Suchergebnisse

This work aims to evaluate the international legal status of Chechnya in different periods of its fight for independence on the basis of international legal norms and to determine a type of armed conflicts that took place in Chechnya as well as to review violations of human rights and the international humanitarian law made during these armed conflicts. Following international legal acts the work reveals contents of the freedom of national self-determination and its relation to the principle of territorial integrity. Also, the work reviews qualifications of persons of the international law with a particular attention given to the concept and attributes of the state and examines the most important aspects of the status of Chechnya. Also, this research presents the concept of the armed conflict and discusses features of international and non-international armed conflicts on which basis the type of conflicts that took place in Chechnya has been determined. The work overviews the case law of the European Court of Human Rights on which basis violations of the humanitarian law that were made during the armed conflicts in Chechnya have been determined. In 1991/1992 Chechnya had all main qualifications of the state: population, a defined territory and the government. According to the norms of the international law this meant its establishment as the state. The victory of Chechnya in the First Chechnya War has proved Chechnya statehood once again. Russia de facto confirmed independence of Chechnya by its subsequent actions. After examination of possible different assessments of the armed conflicts in Chechnya and on the basis of the conclusion that Chechnya is an unrecognised state, it has been determined that the above armed conflicts should be considered as international conflicts.

A company needs to first calculate the risk factors and look at both advantages and disadvantages of international trade financing methods before choosing one. Also, a company must take into account the conditions of supplying, their partners and their own financial stance, countries' political, economic and social situation, the cost of international financing method. A company may choose the right, most secure and trustworthy international trade financing method after it has properly evaluated these factors. Therefore, the task of choosing the right method is relevant to every company engaging in international trade operations. It determines this master thesis topic's relevancy. The object of study of this master thesis – a company's international trade expansion and its financial models. The aim – to make a comparison of Mantinga , Ltd international trade financing models' analysis after the research of a company's international trade financial alternatives. The tasks established to achieve the set object are as follows: name the problems of international trade financing after thoroughly investigating international trade importance to companies' activities; unveil the essence of international trade financing based on scientific literature analysis; identify the fundamental financing models of international trade; form a methodology for the research of international trade financing; conduct the models' analysis of international trade expanse financing of Mantinga, Ltd. Lately, it has been noticed that the international trade scale is increasing. The financial reserves needed to engage in and expand such trade, determine the importance of choosing sources and methods of such trade. Thus, every company encounters obstacles which are related to its international trade financing source (inner or outer) and methods that reduce expenses and minimalize risks related to the companies' international trade operations decisions. The financing of international trade operations is distinguished by quite a large variety. Depending on the duration and objectives of funding, the amount of the transaction, the own funds of economic entities, additional participants (factoring, forfeiting organizations, export credit agencies) or certain financing conditions (discounting, bank guarantees) could be included into the model. The advantage of each model of international trade financing is the increasing of competitiveness – payment conditions are increasingly used as competitive instruments during the negotiation process. Customers seek for bargains to ensure reliable and attractive credit conditions. Merchants who have access to financing instruments are in a better position, which can stimulate export and national income growth. Based on Mantinga', Ltd financial responsibility and its financial activities results analysis, it was established that Mantinga, Lt should adopt factoring for its export since its expenses are 53 percent less than the bank's financed credit value for the same scale exports. The company also benefits additionally with factoring. It no longer needs to make discounts to clients who check out expeditiously. The risk of customers not paying in time gets eliminated and, as such, detriments are saved due to such failed payments. Factoring also improves customers' payment behavior, enhances the company's credit rating and the overall appeal in the view of interested countries.

