and cloud condensation nuclei properties, further conclusions can be derived. Three distinct types of accumulation-mode aerosol are observed during winter months. These are associated with sea spray (largest detectable sizes, > 400 nm), Arctic haze (main mode at 150 nm) and aged accumulation-mode (main mode at 220 nm) aerosols. In contrast, locally produced particles, most likely of marine biogenic origin, exhibit size distributions dominated by the nucleation and Aitken mode during summer months. The obtained data and analysis point towards future studies, including apportioning the relative contribution of primary and secondary aerosol formation pro cesses and elucidating anthropogenic aerosol dynamics and transport and removal processes across the Greenland Sea. In order to address important research questions in the Arctic on scales beyond a singular station or measurement events, it is imperative to continue strengthening international scientific cooperation ; This research has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy through project BIO-NUC (CGL2013-49020-R), PI-ICE (CTM2017-89117-R) and the Ramon y Cajal fellowship (RYC-2012-11922). The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 654109, the Danish Council for Independent Research (project NUMEN, DFF-FTP-4005-00485B) and previously from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no. 262254. The work at Villum Research Station, Station Nord, was financially supported by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency via the MIKA/DANCEA funds for Environmental Support to the Arctic Region. The Villum Foundation funded the construction of Villum Research Station, Station Nord. CCN measurements are supported by a KOPRI program (PN19081), funded by a National Research Foundation of Korea grant (NRF-2016M1A5A1901769). The authors acknowledge financial support (to David C. S. Beddows) from the Natural Environment Research Council's funding of the National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS) (grant number R8/H12/83/011) ; Peer Reviewed

Environmental water quality monitoring aims to provide the data required for safeguarding the environment against adverse biological effects from multiple chemical contamination arising from anthropogenic diffuse emissions and point sources. Here, we integrate the experience of the international EU-funded project SOLUTIONS to shift the focus of water monitoring from a few legacy chemicals to complex chemical mixtures, and to identify relevant drivers of toxic effects. Monitoring serves a range of purposes, from control of chemical and ecological status compliance to safeguarding specific water uses, such as drinking water abstraction. Various water sampling techniques, chemical target, suspect and non-target analyses as well as an array of in vitro, in vivo and in situ bioanalytical methods were advanced to improve monitoring of water contamination. Major improvements for broader applicability include tailored sampling techniques, screening and identification techniques for a broader and more diverse set of chemicals, higher detection sensitivity, standardized protocols for chemical, toxicological, and ecological assessments combined with systematic evidence evaluation techniques. No single method or combination of methods is able to meet all divergent monitoring purposes. Current monitoring approaches tend to emphasize either targeted exposure or effect detection. Here, we argue that, irrespective of the specific purpose, assessment of monitoring results would benefit substantially from obtaining and linking information on the occurrence of both chemicals and potentially adverse biological effects. In this paper, we specify the information required to: (1) identify relevant contaminants, (2) assess the impact of contamination in aquatic ecosystems, or (3) quantify cause–effect relationships between contaminants and adverse effects. Specific strategies to link chemical and bioanalytical information are outlined for each of these distinct goals. These strategies have been developed and explored using case studies in the Danube and Rhine river basins as well as for rivers of the Iberian Peninsula. Current water quality assessment suffers from biases resulting from differences in approaches and associated uncertainty analyses. While exposure approaches tend to ignore data gaps (i.e., missing contaminants), effect-based approaches penalize data gaps with increased uncertainty factors. This integrated work suggests systematic ways to deal with mixture exposures and combined effects in a more balanced way, and thus provides guidance for future tailored environmental monitoring. © 2019, The Author(s). ; Funding text #1 1 UFZ‑Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany. 2 Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany. 3 Office of Research and Development, Atlantic Ecology Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, RI, USA. 4 Center for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls Uni‑ versity Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany. 5 Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands. 6 Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada. 7 Sophus Bauditz Vej 19 B, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. 