Suchergebnisse

The Handbook of Environment Statistics is one of the major outputs of RETA 5860: Institutional Strengthening and Collection of Environment Statistics in Selected DMCs. It attempts to address some of the existing methodological gaps in the field of environment statistics. It should be a useful guide to statisticians, environment experts, and government policymakers in their effort to develop a system for collecting environment statistics in developing countries.

In January 2002, ADB commissioned a short review and update of the reports prepared under TA 3401, in the light of recent changes and new information. The aim was to consolidate this work into an updated multimodal transport sector strategy and agenda that will contribute to the Government's planning and preparation of the National Development Plan. The focus of the strategy is principally on physical planning, but it also considers institutional development, legal framework, cost recovery, and other policy issues. This report is organized into three sections: Part A covering general and cross-modal issues, Part B dealing with physical development of the road network and the roads administration, and Part C with the land transport, maritime, and aviation sectors. This division was made to report separately on the areas of responsibility of the two lead Ministries of Water and Public Works (MWPW) and Communication and Transport (MOCT).

In January 2002, ADB commissioned a short review and update of the reports prepared under TA 3401, in the light of recent changes and new information. The aim was to consolidate this work into an updated multimodal transport sector strategy and agenda that will contribute to the Government's planning and preparation of the National Development Plan. The focus of the strategy is principally on physical planning, but it also considers institutional development, legal framework, cost recovery, and other policy issues. This report is organized into three sections: Part A covering general and cross-modal issues, Part B dealing with physical development of the road network and the roads administration, and Part C with the land transport, maritime, and aviation sectors. This division was made to report separately on the areas of responsibility of the two lead Ministries of Water and Public Works (MWPW) and Communication and Transport (MOCT).

The Handbook of Environment Statistics is one of the major outputs of RETA 5860: Institutional Strengthening and Collection of Environment Statistics in Selected DMCs. It attempts to address some of the existing methodological gaps in the field of environment statistics. It should be a useful guide to statisticians, environment experts, and government policymakers in their effort to develop a system for collecting environment statistics in developing countries.

George McGovern describes his working relationship Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield from the mid-to-late 1960s and early 1970s. McGovern relates the challenge of congressional opposition to the Vietnam War. Democrat senators, including Mansfield, struggled to find effective means to legislate an end to the war. He discusses the important role Mansfield played as majority leader putting together the non-partisan Senate Watergate Committee to investigate the scandal. McGovern also talks about his 1972 presidential campaign, for which Mansfield was repeatedly asked to be McGovern's running mate but declined. McGovern shares that Mansfield said that his wife Maureen "doubled his life" through her unwavering support for him. ; https://scholarworks.umt.edu/oberdorfer_mansfieldbiography/1002/thumbnail.jpg

Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die Auswirkungen des Ohrid-Rahmenabkommens und der daraus resultieren konstitutionellen Veränderungen in Mazedonien auf die Entwicklung der politischen Identität. Der Autor bietet eine detaillierte Analyse der Verfassungsänderungen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Stellen, in denen es um Sprache und Identität geht. Es wird argumentiert, dass die Verfassungsänderungen eine politische Identität des Landes hervorbringen, die am besten als ethnisches Mazedonien beschrieben werden kann. Im Gegensatz zu einem liberalen theoretischen Rahmen stützen die Verfassungsänderungen, die bei der Ohrid-Vereinbarung vorgesehen sind, kein völlig liberales Verständnis der politischen Nation und der Gleichheit aller Bürger in Mazedonien. Die neuen Veränderungen setzten das Hauptgewicht eher auf den kollektiven Wert der einzelnen Bürger. Infolgedessen werden ihre Rechte und Pflichten nicht nur innerhalb eines liberalen Rahmens konstitutioneller Demokratie betrachtet. Der Autor argumentiert im Gegensatz dazu, dass die Identität und Sprache der mazedonischen Albaner und anderer Minderheiten am besten durch eine Beachtung liberaler Prinzipien der Staatenbildung erhalten bleiben. (ICD)

Der vorliegende Beitrag wertet das Rahmenabkommen vom August 2001 kritisch aus, dessen Zweck es war, die bewaffnete Konfrontation zwischen der albanischen paramilitärischen Kraft, der nationalen Befreiungsarmee (NLA), und dem mazedonischen Staat zu beenden. Der Autor argumentiert, dass es einige Mängel in der Vereinbarung gibt, die in Zusammenhang mit der regionalen Sicherheit, der organisierten Kriminalität und dem ungelösten Status vom Kosovo stehen und zusammen genommen ein beträchtliches Hindernis für den Frieden und die Stabilität in Mazedonien bedeuten. Diese Mängel beziehen sich auf Probleme der Implementierung der Vereinbarung, sowie auf die Frage, wie der mazedonische Staat gestaltet werden soll. Es wird deutlich, dass die vereinbarte Machtenteilung eher zur Schaffung eines mazedonisch-albanischen binationalen Staates führt als zur Förderung eines bürgerlich orientierten multiethnischen Staates und dass die vorgesehene politische Dezentralisierung die staatliche Kapazität und Autorität untergräbt, wodurch sich die Friedensaussichten in Mazedonien verschlechtern. (ICD)

Sammlung von Beiträgen über das Verhältnis von Rechtspolitik, Gesetzgebung und politischem Entscheidungsprozeß in Großbritannien, Frankreich, Deutschland, Italien, Niederlande, Belgien und der EG. (AuD-Ber)

As world leaders gather in New York for the United Nations General Assembly, there is a palpable sense that the global balance of power is shifting. Three decades after the end of the Cold War, the unipolar moment appears to have given way to a far more complex system of geopolitics.BRICS — a non-Western geopolitical grouping led by Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa — doubled its size a few weeks ago when it invited six states from the Global South to join its ranks. And well over a year into the war in Ukraine, most countries have chosen not to join the West in its sanctions regime against Russia despite intense diplomatic pressure. "As the unipolar era that followed the end of the Cold War recedes, the global South is coming alive once again," wrote Sarang Shidore in a recent essay for Foreign Affairs. "But its guiding principle this time is not idealism but realism, with an unhesitating embrace of national interests and increased recourse to power politics."To better understand these trends, RS sat down with Shidore, who recently took over the new Global South Program at the Quincy Institute. Shidore brings an unconventional yet realist perspective on the end of the unipolar moment and the rise of a new world order. His message is clear: The U.S. can't stop the rise of a new order, but it can help shape certain trends in its favor if policymakers can accept that unipolarity is, in fact, dead. The following conversation has been edited for length and clarity.RS: Why do you find the category of the "Global South" useful? Why is it analytically valuable?Shidore: The key is to understand that the world is not equitable when it comes to power — not just wealth, not just income, but power. Power is a squishy quality, but it is, at the end of the day, what makes things happen.When you look at the power map of the world, you see some clear winners and some others who are not quite in the room. The winners are the United States and its core allies in Europe, probably Japan, probably Korea to a large degree. You have the other great powers, Russia and China, who by virtue of being great powers can exercise influence and resist