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The article is devoted to the doctrine & practice of the Law of Treaties. The author focuses his attention on the following four topics: (l) the Treaties & third States or third international organizations; (2) the Treaties that provide rights for third States or third international organizations; (3) the Treaties that set out obligations for third States or third international organizations. He pays special attention to the most-favored-nation clause. The author gives interpretations of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969 & the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States & International Organizations or between International Organizations 1986. References. Adapted from the source document.

The purpose of this article is to open up a series of theoretical perspectives on the study of contemporary international organizations (IOs) & regionalism & to highlight the close connections that exist between the analysis of contemporary IOs, regionalism & the major theoretical debates in the academic study of International Relations. This article focuses on the various theoretical approaches to the study of IOs & regionalism. The ways analysts have studied those issues have changed dramatically over the last 50 or more years. It does not press the theoretical strengths of anyone school, but rather tries to give an idea of what the theoretical landscape looks like. Adapted from the source document.

The author explores some fundamental aspects of international cooperation, its functional incentives & structural limitations, by describing the discussion between two most influential approaches in international relations theory: neorealism & neoliberalism, or to be more precise, between defensive neorealism & neoliberal institutionalism. During the discussion on possibilities & limitations of international co-operation neorealism & neoliberalism showed their differences, but also similarities of views that resulted in their approach, which is called the neo-neo synthesis in international relations theory. The discussion, that has been going on for three decades in USA also reflects on the practical foreign policy decision-making in this country. The discussion contains the ideas that can serve as means to explain some foreign policy approaches in our country as well. References. Adapted from the source document.

This article analyses differences between scientific & technological co-operation & collaboration. International cooperation represents opportunities for partners, mainly strategic alliances. In North-South collaborations usually developed countries define the project/program & become the sole owner of the results. Opportunities & risks for countries such as Brazil are to recognize these differences. Tables. Adapted from the source document.

Taking an action by the international community, individual states or their organizations with the aim of protecting citizens in some country from the tyranny of their own authorities has been defined as a humanitarian intervention. According to international law the use of power as an instrument in international relations is, however, prohibited & therefore, any approach to humanitarian intervention is stretched out between the challenges of moral responsibility & limitations of legislature. The subject of discussion in this article is the legislative aspect of humanitarian intervention by force. The research is focused on law & legitimating of humanitarian intervention by force without the United Nations Security Council approval. References. Adapted from the source document.

The author points out that energy reserves are adequate to meet demand till 2030. The principal uncertainty in global energy supply prospects is its price. We expect that international trade in energy, & fossil fuels in particular, will be on the rise. Technological advances & technology breakthroughs could radically alter the long-term picture of energy supply beyond 2006. Tables, References. Adapted from the source document.

Thucydides & Giucciardini both acknowledged the existence of recurrent patterns in relations among states. The behavior of major powers is constrained by the specific characteristics of the international system, namely international anarchy, balance of power & the security dilemma. Balance of power theory establishes war as a state instrument in international conflicts. The balance of power is an essential mechanism for regulating equilibrium in international anarchy, including in mature international anarchy. Theory suggests that when the balance ceases to exist the risks of war increase. The rise of Asian powers may radically change the existing balances & enhances the risks of war among major powers. Adapted from the source document.

The paper provides a detailed overview of the existing relationship between the just war theory & international law. It stresses the fact that the two concepts were historically incompatible. The just War theory falls within ethics & appeals to superior principles that were not in accordance with the positivist law theory & the concept of sovereignty upon which public international law was founded. That incompatibility may at first seem as a paradox since the two concepts should be derived from a common base: the idea of justice. Further development of international law has clearly proved that law cannot be separated from the idea of justice & that is, to some extent, closely linked to some elements of natural law. The author concludes that in the domain of the use of force contemporary international law provides a legal frame, which is in accordance with the precepts of the just war theory. References. Adapted from the source document.

The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) is one of the World Trade Organisation's most important agreements. This accord is the first & only set of multilateral rules covering international trade in services. It is a framework for international trade in services & a legal basis for resolving conflicting national interests. For the past two decades, trade in services has grown faster than merchandise trade. Currently, they represent more than two thirds of the World Gross Domestic Product. As the term services covers a wide range of intangible & heterogeneous products & activities, there has been an increasing demand for detailed, relevant & internationally comparable statistical information on trade in services. In the last ten years, the share of transportation services in international trade in commercial services was steady & amounted to about one quarter. Tables, References. Adapted from the source document.

This article draws the balance of Tony Blair's decade in terms of foreign policy. Our focus will be cast on its fundamental guidelines, having in mind the domestic context in 1997 & some of the crucial international crisis that took place during Blair's premiership. In our opinion, the primacy of an ethical & moralistic approach to international affairs & the reversal of Labour's traditional attitudes towards the EU & the US were its main features. A special emphasis is also given to London's role in international affairs after the September 11 attacks, & we conclude by trying to anticipate Gordon Brown's foreign policy line. Adapted from the source document.

The discipline of International Relations is currently characterized by significant theoretical an epistemological diversity. The "past modern turn" is usually identified as a spin-off from the post-positivistic debate, & can be viewed as a similar outcome to other development occurring in the field of the human ties & the social sciences. This mutation of an imitatio scientia process to another process of imitatio post-modernum raises several questions, some e which are examined & discussed in this article, namely, the relations hi between knowledge, science & ideology & the reasons for the growing acceptance of the post-positivist approaches. Finally, the article makes, an appeal to the "deconstruction" ( this new orthodoxy & its ideological & epistemological strategies of legitimacy. Adapted from the source document.

This article aims at understanding the role of human rights in theories of IR. We will use three fundamental concepts, namely system, society & community, which are associated with three traditions of thought recognized by Martin Wight & also developed by Hedley Bull, as well as the methodological pluralism of the English School. We will pay special attention to the question of humanitarian interventions, which clearly show the dilemma between order & justice at an international level. The methodological pluralism of the English School reveals itself as a useful tool to understand how human rights are more than the mere adjustment of divergent interests, they are a community element lodged in a societal structure. This structure is fundamentally pluralist, in which humanitarian interventions are exceptions to non-intervention. Adapted from the source document.