8 Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA‑ CSIC), Jordi Girona 18‑26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain. 9 Unité d'Ecotoxicologie Funding text #2 The SOLUTIONS Project is supported by the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7‑ENV‑2013) of the European Union under Grant Agreement No. 603437. G.A. Umbuzeiro thanks FAPESP Projects 2013/16956‑6 and 2015/24758‑5. We like to thank all partners for their continued efforts in making this project a success story. Funding text #3 The SOLUTIONS Project is supported by the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7‑ENV‑704 2013) of the European Union under Grant Agreement No. 603437. G.A. Umbuzeiro thanks 705 FAPESP Projects 2013/16956‑6 and 2015/24758‑5. ; Peer reviewed

The police, as well as other government agencies is a rather conservative mechanism not prone to rapid changes of style, techniques and methods of work and management methods as well. Despite more than a four-year "experience" of police reform in Russia, the police, is still the subject of constant criticism both from policing practitioners and theorists. This article describes the "cooperative" management system. The goal of the proposed material to the reader is the opening for the Russian reader leadership practices of the German police. The authors suggest that familiarity with the data presented below will help the continued practice of reforming of the Russian police, as well as police forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Today, both in Europe and Russia the traditional authoritarian system management and administration of the force dominates the factthat due to authors does not meet modern requirements of a changing and globalizing society and in the Police Science there is almost complete lack of international studies and those present are very scattered and fragmentary. It seems that this material will be useful for the further work of managers in the Russian police and possibly other countries of the so-called the former Soviet Union. ; La policía, como otros organismos estatales, es un mecanismo bastante conservador, no propenso a cambios rápidos en el estilo, los métodos y los métodos de trabajo, así como los métodos de gestión. A pesar de más de cuatro años de "experiencia" en la reforma de la policía en Rusia, la policía sigue siendo objeto de críticas constantes por parte de la policía y los teóricos. Este artículo describe un sistema de gestión "cooperativo". El propósito del material ofrecido al lector es la divulgación de las prácticas líderes de la policía alemana para el lector ruso. Los autores sugieren que conocer los datos que se presentan a continuación ayudará a continuar la práctica de reformar la policía rusa, así como las fuerzas policiales de los países de la Comunidad de Estados Independientes (CEI). Hoy en día, tanto en Europa como en Rusia, el sistema autoritario tradicional de gestión y administración de fuerzas domina en que, según los autores, no cumple con los requisitos modernos de una sociedad de globalización cambiante, y casi no hay investigación internacional en ciencia policial. Este material será útil para el trabajo posterior de los gerentes de la policía rusa y, posiblemente, de otros países de la llamada antigua Unión Soviética. ; Полиция, как и другие государственные органы, является довольно консервативным механизмом, не склонным к быстрым изменениям стиля, приемов и методов работы, а также методов управления. Несмотря на более чем четырехлетний «опыт» реформирования полиции в России, полиция по-прежнему подвергается постоянной критике со стороны как полицейских, так и теоретиков. В данной статье описывается «кооперативная» система управления. Целью предлагаемого читателю материала является раскрытие для российского читателя лидерских практик немецкой полиции. Авторы предполагают, что знакомство с данными, представленными ниже, поможет продолжить практику реформирования российской полиции, а также сил полиции стран СодружестваНезависимых Государств (СНГ). Сегодня как в Европе, так и в России традиционная авторитарная система управления и администрирования сил доминирует в том, что, по мнению авторов, не отвечает современным требованиям изменяющегося общества глобализации, а в науке о полиции почти полностью отсутствуют международные исследования. Этот материал будет полезен для дальнейшей работы менеджеров российской полиции и, возможно, других стран так называемого бывшего Советского Союза.