various pressures.What's left is a huge number of states. Now, not all of them are poor. The majority of them are quite poor, but there are some middle-income countries or even some countries that have become wealthy. Nevertheless, they are not in the inner rooms of decision making in the world order. They feel they cannot shape the world order in any substantial way. They're deeply dissatisfied in terms of their status and their influence.As with all labels, there is ambiguity. It's not a precise formula that you can punch in and get a precise answer. The point is that any definition like the "Global South" or the "West", if it's useful to describe an important dynamic in the world order, then it is of value.Of course economics is going to come into it. Of course the colonial past is a part of it. It's a tapestry. But nevertheless, it's a geopolitical fact. Broadly speaking, I would center it on geopolitics and power.RS: It's the geopolitical haves and the have-nots.Shidore: That's right. RS: So we've got this group of countries that's dissatisfied, that doesn't want to play great power politics, that wants to be involved in the system. Is that just a desire, and or is there an actual momentum towards change?Shidore: This is a debate. I think most people would agree that we are less unipolar than we were in the 1990s. Most people have accepted that something was lost in the war on terror, that America lost significant amounts of credibility and even took an economic hit and [suffered] a strategic setback. Then, of course, you had the financial crisis. With the financial crisis and then the Covid shock, you create a lot of damaging impact in the Global South. But nevertheless, after these three crises have happened, when we look at the world you still see that today, there are middle powers with significantly more influence than they had in 1992. There's easily nine or 10 of those. Not only do they have more economic power, but they also have more political savviness and ability to play the game of international politics, get their preferences noticed and acted upon, and sometimes really chart their own futures in their regions and beyond.Turkey is an example of that. It plays its game quite cleverly. Of course, it overshoots and has suffered economic shocks recently, and so forth. But the bottom line is, it's no longer the country it was in the 1990s, [when it was] economically much weaker, knocking on the door and patiently trying to get into the European Union saying, "We are Europeans. Please accept us as Europeans." They're now saying, "We don't care if you admit us or not. We are striking out on our own." One can agree or disagree with specific policies, but as an actor, Turkey is asserting itself. It's a variable thing. If you take military power, there's no doubt that the United States dominates the world, and no middle power can come close. If you take financial power, the U.S. again dominates the world. If you take economic power in a broad sense of the term, there things have really changed. Now you have China, of course, the big other in the room, by some measure bigger than the United States. In material terms, China is actually a bigger economy than the U.S. But all these other middle powers have actually achieved a relative economic level of consumption, travel, connectivity through technology. What they had in the 1990s was much less than what they have now. They're able to muscle their way into the debate, at least in some form. But there's still a long way to go for genuine change in institutions.This contestation is happening as we speak. It's going to play out over one, two, maybe three decades, and this is when we are going to have winners and losers on all sides. Ultimately, I'm most interested in what we do in the United States about it. Are you going to be in denial until it's too late? Or are you going to understand what's happening in the world and craft a strategy that benefits the American people and allows the U.S. to navigate the shoals of what is a more complicated and, in some ways, more treacherous world?RS: You're getting at something there about the difficulty of having an American state coming out of the unipolar moment and being in this position where it seems like this trend is a threat to American power. A lot of people will say China is the big problem, but it seems like you're laying out a much larger, broader threat to American power and its ability to enforce its will. Do you see it in those zero sum terms?Shidore: I think people are seeing it in zero sum terms. That's the problem. First of all, I think it's futile. If there was a button we could push and return to 1992, would many people press it? I think a lot of people would say, "Let's go back and give ourselves a second chance." Maybe a world in which America in 1992 had taken its victory humbly and said unipolarity is something we're going to sustain through an enlightened understanding of interests, maybe that would have been a wonderful thing. But that's not what happened. Now, it's too late to put the genie back into the bottle. We are inevitably heading in a certain direction, we cannot have the debates on whether we're gonna return to unipolarity, or whether that would have been a better world. What we have now is the reality of today's world and the world of the future.There are dangers in all orders. There is no perfect global order where all the bases are covered, everybody's safe, rich, and happy, and the environment is perfect. As it is there are threats. Climate change is a major threat. If we start adding threats and inflating threats, then we will have one of two reactions. One is that we will take measures that are far in excess of the real threat. And we have done that before, in the war of terror. We could have another version of it. The other end of the spectrum is we lose hope and confidence, and that's not a good thing either. So let's understand the reality of the world and understand that a lot of what are now called threats are either relatively minor, or they're actually opportunities. There are opportunities here to increase influence in the Global South. Just because country X has invited China to build a port doesn't mean China's going to have a base there. If you push it to choose, then maybe that will happen.There's an anxiety at work here. Behind the facade of confidence is the deep anxiety of losing America's mojo. I don't think America's mojo is lost. This is a huge country with a diverse set of people, and people still want to come and live here. It's got enormous resources. It's secure. There's no reason to lose confidence and get so stricken with anxiety.RS: We've got the General Assembly coming up this week in the UN. Something that Biden and the whole administration have planted a flag on is this idea of Security Council reform. BRICS, too, recently endorsed as a bloc the idea of Security Council reform. Is that one of the key things to move forward into an equitable system for some of these middle powers that really want a higher level of influence?Shidore: There's no doubt that that's a gold standard. The UN is the only really global body. We don't have anything comparable. But everything that I know about it tells me it's hard to change because the bar for reform is very high.I'm more looking at the other major global institutions, the Bretton Woods institutions: the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. There are possibilities there. But because that isn't moving either, alternative institutions are cropping up, whether it's the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, whether it's the New Development, whether it's bilateral projects like China's Belt and Road Initiative, they're stepping in and doing things on the ground. The World Bank System still remains among the biggest. It sets a lot of norms and standards. People look to the World Bank for a lot of things. But if it doesn't reform, there's gonna come a day when it just becomes one of many. That's not beneficial to the U.S. The impatience for change is growing. As we know well, the current design of the order is a 1945 design. We are practically 20 years away from 2045. So how are you going to reach 2045 and after 100 years there's been no significant change to the world order's design? I think that's just not a sustainable proposition.

