Suchergebnisse

The author analyses two mutually linked phenomena -- corruption & money laundering -- a negative phenomena, which are today very widespread in a number of countries. The prevention of corruption & money laundering represents one of the leading challenges of modern social changes. Appearing in political & social life, they convince citizens & the public that society cannot function without corruption & money laundering. These criminal acts are skillfully covered up & difficult to reveal, thanks to the support of bureaucracy, technocracy & plutocracy of certain society. Adapted from the source document.

The author analyses the impact of exercising the right to access to information & respecting of transparency for the prevention of corruption in the EU institutions. These two issues are the key principles of good governance & basic prerequisites for democratic participation, allowing citizens to effectively protect their fundamental rights & liberties through public scrutiny. The EU standards are assessed by comparison with the internationally recognized standards, & five indicators have been used: the scope of the right to access, the scope of exceptions, the administrative & appeal procedure, the protection of whistleblowers, administration performance openness & political will. The author wonders if the adopted regulations & rules of procedure are strict enough to prevent emergence of corruption & maladministration in the EU institutions. References. Adapted from the source document.

The paper explores the impact of innovativeness on the process of development. Innovativeness is perceived as an ability of transformation of the existing ideas into useful new forms or combinations that are multiplied & turned into technological innovations. The development guided by information technologies contributes to the accelerated increase in productivity, & unlike the previous technologies, it exerts impact on globalization by strengthening actual & financial relations. Not only that in-formation technologies incite trade in goods but they create information products of great market value. The author points to the fact that innovativeness does not only entail the economic dimension, but it involves all fields of life, producing an invaluable impact on social, educational, cultural & other trends. References. Adapted from the source document.

This paper considers the role of money, particularly the role of monetary analysis in monetary policy-making. During the last three decades, many central banks changed their monetary policy considerably. In the late 1970s, money & the long-run effects of its movements on inflation were in the center-stage of economic policy. Given the breakdown of the relationship between monetary aggregates & goal variables such as inflation, many countries in the world have recently adopted inflation targeting as their monetary policy regime. The direct control of money supply lost importance. Central bankers operate in an environment of high uncertainty regarding the functioning of the economy. In such a complex environment, a single model or a limited set of indicators is not a sufficient guide for monetary policy. Monetary aggregates continue to be an important indicator variable, concludes the author. References. Adapted from the source document.

The article considers the significance of the commitment of the state & its factors & forces in preventing the perpetrators of terrorism to manifest themselves in a violent way. The author takes as a starting point the fact that terrorist collectivities make great efforts to take their primary victim (state) by surprise. The response of the state should result in the efficient protection from this danger. The author considers subjective & objective limitations the anti-terrorist forces of the state are facing in the protection of the state from the terrorist surprise. This, among other things, results in porosity of the anti-terrorist prevention in some of its aspects. The volume & character of possible detrimental effects on the security of the state for the occasional porosity of the anti-terrorist prevention is treated within a separate chapter. Figures, References. Adapted from the source document.

The author describes historical & contemporary geopolitical position of the Black Sea region. Up to the present times the primary significance of the region has lain in its trade routes & other transit communications that connect Europe, the Middle East & Asia. Having such geografic position the region has been an interest sphere of great powers & regional states & conquerors. Today most of states of the Black Sea region are economically poor, have unstable political systems & burdened with constant & potential explosive problems. References. Adapted from the source document.

The paper explores the causes of the Middle East conflicts. The author considers that apart from historical & religious roots the main causes are the importance of the energy deposits, great & regional powers competition & collisions over energy resources, the complexity of water management in the region for its scarcity, traditional, religious & ethnic differences, social differentiations & conflicts, growing poverty among majority of people, demographic problems. The persistence & not solving of these problems clearly indicate that local terrorisms, wars & armed confrontations remain the ominous feature of the region, concludes the author. References. Adapted from the source document.