The healthcare environment is complex, subjected to many changes, and a variety of factors have an impact on the performance of individuals, institutions and organizations in this industry. Because of its complexity, lately there has been a shift in the focus of the literature on healthcare management and organizational performance from a task and profession-oriented perspective to a competency-based one. The accreditation of healthcare services is present all over the world and is regarded by governments, organizations, patients and the general public as a certificate of quality, efficiency and performance. Despite its importance, there are no studies in the literature directed specifically at identifying which competencies drive the achievement of accredited status and support the process leading to accreditation certification. The objectives of this study are to assess Leadership and Management Competencies from the point of view of healthcare managers from accredited institutions and identify their influence on achieving accredited status and to assess if the accreditation process is linked to the improvement and acquirement of competencies. The Global Healthcare Management Competency Directory, which is supported by a variety of international Healthcare Management societies and organizations was used as a tool for the interviews. Results showed that 72 out of 80 of the competencies listed were considered supportive by more than 80% of the participants and that 71,42% have agreed the accreditation process facilitates the improvement and acquirement of competencies in at least one domain. Results also suggest that different competencies are needed according to an individual's position in the organization. Accreditation seems to be one of the goals that mobilize organizations toward a change process and as a complex intervention mobilize various competencies and is also associated with competency learning, acquirement and improvement. ; O Sistema de saúde é complexo, sujeito a várias mudanças e múltiplos fatores têm impacto na performance de indivíduos, instituições e organizações nessa indústria. Por causa da sua complexidade, nos últimos anos houve uma mudança do foco da literatura em gestão de saúde e performance organizacional de uma perspectiva orientada por tarefas para uma focada em competências. A acreditação de serviços de saúde está presente em todo o mundo e é considerada como um certificado de qualidade, eficiência e segurança por governos, organizações, pacientes e o público em geral. Apesar de sua importância, não há estudos na literatura dirigidos especificamente a identificar quais competências influenciam a conquista da acreditação e que auxiliam o processo que leva a certificação. Os objetivos desse estudo são olhar as competências de lideranças e gestão através do ponto de vista dos gestores de saúde de instituições acreditadas, identificar sua influência em atingir a acreditação e observar se existe o desenvolvimento e aquisição de competências como consequência do processo de acreditação. O "Global Healthcare Management Competency Directory", que é endossado por várias sociedades e associações de executivos de saúde mundialmente, foi utilizado para a condução das entrevistas. Os resultados demonstraram que 72 entre 80 das competências listadas foram consideradas necessárias por mais de 80% dos entrevistados e 71,42% concordam que o processo de acreditação leva a aquisição e aperfeiçoamento de competências em pelo menos um domínio. Os resultados sugerem que diferentes competências são necessárias de acordo com a posição do gestor na instituição. A acreditação parece ser um dos objetivos que mobilizam organizações para um processo de mudança e, como exemplo de intervenção complexa, mobiliza diferentes competências e é associado com aprendizado de novas competências e aperfeiçoamento de competências já presentes.

Prevention of Radicalisation in France: the Case of "Stop Djihadisme" The object of the Master's thesis is the expression of the threat of the islamic radicalization in the counter-discourse of the French government. Although terrorism is usually seen as an external threat to the security of Western European states, it is not clear whether an internal-external dichotomy is maintained in an official institutional discourse due to emergence of islamic radicalization. The aim of this Master's thesis is to analyse the campaign "Stop Djihadisme" and to find out if the threat of radicalization is depicted as internal (by using the discursive construction of the "self") or as external (by using the discursive construction of the "other"). The thesis raises the following question: how does the French government speak about security and how is the threat of islamic radicalization, both external and internal, constructed in their counter-discourse? The analysis revealed that the threat of the islamic radicalization is directly identified with the threat of terrorism and the danger of the terrorist attacks. According to the French government, the French identity is the reason why the state is the main target of the threat of jihadism and shows that the aspect of identity plays a major role in the process of the securitization of the radicalization. The responsibility of the radicalization that leads to violence in France is laid on the external terrorist organisations, especially "Daech", and their discourses which means that the threat of radicalization in France is explained as external. The French residents who chose the path of the islamic radicalization are depicted as the "other" who do not take part in the French society anymore and do not share the common Republic values. The analysis of the campaign demonstrates that the government links the jihadi propaganda to the "group effect", implying that the French residents have chosen a different identity that justifies the violence. In order to counter this group effect, the French administration proposes mobilization of the civil society, who must participate in order to prevent the radicalization. However, the campaign places a lot of importance on the repressive counter-terrorism measures. According to public surveys, these extraordinary measures that justify actions outside the normal bounds of political procedure are accepted by the public, therefore the speech act of securitization can be evaluated as successful. The thesis aims to contribute to the research on the prevention of the islamic radicalization and especially on the use of the discursive practices countering jihadi propaganda. Since the virtual presence of terrorist organisations continues to be one of the ways to maintain a link with their international audience, it is important to analyse the different forms of counter-measures in order to improve them. The results of the analysis provide valuable findings about the content of the counter-discourse which represents the official position of the French government. The analysis, for which the theoretical framework proposed by the Copenhagen School was used, has revealed that the issue of the radicalization in the case of "Stop Djihadisme" was indeed securitized through the construction of the boundaries of "self" and "other". This leads to further question the relation between securitization and identity, not only when the threat is strictly internal or external, but hybrid as well. By highlighting the importance of the aspect of identity, the present paper suggests that it is important to reevaluate the creation of these strict boundaries in the government's communication, as they can foster the sense of isolation in the French society. The paper also proposes to pay more attention to the civil society's role in the prevention of radicalization, and to carry out research on the current non-institutional communication which could provide additional insights.