A company needs to first calculate the risk factors and look at both advantages and disadvantages of international trade financing methods before choosing one. Also, a company must take into account the conditions of supplying, their partners and their own financial stance, countries' political, economic and social situation, the cost of international financing method. A company may choose the right, most secure and trustworthy international trade financing method after it has properly evaluated these factors. Therefore, the task of choosing the right method is relevant to every company engaging in international trade operations. It determines this master thesis topic's relevancy. The object of study of this master thesis – a company's international trade expansion and its financial models. The aim – to make a comparison of Mantinga , Ltd international trade financing models' analysis after the research of a company's international trade financial alternatives. The tasks established to achieve the set object are as follows: name the problems of international trade financing after thoroughly investigating international trade importance to companies' activities; unveil the essence of international trade financing based on scientific literature analysis; identify the fundamental financing models of international trade; form a methodology for the research of international trade financing; conduct the models' analysis of international trade expanse financing of Mantinga, Ltd. Lately, it has been noticed that the international trade scale is increasing. The financial reserves needed to engage in and expand such trade, determine the importance of choosing sources and methods of such trade. Thus, every company encounters obstacles which are related to its international trade financing source (inner or outer) and methods that reduce expenses and minimalize risks related to the companies' international trade operations decisions. The financing of international trade operations is distinguished by quite a large variety. Depending on the duration and objectives of funding, the amount of the transaction, the own funds of economic entities, additional participants (factoring, forfeiting organizations, export credit agencies) or certain financing conditions (discounting, bank guarantees) could be included into the model. The advantage of each model of international trade financing is the increasing of competitiveness – payment conditions are increasingly used as competitive instruments during the negotiation process. Customers seek for bargains to ensure reliable and attractive credit conditions. Merchants who have access to financing instruments are in a better position, which can stimulate export and national income growth. Based on Mantinga', Ltd financial responsibility and its financial activities results analysis, it was established that Mantinga, Lt should adopt factoring for its export since its expenses are 53 percent less than the bank's financed credit value for the same scale exports. The company also benefits additionally with factoring. It no longer needs to make discounts to clients who check out expeditiously. The risk of customers not paying in time gets eliminated and, as such, detriments are saved due to such failed payments. Factoring also improves customers' payment behavior, enhances the company's credit rating and the overall appeal in the view of interested countries.

A company needs to first calculate the risk factors and look at both advantages and disadvantages of international trade financing methods before choosing one. Also, a company must take into account the conditions of supplying, their partners and their own financial stance, countries' political, economic and social situation, the cost of international financing method. A company may choose the right, most secure and trustworthy international trade financing method after it has properly evaluated these factors. Therefore, the task of choosing the right method is relevant to every company engaging in international trade operations. It determines this master thesis topic's relevancy. The object of study of this master thesis – a company's international trade expansion and its financial models. The aim – to make a comparison of Mantinga , Ltd international trade financing models' analysis after the research of a company's international trade financial alternatives. The tasks established to achieve the set object are as follows: name the problems of international trade financing after thoroughly investigating international trade importance to companies' activities; unveil the essence of international trade financing based on scientific literature analysis; identify the fundamental financing models of international trade; form a methodology for the research of international trade financing; conduct the models' analysis of international trade expanse financing of Mantinga, Ltd. Lately, it has been noticed that the international trade scale is increasing. The financial reserves needed to engage in and expand such trade, determine the importance of choosing sources and methods of such trade. Thus, every company encounters obstacles which are related to its international trade financing source (inner or outer) and methods that reduce expenses and minimalize risks related to the companies' international trade operations decisions. The financing of international trade operations is distinguished by quite a large variety. Depending on the duration and objectives of funding, the amount of the transaction, the own funds of economic entities, additional participants (factoring, forfeiting organizations, export credit agencies) or certain financing conditions (discounting, bank guarantees) could be included into the model. The advantage of each model of international trade financing is the increasing of competitiveness – payment conditions are increasingly used as competitive instruments during the negotiation process. Customers seek for bargains to ensure reliable and attractive credit conditions. Merchants who have access to financing instruments are in a better position, which can stimulate export and national income growth. Based on Mantinga', Ltd financial responsibility and its financial activities results analysis, it was established that Mantinga, Lt should adopt factoring for its export since its expenses are 53 percent less than the bank's financed credit value for the same scale exports. The company also benefits additionally with factoring. It no longer needs to make discounts to clients who check out expeditiously. The risk of customers not paying in time gets eliminated and, as such, detriments are saved due to such failed payments. Factoring also improves customers' payment behavior, enhances the company's credit rating and the overall appeal in the view of interested countries.