The issue of the regulation of artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the significant challenges faced by the EU at present. Most researchers focus on the substantive scope of AI regulation, including state law, ethical norms and soft law. In addition to the substantive and legal scope of the regulation, it is worthwhile considering the manner of such regulation.1 Since AI is an algorithmic code, it seems correct to regulate (restrict) AI not so much with traditional law established in natural (human) language as with one implemented into algorithms. They may operate as a tool supporting traditional legislation (RegTech), but it is possible to go further with the issue and create regulation algorithms which implement the law as the effective law. However, this requires a new approach to law and legislation – the law as algorithmic code. ; University of Silesia, Poland ; Dariusz Szostek is Associate Professor in the Department of Civil Law and Civil Procedure at the Faculty of Law and Administration, Opole University, Poland, Head of the Centre for Legal Problems of Technical Issues and New Technologies; European Parliament AI Observatory science expert (2020–2024), and member of European Union Intellectual Property Office, Chairman of the Scientific Council of the Virtual Department of Law and Ethics. ; dariusz.szostek@szostek-bar.pl ; 43 ; 60 ; 3 ; Aires J., Pinheiro D., Strube de Lima V. and Meneguzzi F., Norm conflict identification in contracts, "Artificial Intelligence and Law" 2017, vol. 25. ; Araszkiewicz M.: Algorytmizacja myślenia prawniczego. Modele, możliwości, ograniczenia, (in:) D. Szostek (ed.), Legal tech. Czyli jak bezpiecznie korzystać z narzędzi informatycznych w organizacji, w tym w kancelarii oraz dziale prawnym, Warsaw 2021. ; Artificial Intelligence (AI): new developments and innovations applied to e-commerce, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=IPOL_IDA(2020)648791. ; Artificial Intelligence and Data Protection in Tension, 01.11.2018, https://www.informationpolicycentre.com/uploads/5/7/1/0/57104281/cipl_ai_first_report__artificial_intelligence_and_data_protection_in_te.pdf. ; Australian Government, Artificial Intelligence: Solving problems, growing the economy and improving our quality of life, 20.12.2019, https://data61.csiro.au/en/Our-Research/Our-Work/ AI-Roadmap. ; Badiul Islam M. and Governatori G., RuleRS: A Rule-Based Architecture for Decision Support Systems, "Artificial Intelligence and Law" 2018, vol. 26. ; Barfield W. and Pagallo U., Law and AI, Cheltenham/Northampton 2020. ; Barton T.D., Haapio H., Passera S. and Hazard J.G., Successful Contracts: Integrating Design and Technology, (in:) M. Corrales, M. Fenwick and N. Forgó (eds.), Robotics, AI and the Future of Law, Singapore 2018. ; Boulet R., Mazzega P. and Bourcier D., Network Approach to the French System of Legal Codes, part II: The Role of the Weights in a Network, "Artificial Intelligence and Law" 2018, vol. 26. ; Chinen M., Law and Autonomous Machines, Cheltenham 2019. ; Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on Artificial Intelligence for Europe, Brussels (COM(2018) 237), 25.04.2018, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=COM% 3A2018%3A237%3AFIN. ; Corrales M., Fenwick M. and Haapio H., Legal Tech, Smart Contracts and Blockchain, Singapore 2019. ; Cyrul W., LegalTech a tworzenie i publikacja tekstów prawnych, (in:) D. Szostek (ed.), Legal Tech. Czyli jak bezpiecznie korzystać z narzędzi informatycznych w organizacji, w tym w kancelarii oraz dziale prawnym, Warsaw 2021. ; Declaration by the Committee of Ministers on the manipulative capabilities of algorithmic processes, 13.02.2019. ; eIDAS Regulation, https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/eidas-regulation. ; EU guidelines on ethics in artificial intelligence: Context and implementation, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2019/640163/EPRS_BRI(2019)640163_EN.pdf. ; European Artificial Intelligence (AI) leadership, the path for an integrated vision https://nws.eurocities.eu/MediaShell/media/European_AI_study.pdf. ; European Commission For The Efficiency Of Justice, European Ethical Charter on the use of artificial intelligence in judicial systems, Guidelines on Artificial Intelligence and Data Protection T-PD(2019)01, 14.04.2021. ; Executive Office of the President of the United States, 2016–2019 Progress report: Advancing artificial intelligence R&D (November 2019), https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/ uploads/2019/11/AI-Research-and-Development-Progress-Report-2016–2019.pdf. ; Feldstein S., The Global Expansion and AI Surveillance, Washington 2019. ; Fenwick M., Vermeulen E.P.M. and Corrales M., Business and Regulatory Responses to Artificial Intelligence: Dynamic Regulation, Innovation Ecosystems and the Strategic Management of Disruptive Technology, (in:) M. Corrales, M. Fenwick and Nikolaus Forgó (eds.), Robotics, AI and the Future of Law, Singapore 2018. ; Finlay S., Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Business, Great Britain 2018. ; Gautrais V., Lex Electronica: d'aujourd'hiu a demain, "Lex Electronica" 2016, http://www.lex-electronica.org/articles/volume-21/lex-electronica-daujourdhui-a-demain. ; Governatori G., Idelberger F., Milosevic Z., Riveret R., Sartor G. and Xu X., On legal contracts, imperative and declarative smart contracts, and blockchain system, "Artificial Intelligence and Law" 2018, vol. 26. ; Harasimiuk D. E. and Braun T., Regulating Artificial Intelligence. Binary Ethics and the law, London/ New York 2021. ; Hartung M., Bues M. and Halblieb G., Legal Tech, Baden-Baden 2018. ; Hildebrandt M., Smart Technologies and the End(s) of Law, Northampton 2016. ; Interpol Innovation Centre, Singapore, Innovation Report Artificial Intelligence, https://media.licdn.com/dms/document/C4E1FAQHbu EqCSHEUsQ/feedshare-document-pdf-analyzed/0?e=1549350000&v=beta&t=lpYHjU3SizFf82swBk3g33TLFqWGRy8EjbKyhLPsST0. ; Johnson D. R. and Post D., Law And Borders: the Rise of Law in Cyberspace, "Stanford Law Review"1996, vol. 48, no. 5. ; Kerikmäe T. (ed.) Regulating eTechnologies in the European Union. Normative Realities and Trends, Cham 2014. ; Krasuski A., Status sztucznego agenta. Podstawy zastosowania sztucznej inteligencji, Warsaw 2021. ; Kulesza J., Międzynarodowe prawo Internetu, Poznań 2010. ; Lai L. and