It is estimated that in a few years, 1.5 billion people – a quarter of the total world population – will speak English. And majority will speak a second or third language (only for 400000000 English becomes in their native language). Three quarters of world correspondence and 80 % of e-mail on the Internet are now in English. However, the study of one language does not take place at the expense of another national, regional or minority language, which are equally important in the conditions of development and enrichment. The article highlights the peculiarities of introducing language policy trends of the European Union and the Council of Europe in globalization context at maintaining and protecting European linguistic diversity, not only acquiring the English language as linguafranca in international communication. The Council of Europe and the European Union emphasize the importance of linguistic diversity and plurilingual skills at all levels of education, and the mass media should be the source of informal language learning via entertaining and educational programs and movies with subtitles.The media are important for shaping people's attitudes towards other languages and cultures. The documents of the European Union and the Council of Europe determine that the media should provide people who do not speak many languages with newtechnologies and translation. In a globalized world, cultural diversity will become even more important as means of preserving human values. Learning a language means learning how to get closer to others. Learning a foreign language means equipping oneself with intellectual means to meet the real and the unknown, personal enrichment for knowing other cultures and their worldview. Therefore, the fundamental principles of the European Union and the Council of Europe in the field of language policy are the preservation and protection of European diversity, which should lead not only to the acquisition of English, but also to other European and world languages by all the inhabitants of Europe, simultaneously studying different regional languages. ; Вважається, що через декілька років 1,5 мільярда людей – чверть усього світового населення – буде розмовляти англійською. І для переважної більшості з них це буде другою або третьою мовою (тільки для 400 мільйонів англійська стає рідною мовою). Три чверті світової кореспонденції і 80 % електронної пошти в Інтернеті зараз ведеться англійською. Однак, вивчення однієї мови не має відбуватися за рахунок другої національної, регіональної або мови меншості, якіоднаково важливі в умовах розвитку і збагачення. У статі розглядаються особливості запровадження тенденцій мовної політики Євросоюзу та Ради Європи у контексті глобалізацій них процесів, що має не меті збереження та захист європейського мовного розмаїття, а не лише опанування англійської мови, яка сьогодні є linguafranca у міжнародному спілкуванні. Рада Європи та Євросоюз у своїх документах підкреслюють важливість мовного розмаїття та формування плюрилінгвальних навичок для усіх етапів освіти, а засоби масової інформації повинні стати джерелом неформального вивчення мов завдяки освітньо-розважальним програмам та фільмам з субтитрами.Засоби масової інформації є важливими для формування ставлення людей до інших мов і культур. У документах Євросоюзу та Ради Європи визначається, що ЗМІ повинні забезпечити людей, які не розмовляють багатьма мовами, новимитехнологіями та перекладом. В глобалізованому світі культурне розмаїття стане навіть більш важливим як засіб збереження людських цінностей. Вивчення мови означає вивчення того, як стати ближчим до інших. Вивчення іноземної мови означає озброєння самого себе інтелектуальними засобами для зустрічі з реальним і невідомим, особисте збагачення через знання інших культур і їхнє світосприйняття.