A company needs to first calculate the risk factors and look at both advantages and disadvantages of international trade financing methods before choosing one. Also, a company must take into account the conditions of supplying, their partners and their own financial stance, countries' political, economic and social situation, the cost of international financing method. A company may choose the right, most secure and trustworthy international trade financing method after it has properly evaluated these factors. Therefore, the task of choosing the right method is relevant to every company engaging in international trade operations. It determines this master thesis topic's relevancy. The object of study of this master thesis – a company's international trade expansion and its financial models. The aim – to make a comparison of Mantinga , Ltd international trade financing models' analysis after the research of a company's international trade financial alternatives. The tasks established to achieve the set object are as follows: name the problems of international trade financing after thoroughly investigating international trade importance to companies' activities; unveil the essence of international trade financing based on scientific literature analysis; identify the fundamental financing models of international trade; form a methodology for the research of international trade financing; conduct the models' analysis of international trade expanse financing of Mantinga, Ltd. Lately, it has been noticed that the international trade scale is increasing. The financial reserves needed to engage in and expand such trade, determine the importance of choosing sources and methods of such trade. Thus, every company encounters obstacles which are related to its international trade financing source (inner or outer) and methods that reduce expenses and minimalize risks related to the companies' international trade operations decisions. The financing of international trade operations is distinguished by quite a large variety. Depending on the duration and objectives of funding, the amount of the transaction, the own funds of economic entities, additional participants (factoring, forfeiting organizations, export credit agencies) or certain financing conditions (discounting, bank guarantees) could be included into the model. The advantage of each model of international trade financing is the increasing of competitiveness – payment conditions are increasingly used as competitive instruments during the negotiation process. Customers seek for bargains to ensure reliable and attractive credit conditions. Merchants who have access to financing instruments are in a better position, which can stimulate export and national income growth. Based on Mantinga', Ltd financial responsibility and its financial activities results analysis, it was established that Mantinga, Lt should adopt factoring for its export since its expenses are 53 percent less than the bank's financed credit value for the same scale exports. The company also benefits additionally with factoring. It no longer needs to make discounts to clients who check out expeditiously. The risk of customers not paying in time gets eliminated and, as such, detriments are saved due to such failed payments. Factoring also improves customers' payment behavior, enhances the company's credit rating and the overall appeal in the view of interested countries.

SUMMARY Stirring international military activity has become one of the most important tasks of Lithuanian foreign policy implementation. Intensive international military collaboration and participation in peace keeping process are the main means to implement that task. The main aim of the paper is to detect geographical peculiarities of Lithuanian international military activity. It is defined that Lithuanian international military activity is reasoned not only politically, but also has a geographical validity. Bilateral and multilateral military collaboration of Lithuania clearly reveals it's priorities given to the most of the Baltic Sea region countries. Especially active cooperation in military range Lithuania holds with other Eastern Baltic countries – Latvia and Estonia. The main geographical factors of such collaboration peculiarity are: the Baltic Sea and the need of geopolitical balance. Moreover, according to Lithuania's increased activity in international peace making operations, it's very important to have a good military staff preparation system for such aims. Perhaps a combatant preparation is in a high level, but geographical preparation is insufficient. It becomes especially important when the country sends peacemakers to the geographically distant regions. Membership in NATO and other international organizations obligate Lithuania to be an active associate in peace keeping process. Lithuania was taking part in military operations that were prosecuted in four regions of Europe and Asia: The Balkans, Persian Gulf region, Caucasus and South and Central Asian region. The priority is given to the geographically closest region – The Balkans, where Lithuania have sent the biggest part of it's international peacemakers, that served in five countries of the region. Furthermore, consideration of Lithuanian activity in peace keeping process shows that the country gives priority to NATO, European Union and USA, which is the most important strategic partner of Lithuania, supervising military missions. Finally, Lithuania is participating in peace keeping operations not because of it's own national interests in the "hot" regions. It is more determined to the obligations to NATO and other international organisations and regarding to the position of strategic partners. Military and political benefit also remains as a very important factor of participating in the chosen peace keeping operations.