Świerczyński M. (eds.), Prawo Sztucznej Inteligencji, Warsaw 2020. ; Leens R., Regulating New Technologies in Times of Change, (in:) L. Reins (ed.), Regulating New Technologies in Uncertain Times, Cham 2019. ; Lessig L., Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace, New York 1999. ; Lessig L., Code is Law: On Liberty in Cyberspace, "Harvard Magazine", https://harvardmagazine.com/2000/ 01/code-is-law-html. ; Liability for Artificial Intelligence and other emerging digital technologies: Report from the Expert Group on Liability and New Technologies – New Technologies Formation, https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regexpert/index.cfm?do=groupDetail.groupMeetingDoc&docid=36608. ; M. Hildebrandt, Algorithmic Regulation and the Rule of Law, "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A" 2018, vol. 376, issue 2128, https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/ rsta.2017.0355. ; Magnusson Sjöberg C., Legal Automation, AI and Law Revisited, (in:) M. Corrales, M. Fenwick and Haapio H., Legal Tech, Smart Contracts and Blockchain, Singapore 2019. ; McCarthy J., Minsky M.L., Rochester N. and Shannon C.E., A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence http://jmc.stanford.edu/articles/dartmouth/ dartmouth.pdf. ; Menthe D.C., Jurisdiction in Cyberspace: a Theory of International Spaces, "Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review" 1998, no. 69. ; Minsky M., Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry, Massachusetts 1969. ; Minsky M., The Emotion Machine. Commonsense Thinking, Artifi cial Intelligence, and the Future of the Human Mind, New York/London/Toronto/Sydney 2007. ; Nanda R., Siragusa G., Di Caro L., Boella G., Grossio L., Gerbaudo M. and Costamanga F., Unsupervised and Supervised Text Similarity Systems for Automated Identification of National Implementing Measures of European Directives, "Artificial Intelligence and Law" 2019, vol. 27. ; National Artificial Intelligence Strategy of the Czech Republic, https://www.mpo.cz/assets/en/guidepost/for-the-media/press releases/2019/5/NAIS_eng_web.pdf. ; Prabucki R., Szostek D. and Wyczik J., Prawo jako kod, (in:) D. Szostek (ed.), Legal tech. Czyli jak bezpiecznie korzystać z narzędzi informatycznych w organizacji, w tym w kancelarii oraz dziale prawnym, Warsaw 2021. ; Proposal For A Regulation Of The European Parliament And Of The Council Laying Down Harmonised Rules On Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) And Amending Certain Union Legislative Acts Com/2021/206 Final, https://Eur-Lex.Europa.Eu/Legal-Content/EN/TXT/?Uri=CELEX:52021PC0206. ; Railas L., The Rise of the Lex Electronica and the International Sale of Goods, Helsinki 2004. ; Recommendation of Committee of Ministers No. 2102 (2017) about technological convergence, artificial intelligence and human rights (Doc. 14432). ; Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence, OECD, https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0449. ; Recommendations on regulation, innovation and finance: Final Report to the European Commission, 01.12.2019, https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/business_economy_euro/banking_and_finance/documents/191113-report-expert-group-regulatory-obstacles-financial-innovation_en.pdf. ; Report with recommendations to the Commission on a civil liability regime for artificial intelligence (2020/2014(INL)), https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-9–2020-0178_EN.html. ; Responsibility and AI: Council of Europe study, 21.12.2019, https://rm.coe.int/ responsability-and-ai-en/168097d9c5. ; Schrebak S., Integrating Computer Science into Legal Discipline: Th e Rise of Legal Programming, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2496094. ; Szostek D. (ed.), Legal tech. Czyli jak bezpiecznie korzystać z narzędzi informatycznych w organizacji, w tym w kancelarii oraz dziale prawnym, Warsaw 2021. ; Szostek D., Blockchain and Law, Baden-Baden 2019. ; Szostek D., Czynność prawna a środki komunikacji elektronicznej, Krakow 2004. ; Szostek D., Sztuczna inteligencja a kody. Czy rozwiązaniem dla uregulowania sztucznej inteligencji jest smart contract i blockchain? (in:) L. Lai and M. Świerczyński (eds.), Prawo Sztucznej Inteligencji, Warsaw 2020. ; Szpringer W., Blockchain jako innowacja systemowa. Od Internetu informacji do Internetu wartości, Warsaw 2018. ; Świerczyński M. and Lai L., Prawo Sztucznej Inteligencji, Warsaw 2020. ; Tegmark M., Życie 3.0. Człowiek w Erze sztucznej Inteligencji, Warsaw 2019. ; The European Commission's high-level expert group on artificial intelligence, A definition of AI: Main capabilities and scientific disciplines. Definition developed for the purpose of the deliverables of the High-Level Expert Group on AI, Brussels, 18.12.2018, https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/defi nition-artifi cial-intelligence-main-capabilities-and-scientific-disciplines. ; The High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence European Commission Directorate-General for Communications Networks Technology, 20.09.2018. ; Trudel P., La lex electronica, (in:) C.A. Morand (ed.), Le droit saisi par la mondialisation, Brussels 2001. ; Turing A., Computing Machinery and Intelligence, "Mind" 1950, vol. 49, no. 236. ; Turner J., Robot Rules. Regulating Artificial Intelligence, Cham 2019. ; Wendehorst C.H., Safety and Liability Related Aspect of Software, 17.06.2021, https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/study-safety-and-liability-related-aspects-software. ; Werbach K., The Blockchain and the New Architecture of Trust, London 2018. ; White Paper On Artificial Intelligence. A European approach to excellence and trust, COM(2020) 65 final, European Commission, https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_en.pdf. ; Wiebe A., Die elektronische Willenserklarung, Tubingen 2002. ; Wood G., Ethereum: A Secure Decentralized Generalized Transaction Ledger (EIP-150 revision), http://gavwood.com/Paper.pdf. ; Wright N.D. (ed.), Artificial Intelligence, China, Russia, and the Global Order, Maxwell 2019. ; Yao M., Jia M. and Zhou A., Applied Artificial Intelligence. A Handbook for Business Leaders, Middletown 2018. ; Zalewski T., Definicja sztucznej inteligencji, (in:) L. Lai and M. Swierczyński (eds.), Prawo Sztucznej Inteligencji, Warsaw 2020. ; 26