Prevention of Radicalisation in France: the Case of "Stop Djihadisme" The object of the Master's thesis is the expression of the threat of the islamic radicalization in the counter-discourse of the French government. Although terrorism is usually seen as an external threat to the security of Western European states, it is not clear whether an internal-external dichotomy is maintained in an official institutional discourse due to emergence of islamic radicalization. The aim of this Master's thesis is to analyse the campaign "Stop Djihadisme" and to find out if the threat of radicalization is depicted as internal (by using the discursive construction of the "self") or as external (by using the discursive construction of the "other"). The thesis raises the following question: how does the French government speak about security and how is the threat of islamic radicalization, both external and internal, constructed in their counter-discourse? The analysis revealed that the threat of the islamic radicalization is directly identified with the threat of terrorism and the danger of the terrorist attacks. According to the French government, the French identity is the reason why the state is the main target of the threat of jihadism and shows that the aspect of identity plays a major role in the process of the securitization of the radicalization. The responsibility of the radicalization that leads to violence in France is laid on the external terrorist organisations, especially "Daech", and their discourses which means that the threat of radicalization in France is explained as external. The French residents who chose the path of the islamic radicalization are depicted as the "other" who do not take part in the French society anymore and do not share the common Republic values. The analysis of the campaign demonstrates that the government links the jihadi propaganda to the "group effect", implying that the French residents have chosen a different identity that justifies the violence. In order to counter this group effect, the French administration proposes mobilization of the civil society, who must participate in order to prevent the radicalization. However, the campaign places a lot of importance on the repressive counter-terrorism measures. According to public surveys, these extraordinary measures that justify actions outside the normal bounds of political procedure are accepted by the public, therefore the speech act of securitization can be evaluated as successful. The thesis aims to contribute to the research on the prevention of the islamic radicalization and especially on the use of the discursive practices countering jihadi propaganda. Since the virtual presence of terrorist organisations continues to be one of the ways to maintain a link with their international audience, it is important to analyse the different forms of counter-measures in order to improve them. The results of the analysis provide valuable findings about the content of the counter-discourse which represents the official position of the French government. The analysis, for which the theoretical framework proposed by the Copenhagen School was used, has revealed that the issue of the radicalization in the case of "Stop Djihadisme" was indeed securitized through the construction of the boundaries of "self" and "other". This leads to further question the relation between securitization and identity, not only when the threat is strictly internal or external, but hybrid as well. By highlighting the importance of the aspect of identity, the present paper suggests that it is important to reevaluate the creation of these strict boundaries in the government's communication, as they can foster the sense of isolation in the French society. The paper also proposes to pay more attention to the civil society's role in the prevention of radicalization, and to carry out research on the current non-institutional communication which could provide additional insights.

This article reveals the value of systematic approaches to assessing the effectiveness of banks in the conditions of financial independence of the region. The purpose of the research. The purpose of the study is to identify the main approaches to assessing the effectiveness of the bank in the conditions of financial independence of the region. Methodology. The totality of research methods is a methodology for analyzing and organizing the main legislative acts and laws, namely the methods of generalization, comparison, chronology, analysis and generalization. Results. The results of the study provide recommendations for the implementation of modern approaches to the financial performance of banks, in particular the justification of the approach to assessing the risk-taking efficiency of a bank and the need for a systematic approach to analysis and evaluation. This article summarizes the theoretical approaches to the essence of assessing the financial performance of the bank and justify the methodological principles of improving this process in the conditions of financial independence of the region. The international experience in assessing the effectiveness of the bank and its applicability to assess the effectiveness of Ukrainian banks is considered. Practical meaning. The results of the study can be used in the practice of banking institutions to self-check and assess the financial condition of the bank, seeking ways to improve its position in the banking market. Prospects for further research. On the basis of the conducted research there is an objective need to find out the theoretical and methodological bases of banks' activity for developing investment projects of the region's development with the attraction of capital of banking institutions. ; Стаття спрямована на аналіз системних підходів щодо оцінки ефективності діяльності банку в умовах фінансової незалежності регіону. Безумовно фінансовий сектор відіграє ключову роль у розподілі фінансових ресурсів в економіці. Ефективність банків має суттєвий вплив на економічну діяльність і значимість її проявляється як на макро-, так і мікрорівні. В умовах формування незалежного регіону та її ринкової фінансово-кредитної системи, конкурентоспроможності банківських послуг, продуктів перед банками постає завдання підвищення ефективності діяльності на основі впровадження оптимальних форм господарювання і управління банківською діяльністю. Особливе місце в цьому питанні посідає фінансовий аналіз діяльності банку, оскільки саме регулярне проведення банком аналізу дає можливість досягнення економічної ефективності функціонування банку. З урахуванням цього є потреба у більш детальному теоретичному і методичному дослідженні аналізу та вибору системного підходу оцінки фінансово-економічної ефективності діяльності банку. Мета дослідження. Метою дослідження є виявлення основних підходів щодо оцінки ефективності діяльності банку в умовах фінансової незалежності регіону. Методологія. Сукупність методів дослідження становить методологію аналізу та організації основних законодавчих актів та законів, а саме методи узагальнення, порівняння, хронологізації, аналізу та узагальнення. Результати. За результатами дослідження надаються рекомендації щодо впровадження сучасних підходів оцінки фінансової ефективності діяльності банків, а саме обґрунтування підходу щодо оцінки ефективності діяльності банку з урахуванням ризику та необхідність застосування системного підходу. Узагальнено теоретичні підходи щодо сутності оцінки фінансової ефективності діяльності банку і обґрунтування методичних засад удосконалення даного процесу в умовах фінансової незалежності регіону. Розглядається міжнародний досвід оцінки ефективності банку і можливості застосування його для оцінки ефективності українських банків. Практичне значення. Результати дослідження можна використовувати у практичній діяльності банківських установ для самоперевірки та оцінки фінансового стану діяльності банку, пошуку напрямів покращення його позицій на ринку банківських послуг. Перспективи подальших досліджень. На основі проведених досліджень виникає об'єктивна необхідність з'ясувати теоретичні та методологічні основи діяльності банків для розробки інвестиційних проектів розвитку регіону з залученням капіталу банківських установ.