SUMMARY Stirring international military activity has become one of the most important tasks of Lithuanian foreign policy implementation. Intensive international military collaboration and participation in peace keeping process are the main means to implement that task. The main aim of the paper is to detect geographical peculiarities of Lithuanian international military activity. It is defined that Lithuanian international military activity is reasoned not only politically, but also has a geographical validity. Bilateral and multilateral military collaboration of Lithuania clearly reveals it's priorities given to the most of the Baltic Sea region countries. Especially active cooperation in military range Lithuania holds with other Eastern Baltic countries – Latvia and Estonia. The main geographical factors of such collaboration peculiarity are: the Baltic Sea and the need of geopolitical balance. Moreover, according to Lithuania's increased activity in international peace making operations, it's very important to have a good military staff preparation system for such aims. Perhaps a combatant preparation is in a high level, but geographical preparation is insufficient. It becomes especially important when the country sends peacemakers to the geographically distant regions. Membership in NATO and other international organizations obligate Lithuania to be an active associate in peace keeping process. Lithuania was taking part in military operations that were prosecuted in four regions of Europe and Asia: The Balkans, Persian Gulf region, Caucasus and South and Central Asian region. The priority is given to the geographically closest region – The Balkans, where Lithuania have sent the biggest part of it's international peacemakers, that served in five countries of the region. Furthermore, consideration of Lithuanian activity in peace keeping process shows that the country gives priority to NATO, European Union and USA, which is the most important strategic partner of Lithuania, supervising military missions. Finally, Lithuania is participating in peace keeping operations not because of it's own national interests in the "hot" regions. It is more determined to the obligations to NATO and other international organisations and regarding to the position of strategic partners. Military and political benefit also remains as a very important factor of participating in the chosen peace keeping operations.

SUMMARY Stirring international military activity has become one of the most important tasks of Lithuanian foreign policy implementation. Intensive international military collaboration and participation in peace keeping process are the main means to implement that task. The main aim of the paper is to detect geographical peculiarities of Lithuanian international military activity. It is defined that Lithuanian international military activity is reasoned not only politically, but also has a geographical validity. Bilateral and multilateral military collaboration of Lithuania clearly reveals it's priorities given to the most of the Baltic Sea region countries. Especially active cooperation in military range Lithuania holds with other Eastern Baltic countries – Latvia and Estonia. The main geographical factors of such collaboration peculiarity are: the Baltic Sea and the need of geopolitical balance. Moreover, according to Lithuania's increased activity in international peace making operations, it's very important to have a good military staff preparation system for such aims. Perhaps a combatant preparation is in a high level, but geographical preparation is insufficient. It becomes especially important when the country sends peacemakers to the geographically distant regions. Membership in NATO and other international organizations obligate Lithuania to be an active associate in peace keeping process. Lithuania was taking part in military operations that were prosecuted in four regions of Europe and Asia: The Balkans, Persian Gulf region, Caucasus and South and Central Asian region. The priority is given to the geographically closest region – The Balkans, where Lithuania have sent the biggest part of it's international peacemakers, that served in five countries of the region. Furthermore, consideration of Lithuanian activity in peace keeping process shows that the country gives priority to NATO, European Union and USA, which is the most important strategic partner of Lithuania, supervising military missions. Finally, Lithuania is participating in peace keeping operations not because of it's own national interests in the "hot" regions. It is more determined to the obligations to NATO and other international organisations and regarding to the position of strategic partners. Military and political benefit also remains as a very important factor of participating in the chosen peace keeping operations.

SUMMARY Stirring international military activity has become one of the most important tasks of Lithuanian foreign policy implementation. Intensive international military collaboration and participation in peace keeping process are the main means to implement that task. The main aim of the paper is to detect geographical peculiarities of Lithuanian international military activity. It is defined that Lithuanian international military activity is reasoned not only politically, but also has a geographical validity. Bilateral and multilateral military collaboration of Lithuania clearly reveals it's priorities given to the most of the Baltic Sea region countries. Especially active cooperation in military range Lithuania holds with other Eastern Baltic countries – Latvia and Estonia. The main geographical factors of such collaboration peculiarity are: the Baltic Sea and the need of geopolitical balance. Moreover, according to Lithuania's increased activity in international peace making operations, it's very important to have a good military staff preparation system for such aims. Perhaps a combatant preparation is in a high level, but geographical preparation is insufficient. It becomes especially important when the country sends peacemakers to the geographically distant regions. Membership in NATO and other international organizations obligate Lithuania to be an active associate in peace keeping process. Lithuania was taking part in military operations that were prosecuted in four regions of Europe and Asia: The Balkans, Persian Gulf region, Caucasus and South and Central Asian region. The priority is given to the geographically closest region – The Balkans, where Lithuania have sent the biggest part of it's international peacemakers, that served in five countries of the region. Furthermore, consideration of Lithuanian activity in peace keeping process shows that the country gives priority to NATO, European Union and USA, which is the most important strategic partner of Lithuania, supervising military missions. Finally, Lithuania is participating in peace keeping operations not because of it's own national interests in the "hot" regions. It is more determined to the obligations to NATO and other international organisations and regarding to the position of strategic partners. Military and political benefit also remains as a very important factor of participating in the chosen peace keeping operations.