This is an open accBroderick, Avery E.; Gold, Roman; Karami, Mansour; Preciado-López, Jorge A.; Tiede, Paul; Pu, Hung-Yi; Akiyama, Kazunori; Alberdi, Antxon; Alef, Walter; Asada, Keiichi; Azulay, Rebecca; Baczko, Anne-Kathrin; Baloković, Mislav; Barrett, John; Bintley, Dan; Blackburn, Lindy; Boland, Wilfred; Bouman, Katherine L.; Bower, Geoffrey C.; Bremer, Michael; Brinkerink, Christiaan D.; Brissenden, Roger; Britzen, Silke; Broguiere, Dominique; Bronzwaer, Thomas; Byun, Do-Young; Carlstrom, John E.; Chael, Andrew; Chatterjee, Shami; Chatterjee, Koushik; Chen, Ming-Tang; Chen, Yongjun; Cho, Ilje; Conway, John E.; Cordes, James M.; Crew, Geoffrey B.; Cui, Yuzhu; Davelaar, Jordy; De Laurentis, Mariafelicia; Deane, Roger; Dempsey, Jessica; Desvignes, Gregory; Doeleman, Sheperd S.; Eatough, Ralph P.; Falcke, Heino; Fish, Vincent L.; Fomalont, Ed; Fraga-Encinas, Raquel; Friberg, Per; Fromm, Christian M.; Galison, Peter; Gammie, Charles F.; García, Roberto; Gentaz, Olivier; Georgiev, Boris; Goddi, Ciriaco; Gómez, José L.; Gu, Minfeng; Gurwell, Mark; Hada, Kazuhiro; Hecht, Michael H.; Hesper, Ronald; Ho, Luis C.; Ho, Paul; Honma, Mareki; Huang, Chih-Wei L.; Huang, Lei; Hughes, David H.; Inoue, Makoto; Issaoun, Sara; James, David J.; Janssen, Michael; Jeter, Britton; Jiang, Wu; Jiménez-Rosales, Alejandra; Johnson, Michael D.; Jorstad, Svetlana; Jung, Taehyun; Karuppusamy, Ramesh; Kawashima, Tomohisa; Keating, Garrett K.; Kettenis, Mark; Kim, Jae-Young; Kim, Jongsoo; Kino, Motoki; Koay, Jun Yi; Koch, Patrick M.; Koyama, Shoko; Kramer, Michael; Kramer, Carsten; Krichbaum, Thomas P.; Kuo, Cheng-Yu; Lee, Sang-Sung; Li, Yan-Rong; Li, Zhiyuan; Lindqvist, Michael; Lico, Rocco; Liu, Kuo; Liuzzo, Elisabetta; Lo, Wen-Ping; Lobanov, Andrei P.; Loinard, Laurent; Lonsdale, Colin; Lu, Ru-Sen; MacDonald, Nicholas R.; Mao, Jirong; Marscher, Alan P.; Martí-Vidal, Iván; Matsushita, Satoki; Matthews, Lynn D.; Menten, Karl M.; Mizuno, Yosuke; Mizuno, Izumi; Moran, James M.; Moriyama, Kotaro; Moscibrodzka, Monika; Müller, Cornelia; Nagai, Hiroshi; Nagar, Neil M.; Nakamura, Masanori; Narayan, Ramesh; Narayanan, Gopal; Natarajan, Iniyan; Neri, Roberto; Ni, Chunchong; Noutsos, Aristeidis; Okino, Hiroki; Olivares, Héctor; Ortiz-León, Gisela N.; Oyama, Tomoaki; Palumbo, Daniel C. M.; Park, Jongho; Pen, Ue-Li; Pesce, Dominic W.; Piétu, Vincent; Plambeck, Richard; PopStefanija, Aleksandar; Porth, Oliver; Prather, Ben; Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh; Rao, Ramprasad; Rawlings, Mark G.; Raymond, Alexander W.; Rezzolla, Luciano; Ripperda, Bart; Roelofs, Freek; Rogers, Alan; Ros, Eduardo; Rose, Mel; Rottmann, Helge; Ruszczyk, Chet; Ryan, Benjamin R.; Rygl, Kazi L. J.; Sánchez, Salvador; Sánchez-Arguelles, David; Sasada, Mahito; Savolainen, Tuomas; Schloerb, F. Peter; Schuster, Karl-Friedrich; Shao, Lijing; Shen, Zhiqiang; Small, Des; Sohn, Bong Won; SooHoo, Jason; Tazaki, Fumie; Tilanus, Remo P. J.; Titus, Michael; Toma, Kenji; Torne, Pablo; Traianou, Efthalia; Trippe, Sascha; Tsuda, Shuichiro; van Bemmel, Ilse; van Langevelde, Huib Jan; van Rossum, Daniel R.; Wagner, Jan; Wardle, John; Weintroub, Jonathan; Wex, Norbert; Wharton, Robert; Wielgus, Maciek; Wong, George N.; Wu, Qingwen; Yoon, Doosoo; Young, André; Young, Ken; Younsi, Ziri; Yuan, Feng; Yuan, Ye-Fei; Zensus, J. Anton; Zhao, Guangyao; Zhao, Shan-Shan; Zhu, Ziyan; Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration ess article.-- Full list of authors: ; The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) provides the unprecedented ability to directly resolve the structure and dynamics of black hole emission regions on scales smaller than their horizons. This has the potential to critically probe the mechanisms by which black holes accrete and launch outflows, and the structure of supermassive black hole spacetimes. However, accessing this information is a formidable analysis challenge for two reasons. First, the EHT natively produces a variety of data types that encode information about the image structure in nontrivial ways; these are subject to a variety of systematic effects associated with very long baseline interferometry and are supplemented by a wide variety of auxiliary data on the primary EHT targets from decades of other observations. Second, models of the emission regions and their interaction with the black hole are complex, highly uncertain, and computationally expensive to construct. As a result, the scientific utilization of EHT observations requires a flexible, extensible, and powerful analysis framework. We present such a framework, Themis, which defines a set of interfaces between models, data, and sampling algorithms that facilitates future development. We describe the design and currently existing components of Themis, how Themis has been validated thus far, and present additional analyses made possible by Themis that illustrate its capabilities. Importantly, we demonstrate that Themis is able to reproduce prior EHT analyses, extend these, and do so in a computationally efficient manner that can efficiently exploit modern high-performance computing facilities. Themis has already been used extensively in the scientific analysis and interpretation of the first EHT observations of M87. © 2020. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. ; This work was made possible by the facilities of the Shared Hierarchical Academic Research Computing Network (SHARCNET: www.sharcnet.ca) and Compute/Calcul Canada (www.computecanada.ca). Computations were made on the supercomputer Mammouth Parallele 2 from University of Sherbrooke, managed by Calcul Quebec and Compute Canada. The operation of this supercomputer is funded by the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI), the ministere de l'Economie, de la science et de l'innovation du Quebec (MESI), and the Fonds de recherche du Quebec-Nature et technologies (FRQ-NT). This work was supported in part by Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics. Research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development, Job Creation and Trade. A.E.B. thanks the Delaney Family for their generous financial support via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute. A.E.B., P.T., and M.K. receive additional financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada through a Discovery Grant. R.G. receives additional support from the ERC synergy