Стаття присвячена підсумкам проведеного в Україні реформування державних і комунальних друкованих засобів масової інформації. Цей процес, як відомо, почав- ся три роки тому у відповідності із Законом України. Поява такого закону спонука- на міжнародними зобов'язаннями держави перед Парламентською Асамблеєю Ради Європи.Проаналізовано статистичні дані в розрізі областей, а також за однією із типо- логічних ознак періодичних видань — державні і комунальні. Наголошено: якщо із 662 комунальних газет реформовано 507 (80 відсотків тих, що виходили в світ), то із 98 державних газет та журналів із-під опіки держави вийшло лише 27 (це складає лише 33 відсотки).Серед слабких місць, які не давали можливості ефективно й сповна провести архіважливу реформу, автор називає такі: низка «білих плям» у цілісному законодавчому механізмі реалізації декларованих на урядовому рівні намірів; свідоме гальмування цього процесуз боку низки засновників друкованих засобів масової інформації; не готовність самих редакцій брати в свої руки ініціативу й відповідальність працювати в нових умовах, надія їх на фінансову підтримку з центрального чи місцевого бюджету.У статті наголошується, що завершення процесу роздержавлення ЗМІ у передбачені Законом терміни означає, що з 1 січня цього року припинилося фінансування з боку органів влади та органів місцевого самоврядування тим редакціям, які з тієї чиіншої причини не вклалися в терміни. Втім, Закон надає можливість отримання редакціями місцевих ЗМІ фінансової допомоги за певних умов: збереження назви, мови і тематичної спрямованості видання.Наголошується на важливості підвищення кваліфікації журналістів редакцій, що реформуються, та особливій місії, яка покладається в цій справі на реформований Український інститут підвищення кваліфікації працівників телебачення, радіомовлення і преси. ; The article of the Head of the State Committee for Television and Radio Broadcasting of Ukraine Oleh Nalyvaiko is devoted to the reform results of state and public print media in Ukraine. This process, as is known, began three years ago in accordance with the Law of Ukraine. The appearance of such a law is due to the state's international obligations towards Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.The statistical data are analyzed in terms of regions, as well as by one of periodicals typological feature — state and public. It is emphasized that if out of 662 public newspapers, 507 are reformed (80 per cent of those that were published), than out of 98 state newspapers and magazines, 27 are nolonger under state's regulatory protection (this is only 33 per cent).Among the weaknesses that did not allow to effectively and fully implement extremely important reform, the author names the following: a number of «white spots» in the holistic legislative mechanism for the implementation of declared intentions at the governmental level; deliberate inhibition of this process by a number of print media founders; not the willingness of the editors themselves to take the initiative and responsibility to work in new conditions, their hope for financial support from the central or local budget.The article states that the completion of mass media denationalization process in the legal time-limits means that from January 1 of this year financing from the authorities and local self-government bodies was stopped to those editors who for any reason have missed the deadlines. However, the Law provides opportunity for local media to obtain financial assistance under certain conditions: preservation of publication name, language and thematic focus.It is emphasized on the importance of journalists' qualifications improving and the special mission assigned in this case to the reformed Ukrainian Institute of Advanced Training for TV & Radio Broadcast and the Press experts

