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The article is devoted to the doctrine & practice of the Law of Treaties. The author focuses his attention on the following four topics: (l) the Treaties & third States or third international organizations; (2) the Treaties that provide rights for third States or third international organizations; (3) the Treaties that set out obligations for third States or third international organizations. He pays special attention to the most-favored-nation clause. The author gives interpretations of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969 & the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States & International Organizations or between International Organizations 1986. References. Adapted from the source document.

The purpose of this article is to open up a series of theoretical perspectives on the study of contemporary international organizations (IOs) & regionalism & to highlight the close connections that exist between the analysis of contemporary IOs, regionalism & the major theoretical debates in the academic study of International Relations. This article focuses on the various theoretical approaches to the study of IOs & regionalism. The ways analysts have studied those issues have changed dramatically over the last 50 or more years. It does not press the theoretical strengths of anyone school, but rather tries to give an idea of what the theoretical landscape looks like. Adapted from the source document.

The author explores some fundamental aspects of international cooperation, its functional incentives & structural limitations, by describing the discussion between two most influential approaches in international relations theory: neorealism & neoliberalism, or to be more precise, between defensive neorealism & neoliberal institutionalism. During the discussion on possibilities & limitations of international co-operation neorealism & neoliberalism showed their differences, but also similarities of views that resulted in their approach, which is called the neo-neo synthesis in international relations theory. The discussion, that has been going on for three decades in USA also reflects on the practical foreign policy decision-making in this country. The discussion contains the ideas that can serve as means to explain some foreign policy approaches in our country as well. References. Adapted from the source document.

This article analyses differences between scientific & technological co-operation & collaboration. International cooperation represents opportunities for partners, mainly strategic alliances. In North-South collaborations usually developed countries define the project/program & become the sole owner of the results. Opportunities & risks for countries such as Brazil are to recognize these differences. Tables. Adapted from the source document.

Taking an action by the international community, individual states or their organizations with the aim of protecting citizens in some country from the tyranny of their own authorities has been defined as a humanitarian intervention. According to international law the use of power as an instrument in international relations is, however, prohibited & therefore, any approach to humanitarian intervention is stretched out between the challenges of moral responsibility & limitations of legislature. The subject of discussion in this article is the legislative aspect of humanitarian intervention by force. The research is focused on law & legitimating of humanitarian intervention by force without the United Nations Security Council approval. References. Adapted from the source document.

The author points out that energy reserves are adequate to meet demand till 2030. The principal uncertainty in global energy supply prospects is its price. We expect that international trade in energy, & fossil fuels in particular, will be on the rise. Technological advances & technology breakthroughs could radically alter the long-term picture of energy supply beyond 2006. Tables, References. Adapted from the source document.

Thucydides & Giucciardini both acknowledged the existence of recurrent patterns in relations among states. The behavior of major powers is constrained by the specific characteristics of the international system, namely international anarchy, balance of power & the security dilemma. Balance of power theory establishes war as a state instrument in international conflicts. The balance of power is an essential mechanism for regulating equilibrium in international anarchy, including in mature international anarchy. Theory suggests that when the balance ceases to exist the risks of war increase. The rise of Asian powers may radically change the existing balances & enhances the risks of war among major powers. Adapted from the source document.