grant "BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes" (grant No. 610058). We thank Jason Dexter for helpful comments and suggestions. We further thank the following organizations and programs: the Academy of Finland (projects 274477, 284495, 312496); the Advanced European Network of E-infrastructures for Astronomy with the SKA (AENEAS) project, supported by the European Commission Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action under grant agreement 731016; the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung; Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, through grants from the John Templeton Foundation and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; the China Scholarship Council; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT, Chile, via PIA ACT172033, Fondecyt 1171506, BASAL AFB-170002, ALMA-conicyt 31140007); Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico, projects 104497, 275201, 279006, 281692); the Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute; Direccion General de Asuntos del Personal Academico-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (DGAPA-UNAM, project IN112417); the European Research Council Synergy Grant "BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes" (grant 610058); the Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant APOSTD/2018/177; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (grants GBMF-3561, GBMF-5278); the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV; the International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne; the Jansky Fellowship program of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); the Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellowship (JP17J08829); the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS, grants QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJ-SSW-SYS008); the Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG); the Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG and the CAS; the MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI (grants 18KK0090, JP18K13594, JP18K03656, JP18H03721, 18K03709, 18H01245, 25120007); the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds; the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan (105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 106-2112-M-001-011, 106-2119-M-001-027, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107-2119-M-001-020, and 107-2119-M-110-005); the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, Fermi Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC17K0649); the National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan; the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant 2016YFA0400704, 2016YFA0400702); the National Science Foundation (NSF, grants AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST-0521233, AST-0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST-1126433, AST-1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST-1207730, AST-1207752, MRI-1228509, OPP-1248097, AST-1310896, AST-1337663, AST-1440254, AST-1555365, AST-1715061, AST-1615796, AST-1716327, OISE-1743747, AST-1816420); the Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 11573051, 11633006, 11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, including a Discovery Grant and the NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarships-Doctoral Program); the National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China; the National Research Foundation of Korea (the Global PhD Fellowship Grant: grants NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, 2015-R1D1A1A01056807, the Korea Research Fellowship Program: NRF-2015H1D3A1066561); the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award (grant 639.043. 513) and Spinoza Prize SPI 78-409; the New Scientific Frontiers with Precision Radio Interferometry Fellowship awarded by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) of South Africa; the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) national infrastructure, for the provisioning of its facilities/observational support (OSO receives funding through the Swedish Research Council under grant 2017-00648) the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science); the Russian Science Foundation (grant 17-12-01029); the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (grants PGC2018-098915-B-C21, AYA2016-80889-P); the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award for the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709); the Toray Science Foundation; the US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory (operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the USDOE (Contract 89233218CNA000001)); the Italian Ministero dell'Istruzione Universita e Ricerca through the grant Progetti Premiali 2012-iALMA (CUP C52I13000140001); the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 730562 RadioNet; ALMA North America Development Fund; the Academia Sinica; Chandra TM6-17006X. This work used the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), supported by NSF grant ACI-1548562, and CyVerse, supported by NSF grants DBI-0735191, DBI-1265383, and DBI-1743442. XSEDE Stampede2 resource at TACC was allocated through TG-AST170024 and TG-AST080026N. XSEDE JetStream resource at PTI and TACC was allocated through AST170028. The simulations were performed in part on the SuperMUC cluster at the LRZ in Garching, on the LOEWE cluster in CSC in Frankfurt, and on the HazelHen cluster at the HLRS in Stuttgart. ; Peer reviewed