Встановлено, що у сучасних умовах розвитку фінансових інновацій у сфері платіжних послуг предметом наукових дискусій є відносно новий і малодосліджений ринок криптовалюти. Розкрито об'єктивні передумови створення криптовалюти як інноваційного платіжного засобу заснованого на інформації. Криптовалюта стала викликом для фінансової системи України, оскільки її емісію та обіг не може контролювати центральний банк та інші державні регулюючі органи. Показано динаміку зростання капіталізації ринку криптовалют із домінуючою часткою біткоїна. І хоча криптовалюта не внесена до національного Реєстру платіжних систем, і є офіційно забороненою для обігу на території України, наша держава ввійшла до п'ятірки країн світу за кількістю користувачів різних біткоїн-гаманців.Визначено сильні сторони біткоїна, які зробили цю криптовалюту зручним міжнародним платіжним засобом з високим інвестиційним потенціалом. Висвітлено недоліки обігу криптовалюти як для пересічних споживачів, так і держави в цілому. Виокремлено основні загрози нерегульованого поширення криптовалюти для національних урядів. Ґрунтуючись на працях провідних зарубіжних науковців і експертів фінансового ринку, систематизовано фактори впливу на ціну біткоїна. Обґрунтовано можливості та перспективи розвитку ринку криптовалюти в Україні.У результаті дослідження встановлено, що криптовалюти зайняли свою нішу в платіжних системах і є конкурентоспроможними та надійними фінансовими інструментами. Зважаючи на динаміку росту капіталізації ринку криптовалют у світі, біткоїн є поки що найуспішнішим прикладом використання віртуальної валюти в інформаційній економіці. Оскільки процес віртуалізації сучасного суспільства невідворотний, економіка нашої держави має підтримувати курс на інноваційність шляхом вирішення низки технічних, економічних та правових питань щодо розвитку ринку криптовалют в Україні, спираючись на досвід провідних європейських країн. ; Раскрыто экономическую природу криптовалюты как инновационного платежного средства. Охарактеризованы возможности и угрозы использования биткоина как финансового инструмента защищенного криптографией и основанного на новейших технологиях. Обоснованны факторы влияния на процесс формирования и динамику цен криптовалюты биткоин. Определены основные направления обеспечения эффективного функционирования рынка криптовалюта в Украине путем определения ее правового статуса и регулирования операций с ней. ; We have established that a relatively new market of cryptocurrency is the subject of great interest for research under the current conditions of financial innovations in payment services. Our findings have revealed objective prerequisites for creating cryptocurrency as an innovative means of information-based payment. Cryptocurrency poses a challenge to the financial system of Ukraine since both the central bank and other state regulators can not control its emission and circulation. They show the growth dynamics in cryptocurrency market capitalization where Bitcoin predominates. Although cryptocurrency is not included in the National Register of payment systems and it is officially prohibited for circulation in Ukraine, our country ranks among the world's top five countries by number of users of different bitcoin-wallets.We have examined the strengths of Bitcoin that have made this cryptocurrency a convenient means of international payment with a high investment potential. The results show disadvantages to using cryptocurrency for both the whole country in general and ordinary consumers in particular. We have defined main threats that national governments can face in case of an unregulated spread of cryptocurrency. Also this study, based on the works of leading foreign scientists and financial market experts, systematizes factors that influence the price of Bitcoin. It substantiates opportunities and prospects for the cryptocurrency market development in Ukraine.The study has shown that cryptocurrencies have their own niche in payment systems; they are quite competitive and reliable financial instruments. The growth dynamics of cryptocurrency market capitalization in the world makes Bitcoin the most successful example of the use of virtual currency in the information economy. As the modern society is being inevitably virtualized, our country's economy should follow the path of innovations by finding solutions to a number of technical, economic and legal issues on the cryptocurrency market development in Ukraine through involving the experience of the leading European countries.