In searching for various opportunities to act in pursuing its foreign policy & endeavors to achieve a dominant role in the global processes USA has developed a broad range of instruments including a financial assistance as a way to be given support for its positions, intelligence activities, its public diplomacy, unilateral implementation of sanctions & even military interventions. The paper devotes special attention to one of these instruments -- sanctions, which USA implemented in the last decade of the 20th century more than ever before. The author explores the forms & mechanisms for implementation of sanctions, the impact & effects they produce on the countries they are directed against, but also on the third parties or the countries that have been involved in the process by concurrence of events, & finally on USA as the very initiator of imposing them. References. Adapted from the source document.

The author explores the genesis & development of electoral systems in the states created in the territory of the former Yugoslavia. The paper does a comparative analysis of the most significant components & characteristics of the electoral systems in the South Slavic states -- the highest averages methods, forms of candidature, modes of voting, levels of electoral constituency, methods of translating votes into seats & levels of a qualified suffrage. It also deals with the effects of implementation of the majority, mixed & proportional electoral systems in the mentioned group of countries during the last decade, particularly considering the representation of minority ethnic communities in their supreme legislative bodies. Tables, References. Adapted from the source document.

The article deals with the genesis & attainments of the ombudsmen institutions in Sweden & Norway. The author presents existing forms, organizational structure, functioning of ombudsmen, their competences, authorities, the way of financing their functions, rules of procedure & operation of some forms of the ombudsmen. He particularly analyses the institutional & other relationships between the ombudsmen institutions & legislative, executive & judicial authorities in these two countries. References. Adapted from the source document.

The precondition for growth of Serbian export to the EU market is restructuring of domestic production in accordance with the import demand of this market. However, increasing of export is not possible without bigger inflow of foreign capital in form of new equipment & modern technology. In implementing measures of economic policy, bigger attention has to be paid to financing production for export, to crediting & insuring export, as well as to export promotion. Role of small & medium size enterprises has to be stronger in domestic production. Connecting between them & distributive chains of parts & intermediate goods within TNC can contribute to growth of sustainable export of Serbia to EU as well as to process of connecting with this integration. Tables, Figures, References. Adapted from the source document.

Following the largest enlargement of the EU from 15 to 25 Member States many people are asking the question: where does Europe end? The Union has already made political commitments to additional EU members: Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Croatia & the other Balkan countries & in spite of the European Neighborhood Policy further thinking of the EU enlargement also includes Ukraine & Moldova. But the French & Dutch rejection of the constitutional treaty has made the future EU enlargement uncertain & the EU adopted a new comprehensive enlargement strategy based on consolidation of the EU. References. Adapted from the source document.

A policy of agrarian reform, an essential element in the success of the Chinese Revolution, has been followed from 1927 to 1953. This reform has marked the end of feudalism, & has won over to the Revolution the huge mass of Chinese peasants. But despite endeavors to always take into account the needs of the econ, the problem of agri'al productivity has not yet been resolved. It was also necessary to resort to collectivization. But this still was not sufficient to establish socialism in the village. Furthermore, the rapidity with which agrarian collectivization is being put into effect at present involves certain dangers of which many Chinese leaders are aware. Nevertheless, the Communist Party is showing great realism in its agrarian policy & is trying to implement collectivization in such a way that it will not have a negative effect on the level of agri'al production. To this end they are keeping the methods of collectivization flexible & are guarding against putting too much confidence in the admin've structures which have been set up. (Translated by Z. Dana from IPSA).

ICT industry has decisive impact on the articulation of American national interests in cyberspace. The private sector presents itself as a guardian of privacy rights against criminal intrusions and possible government's misuse. But in reality certain initiatives for closer cooperation between private sector and government at the expense of privacy rights have come from ICT industry. This article presents the evolution of public-private partnership in cybersecurity issues. The partnership resulted in the establishment of a military-cyber-industrial complex which significantly influenced the drafting of CISPA and ACTA documents. Presidential Policy Directive 20 expresses to a much greater extent the interests of ICT industry than the values and purposes of International Strategy for Cyberspace. Adapted from the source document.