Submitted 2020-07-05 | Accepted 2020-08-14 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.205-213The African Chicken Genetic Gain (ACGG) project (https://africacgg.net/) aims at backyard poultry optimization by commercial dual-purpose breeds introduction into Africa. To measure benefits, genotype by environment interaction (GxE) analysis provides guidance while predicting environmental effects on production traits of breeds. A survey among Ethiopian poultry smallholders showed egg sale being the most important purpose of keeping village chickens in Oromia. Data was available about laying of 894 ACGG chickens in Oromia. Hence current research questions were: 1) Does GxE take place? 2) Which breed performs best regarding laying and in which environment within Oromia? Traits investigated were egg number and egg weight of five breeds (S-RIR, Sasso, Horro, Kuroiler and Koekoek) located in three zones (East Hararge, East and West Shoa) and 5 districts (Adami Tulu, Bako Tibe, Dano, Dugda and Haromaya) in Oromia. Observations were taken as group measure performing weighted analyses. GxE was only present for egg number with magnitude strongest for zone. S-RIR performed best for both traits in both environments, except Kuroiler performing better in East Shoa for egg number and Koekoek for egg weight. This indicates success of crossbreed S-RIR. Sasso and Horro performed worst supported by previous research for Horro but not Sasso. Low precipitation in East Shoa caused bigger distance in egg number predictions, being higher for S-RIR and lower for Horro and Sasso compared to West Shoa. Apart from these final conclusions, social context of breeding and data collection difficulties should not be forgotten. Just like relevance of other performance trait analyses.Keywords: Ethiopia, smallholder farming, poultry, laying, genetic gainReferencesAbegaz, S. et al. (2019, July 29-August 2). On-farm performance testing of tropically adaptable chicken strains under small holder management in three countries of sub-Saharan Africa. [Conference presentation paper]. Seventh All Africa conference on Animal Agriculture, Accra, Ghana. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/106373Ali, K. et al. (2000). Genotype×Environment Interaction in Growing Chickens: Comparison of Four Genetic Groups on Two Rearing Systems under Tropical Conditions. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, 50(2), 65-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064700412331312301Aman, G. et al. (2017). Management Practices and Productive Performances of Sasso Chickens Breed under Village Production System in SNNPR, Ethiopia. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 7(7). https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JBAH/article/view/36482Alexandratos, N. et al. (2006). World agriculture: towards 2030/2050. Interim report. Prospects for food, nutrition, agriculture and major commodity groups. Global Perspective Studies Unit. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/esag/docs/Interim_report_AT2050web.pdfAlexandratos, N. and Bruinsma, J. (2012). WORLD AGRICULTURE TOWARDS 2030/2050. The 2012 Revision. (ESA Working paper No. 12-03). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/3/ap106e/ap106e.pdfBamidele, O. et al. (2019a, July 29-August 2). On-station performance evaluation of improved tropically adapted chicken strains for smallholder poultry production systems in sub- Saharan Africa. [Conference presentation paper]. Seventh All Africa conference on Animal Agriculture, Accra, Ghana. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/106379Bamidele, O. et al. (2019b). On-station performance evaluation of improved tropically adapted chicken breeds for smallholder poultry production systems in Nigeria. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 52, 1541-1548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-019-02158-9Bekele, F. et al. (2009). Genotype X environment interaction in two breeds of chickens kept under two management systems in Southern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 41(7), 1101-1114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-008-9290-7Besbes, B. (2009). Genotype evaluation and breeding of poultry for performance under sub-optimal village conditions. World's Poultry Science Journal, 65(2), 260-271. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933909000221 Bettridge, J.M. et al. (2018). The role of local adaptation in sustainable production of village chickens. Nature Sustainability, 1, 574-582. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0150-9Calus, M.P.L. et al. (2004). Effects of data structure on the estimation of covariance functions to describe genotype by environment interactions in a reaction norm model. Genetics Selection Evolution, 36, 489-507. https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9686-36-5-489Dana, N. et al. (2011). Genetic and phenotypic parameter estimates for body weights and egg production in Horro chicken of Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 43, 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-010-9649-4Dana, N. et al. (2010). Production objectives and trait preferences of village poultry producers of Ethiopia: implications for designing breeding schemes utilizing indigenous chicken genetic resources. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 42(7), 1519-1529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-010-9602-6de Putter, H. et al. (2012). Scoping study of horticulture smallholder production in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. (Report No. 495). Wageningen, Foundation Stichting Dienst Landbouwkundig Onderzoek (DLO) research institute Plant Research International. https://edepot.wur.nl/249787Esatu, W. and Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. (2016, March 22-23). Highlights of the results of the ACGG baseline survey in Ethiopia. [Conference presentation]. ACGG Ethiopia Second National Innovation Platform Meeting, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/132682919.pdfEsatu, W. et al. (2011). Experiences in Hybrid Chicken Scaling up in East and Central Shewa. (Research Report No. 91). Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research.Falconer, D.S. (1952). The problem of environment and selection. The American Naturalist, 86, 293-298. https://doi.org/10.1086/281736Falconer, D.S. and Mackay, T.F.C. (1996). Introduction to Quantitative Genetics. 4. ed. Harlow: Addison Wesley Longman.Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. (2018). Retrieved April 9, 2020 from http://www.ethiopia.gov.et/regional-states1Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2014). Decision Tools for Family Poultry Development. (FAO Publication No. 16). FAO Animal Production and Health. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3542e.pdfGetachew, F. et al. (2016). Preliminary information on chicken strains to be tested in Ethiopia. African Chicken Genetics Gains. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/132683011.pdfGetachew, F. et al. (2019, August 29-31). Unleashing the Power of Data in Transforming Livestock Agriculture in Ethiopia. [Conference presentation paper]. 