South Africans with albinism are among the most marginalised and vulnerable citizens yet very little attention is paid to protecting them from human rights violations. There have been several calls by people with albinism in South Africa to be classified as disabled. The question of whether albinism is classified as a disability or not is a controversial legal one, which does not always have a straightforward answer. A literature search indicates that in South Africa no comprehensive and analytical study has been carried out on the subject of albinism and disability, whereas this has already been addressed in court cases in the United States of America. This paper anticipates addressing this gap within a legal perspective. The objective of such an analysis is to understand the construction of disability under the Employment Equity Act in order to shed light on whether people with albinism qualify for the protection, which is afforded to people with disabilities in the work place. Foreign case law and international human rights law could shed new light on this longstanding grey area or stimulate the development of novel legal analytical strategies. This paper reviews the nature of disability claims in the workplace on grounds of albinism in the United States context, including factors contributing to disability claims; assessing the degree of impairment and the guidelines in assessing albinism related disability. Prior to this discussion, the paper explores the current working definition of disability in South Africa, which stems from the IMATU case, which relied significantly on a foreign precedent; the Sutton v United Airlines case as there was no indigenous precedent in South Africa to fall back on. It will be argued that the Sutton v United Airlines decision, referred to in the IMATU case is based on an insufficiently inclusive definition of disability. Specific cases that relied on the Sutton v United Airlines decision as a persuasive authority in determining whether albinism is a disability or not, will also be examined. While the United States of America has struck down the decision in the Sutton v United Airlines and amended its legislation to include a broader and less restrictive definition of disability, which includes present as well as past conditions and a subjective component of perceived disability, the South African definition of disability still remains narrow and less inclusive. The United States of America's amended legislation does not contain an exhaustive definition of disability; rather, an equality-based framework was chosen which considers changing biomedical, social and technological developments. This new definition highlights the fact that the emphasis must be on whether discrimination occurred rather than adherence to a strict definition of disability. Such a framework of disability includes a socio-political aspect, which places emphasis on human dignity, respect and the right to equality. Against this background, the comparative analysis raises specific issues that deserve attention, in particular that the unique disadvantages and negative stereotyping suffered by people with albinism should be recognised as unlawful conduct against people with disabilities as defined by legislation. Put differently, the discussion calls for a broader approach to viewing disability, which includes both a social and a human rights perspective. In taking the position that albinism related discrimination is socially constructed, the article also explores the mandate of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in as far as it relates to the social construction of disability. The paper argues that the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities affords a direction for an analysis of the discrimination faced by persons with albinism.Keywords: Albinism; disability; employment; the right to equality; Employment Equity Act, Americans with Disability Amendment Act; Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

Relevance of the article is based on the importance of environmental education and development of the "green" economics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Despite the relevancy of environmental education, there is a lack of studies on the relationship between the greening of education, "green economy" and the modernization of students ' consciousness. Thus, there is a gap between the demands of the state and the environmentally oriented training of future specialists. Currently, the solution to environmental problems is under the control of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the city administration. Environmental volunteering can be a priority area to address environmental issues to form the environmental culture of the population. At the same time, the content of environmental volunteering is quite diverse and young professionals should implement creative ideas in public life. The aim of the article is to examine mechanisms of environmental volunteering development among young people because this is one of the priority directions of the educational ecologization. The leading approach of the study is the activity approach, which allows to describe the activities and motives of the environmental volunteer movement, its impact on self-awareness, thinking and behavior of future professionals. Environmental volunteering development is considered on a base of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Furthermore, the role of environmental volunteer movement in students' lives is examined. The process of the organization of environmental volunteering in an educational institution is described. Ecological and spiritual conscience, ecological thinking, ecological behavior, ecological culture are viewed as important components of ecologization. Ecological activities organized by students are analyzed as well as the conditions for development of environmental volunteering in Eurasian National University named after L.N. Gumilyov (further, ENU named after L. N. Gumilyov). After all, youth activity is important for environmental protection as well as the experience of developed countries in this direction. The role of eco-volunteers in the development of the "green University" has educational, research and practice-oriented importance. Specifically, the eco-volunteers' contribution consists of: lectures, debates, trainings, master classes in student classrooms and dormitories, the development of various kinds of memos for personal household management, which explain the economical use of energy resources and waste management, the creation of signs about resource conservation, the creation of environmental bags which are aimed to reduce household and industrial waste, containers for the collection of used batteries. Also, the possibility to implement eco-initiatives and eco-lightening into educational is shown. Eco-volunteers participate in different ecological events and as a result, prove the importance of environmental activities based on their own experience. The mentioned above key aspects are foundation for the environmental transparency, providing students with information about the environmental conditions and health problems. Thus, it will stimulate students' active participation in nature preservation and the programmes dedicated to keep the Earth clean. The practical value of this article is the introduction of eco-initiatives and eco-education in other universities, along with the greening of education in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The materials of the article can be useful for public organizations that are concerned about the problems of human interaction and the world of nature. The authors provide recommendations on the organization of work with volunteers and the position of the youth center on environmental regular activities. Active involvement of young people in international events will help them to study other countries' experience in solving various environmental problems. Therefore, future specialists in various fields will be prepared for the integration of environment protection activities.