Every state may face a bid for protection in embassies or consulates from persons looking for a shelter in dangerous situations to their lives and safety. Even though diplomatic asylum is more peculiar to Latin America region, no State is prevented from such seekers. Practical examples show that diplomatic asylum helped to safe thousands of people in countries where instability of governments exist, during wars or in situations where no other alternative of protection was available. Grant of diplomatic asylum is a problematic issue because it raises question which value should prevail: inviolability of premises or non interference into internal affairs, protection of human rights or sovereignty of State. This master thesis attempts to find out what is the current position of diplomatic asylum in the context of public international law and on what grounds it could be granted in embassies and consulates. For this aim, the thesis is focused on the evolution and main features of diplomatic asylum, on its relation with regional and universal international law instruments, on dominating positions to diplomatic asylum in the case law. International treaties, state practice and various positions of legal writers were analyzed in order to reveal grounds for granting diplomatic asylum. In the States where diplomatic asylum is recognized, it is granted according to the existing legal regulation. In the States where diplomatic asylum is not considered as legal institute, it is granted on humanitarian considerations in order to protect people. The thesis concludes that different attitudes to diplomatic asylum exist regarding international law. For a group of State it is an institute of regional international law while other states tolerate it purely on humanitarian considerations. Despite different approaches of diplomatic asylum in the international law, it can be a means to protect life or safety of a person.

Every state may face a bid for protection in embassies or consulates from persons looking for a shelter in dangerous situations to their lives and safety. Even though diplomatic asylum is more peculiar to Latin America region, no State is prevented from such seekers. Practical examples show that diplomatic asylum helped to safe thousands of people in countries where instability of governments exist, during wars or in situations where no other alternative of protection was available. Grant of diplomatic asylum is a problematic issue because it raises question which value should prevail: inviolability of premises or non interference into internal affairs, protection of human rights or sovereignty of State. This master thesis attempts to find out what is the current position of diplomatic asylum in the context of public international law and on what grounds it could be granted in embassies and consulates. For this aim, the thesis is focused on the evolution and main features of diplomatic asylum, on its relation with regional and universal international law instruments, on dominating positions to diplomatic asylum in the case law. International treaties, state practice and various positions of legal writers were analyzed in order to reveal grounds for granting diplomatic asylum. In the States where diplomatic asylum is recognized, it is granted according to the existing legal regulation. In the States where diplomatic asylum is not considered as legal institute, it is granted on humanitarian considerations in order to protect people. The thesis concludes that different attitudes to diplomatic asylum exist regarding international law. For a group of State it is an institute of regional international law while other states tolerate it purely on humanitarian considerations. Despite different approaches of diplomatic asylum in the international law, it can be a means to protect life or safety of a person.

The aim of the research: international trade is one of the most important instruments in the modern globalized economy which is used to achieve wealth and economic growth in all countries of the world that belong to the free trade and open market system governed by such international organizations as World Trade Organization (WTO) or World Customs Organization (WCO). This year (in February 2021) the European Commission also presented and outlined the EU future guidelines/strategy of the international trade and customs policy ("Trade Policy Review", COM (2021) 66 final (European Commission, 2021). Having this in mind, the author of the article reviews the provisions of the above-mentioned document regarding the planned changes in the EU trade policy towards specific third countries (major EU trading partners) and analyses their significance for the EU Member States (including Lithuania)

The aim of the research: international trade is one of the most important instruments in the modern globalized economy which is used to achieve wealth and economic growth in all countries of the world that belong to the free trade and open market system governed by such international organizations as World Trade Organization (WTO) or World Customs Organization (WCO). This year (in February 2021) the European Commission also presented and outlined the EU future guidelines/strategy of the international trade and customs policy ("Trade Policy Review", COM (2021) 66 final (European Commission, 2021). Having this in mind, the author of the article reviews the provisions of the above-mentioned document regarding the planned changes in the EU trade policy towards specific third countries (major EU trading partners) and analyses their significance for the EU Member States (including Lithuania)