27th Annual Conference of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production, EIAR, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/105816Goromela, E.H. et al. (2019, July 29-August 2). Understanding the Entry Points for Improving the Smallholder Chicken Production in Sub-Saharan Africa. [Conference presentation paper]. Seventh All Africa conference on Animal Agriculture, Accra, Ghana. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/106378Hartman, W. (1990). Implications of genotype-environment interactions in animal breeding: genotype-location interactions in poultry. World's Poultry Science Journal, 46, 197-210. https://doi.org/10.1079/WPS19900020Hayes, B.J. et al. (2016). Models for Genome X Environment Interaction: Examples in Livestock. Crop Science, 56, 2251-2259. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2015.07.0451Ibrahim, D. et al. (2019). Dual-purpose production of genetically different chicken crossbreeds in Ethiopia. 1. Parent stocks' feed intake, body weight, and reproductive performance. Poultry Science, 98(8), 3119-3129. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez136International Livestock Research Institute. (2018). ILRI Project Profile. African Chicken Genetic Gains.Kassie, G.T. et al. (2007). Cattle Trait Preferences in the Semi-subsistence Livestock Production Systems of Central Ethiopia. In Kassie, G.T. (ed.) Economic Valuation of the Preferred Traits of Indigenous Cattle in Ethiopia. [Doctoral dissertation, Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaftliche Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel]. Multimedia archive and publication server of Kiel University. https://macau.uni-kiel.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/dissertation_derivate_00002370/Kassie,_Girma_-_PhD_Thesis_pubslished.pdf (pp. 31-48).Lozano-Jaramillo, M. (2019). Predicting breed by environment interaction using ecological modelling. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation] Wageningen University.Lozano-Jaramillo, M. et al. (2019). Using phenotypic distribution models to predict livestock performance. Nature. Scientific Reports, 9, 15371 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51910-6Lwelamira, J. (2012). Genotype-Environmental (GxE) interaction for Body Weights for Kuchi Chicken Ecotype of Tanzania Reared On-Station and On-Farm. International Journal of Poultry Science, 11(2), 96-102. https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ijps.2012.96.102Mohammed, C. et al. (2017). Prevalence of Ovine Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Haromaya District Eastern Hararghe Zone, Oromia, Eastern Ethiopia. Archives on Veterinary Science and Technology, 2, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.29011/2637-9988/100006Mueller, J.P. et al. (2015). Community-based livestock breeding programmes: essentials and examples. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 132, 155-168. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbg.12136Oonincx, D.G.A.B. and de Boer, I.J.M. (2012). Environmental Impact of the Production of Mealworms as a Protein Source for Humans – A Life Cycle Assessment. PLoS ONE, 7(12), e51145. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051145Oranu, C.O. et al. (2018). Comparative Evaluation of Farmers' Perception and Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change and Variability in Bako Tibe, Ethiopia and Abeokuta, Nigeria. American Journal of Climate Change, 7, 611-623. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2018.74038Oromia Bureau of Finance and Economic Development. (2009). Regional Statistics. The National Regional Government of Oromia. Retrieved April 28, 2020 from https://www.oromiabofed.gov.et/SAS Institute Inc. (2020). Base SAS® 9.4 Procedures Guide. 7. ed. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.Sharma, J. et al. (2015). Higher weight gain by Kuroiler chickens than indigenous chickens raised under scavenging conditions by rural households in Uganda. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 27(9). http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd27/9/shar27178.htmlShiferaw, T. (2008). Socio-ecological Functioning and Economic Performance of Rain-fed farming Systems in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha District, Ethiopia. Agroecology Master's Program Norwegian University of Life Sciences.Sölkner, J. et al. (1998, January 11-16). Analysis of determinants for success and failure of village breeding programmes. [Conference presentation paper]. Proceedings of the 6th world congress on genetics applied to livestock production, Armidale, Australia.Vernooij, A. et al. (2018). Regionalisation in poultry development in Eastern Africa. Wageningen Livestock Research. Netherlands Africa Business Council.Wakchaure, R. et al. (2016). Genotype X Environment Interaction in Animal Breeding: A Review. In Khan, M.M.A.A. et al. (eds.) Biodiversity Conservation in Changing Climate. Delhi: Lenin Media Private Limited (pp. 60-73).Wondmeneh, E. et al. (2011). Comparative Evaluation of Fertility and Hatchability of Horro, Fayoumi, Lohmann Silver and Potchefstroom Koekoek Breeds of Chicken. Asian Journal of Poultry Science, 5, 124-129. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajpsaj.2011.124.129Wondmeneh, E. et al. (2014a, August 17-22). A running breeding program for indigenous chickens in Ethiopia: Evaluation of success. [Conference presentation paper]. Proceedings of the 10th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Vancouver, Canada. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/78502Wondmeneh, E. et al. (2014b). Adoption of exotic chicken breeds by rural poultry keepers in Ethiopia. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A — Animal Science, 64(4), 210-216. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064702.2015.1005658Wondmeneh, E. et al. (2015). Village poultry production system: Perception of farmers and simulation of impacts of interventions. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 11(24), 2075-2081. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2015.10493Wondmeneh, E. et al. (2016). Comparison of different poultry breeds under station and on-farm conditions in Ethiopia. Livestock Science, 183, 72-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2015.11.019