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The article highlights norms and provisions of international legal documents within such international organization as the League of Nations, the United Nations Organization, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the Council of Europe, the Organization of American States and the Organization of African Unity (African Union) in terms of means and procedures for the peaceful settlement of disputes. Conventions, declarations, resolutions, protocols, statutes, charters, treaties and other acts can be found among these international legal documents from all continents all over the world. In the process of studying the international legal acts, there are analysed provisions stipulating the use of means and procedures for the peaceful settlement of international disputes. There are also described characteristic features of applying these tools and mechanisms. Besides, it is conducted an analysis of their peculiarities and perspectives for use in practice. Despite a wide range of instruments and mechanisms available for the peaceful settlement of disputes, number of conflicts all over the world is increasing. It may say about their ineffectiveness or about a necessity to develop new concepts, new ideas, new approaches to understanding of conflict and ways of its solution. All peaceful instruments include application of negotiations. Along with that, negotiations as a method to resolve a dispute are not fully discovered and updated. There are no strict and generally recognised rules of conducting negotiations, what participants of negotiations should comply with and what is allowed or not allowed to do while convincing. Researchers of the peaceful settlement of disputes agree on effectiveness and reasonableness of engaging the third, neutral party for dispute resolution. It can be an objective remedy in terms of impartiality and fairness. One more aspect which is taken into account more and more often is prevention. That is to take corresponding measures in advance. When the situation is at the ...

At head of title: 1911- Institut international d'agriculture; Organisation des nations unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The aim of the research is to analyze the role of the consumer in a detailed way. Firstly I defined the concepts of "consumption" and "consumer", giving relief to the socio-economic theories that have characterized the subject during recent years,and taking in consideration the process of consumption and the behavioral and decisional theories proper of the consumer. Moreover, I have deeply analyzed the consumer under the juridical aspect, from the mere legal recognition to the trial and the efforts sustained by the European Legislator during the last years with the purpose of creating a system of common rules with the final goal of guaranteeing a high-level of protection to the consumer in international contracts and assuring the correct operation of the Single Internal Market founding the discipline on a competitive model. Great relief is given to the "Rome I Regulation" on the choice of the law aplicable to contracts and to the "Bruxelles Convention" on the competent court.

In international relations, international security combines that set of international relations that ensures global stability. In other words, international security is a state in which states are not threatened by war or by any breach of their sovereignty or independent development by other states. In accordance with the UN Charter, the Security Council currently has the main task of ensuring world peace, also having the sole right to impose sanctions against aggressors. The idea of international security, its realization in practice is determined by historical, economic, political, social conditions, as well as other factors. The problem of international security arose with the formation of the state institution, being always close to the problem of war and peace. Over time, there has been a change in the ability to analyze and report security issues. Along with these, both the policies and the security strategies of contemporary societies have undergone a process of metamorphosis.

The nature of cooperation regularly changes under pressure from new calls and threats between the actors of international relations. By means of system analysis and comparison methods, the article discloses the basic theoretical approaches to understanding of the "new world order" phenomenon, which as a result turns into a comprehensive globalization. The article summarizes the modern trends of forming the XXI century international reality, taking into account new actors, their influence on stability and variability of the imperious systems, and analyzes in detail the concepts of modern scientists who form an international discourse on the search for a new paradigm of world order. The study identifies the main characteristics of the world order – legitimacy, the mechanism of change and balance of power. The key shortcomings of the post-war world order have been identified, which include the lack of effectiveness of international organizations at various levels in ensuring the principle of sovereignty for states, respect for borders; imbalance of economic growth between nations; lack of effective sanctions against violators of international law and ensuring the universal rights of citizens; discredited democratic political model, which was recognized as dominant in the post-bipolar era, and so on. Accordingly, there were considered modern approaches to a "new world order" formation, as a result of which it was proposed to take into account the new realities of interdependence that determine the future peaceful coexistence of nations – a balance between freedom of national actors action and international law; balance between legitimacy and power; balance between "regional order" and "international". In general, the international discourse on the search for the "new world order" boundaries is common in the construction of the XXI century multipolar world, the importance of consensus between nations and the legitimacy of new rules for all actors in international relations.

In the paper, the nature of official development assistance (ODA) viewed as a component of general international aid is considered, and mechanisms for providing aid in the context of international promotion of sustainable development are described. Also, the current world trends of providing official development assistance are highlighted, and constantly increasing amount of aid is determined. The latter demonstrates that the donor countries ensure the compliance with their international obligations related to the provision of concessional financing, and technical assistance to support the efforts that are being made by countries in the field of development.The dynamics in the amount of official development assistance is analyzed, and distribution of aid by sources of financing, regions, recipients and sectors is outlined. It is found that the largest flows of ODA go mainly to countries in Africa and Asia, and the smallest go to Europe, primarily to the education and healthcare sector, social infrastructure and economic development.It is pointed out that in Ukraine, one of the largest recipient countries of ODA in Europe, there is no holistic mechanism for analyzing the receipt, distribution and control of official development assistance viewed as an instrument of general international aid.The main challenges of mobilizing foreign assistance to Ukraine are outlined and key steps in addressing these matters are proposed. In order to promote efficient use of aid offered by foreign donors in the form of international assistance for the implementation of development programs in Ukraine, the following steps should be taken: to develop a public strategy for using international aid and a system of control for monitoring over international projects; to design a sound mechanism for analyzing the receipt, distribution and control of foreign assistance; to enhance staff performance in development, support and management of international projects in accordance with the requirements of providers of international aid; to establish a single coordinating body responsible for mobilizing international assistance.Taking these steps will increase the efficiency of using aid offered by foreign donors in the form of international assistance for the implementation of development programs and provide an opportunity to pursue sustainable development goals in Ukraine.

The paper deals with the analysis of the legal nature of international courts' decisions and their impact on the international financial legal order. The author claims that decisions of international courts, creating no new international legal financial norms, act as an additional source of international financial law, having no autonomy, and in combination with other sources of international law, performs the following functions: 1) regulatory-prescriptive (via opinio juris of existing traditions in interstate practice in the financial sphere transforming them into international customary law); 2) regulatory-affirming (confirming the legal nature of the international agreement between the subjects of international financial legal relations which caused a disputable situation). The judicial practice on financial issues and specificity of functioning of such judicial institutions as the Permanent Court of International Justice, the International Court of Justice, the CIS Economic Court, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the Court of Justice of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community, etc. are examined. The features of the provisions of international agreements on financial issues regarding the procedure for resolving disputes between the parties of the agreement about its implementation are analyzed. The paper explores particularities of the origin and development of the idea of the creation of an international financial court. Amid modern processes of the rapid growth of the amount of crossborder financial flows in the context of globalization, which is the consequence of the implementation of numerous international financial agreements, the idea of creation of an international financial court, which was first suggested in 1935, due to the complexity of legal nature of interstate financial disputes, is an objective necessity. The following features intrinsic to decisions of international courts (including decisions on financial issues) have been identified: 1) locality (binding only on the ...

International processes and phenomena transformation, political processes modernization, globalization of all public life, the priority of foreign policy activities to promote both Ukraine and other countries' interests in the world, and the innovativeness of the international interaction tools determine the actualization of the study of the international specialists' of skills and knowledge of foreign language communication and translation importance, aimed at ensuring international interaction and the formation of long-term formal and informal ties between government institutions, international actors, diplomatic institutions and political leaders in order to implement political, economic, security, cultural, social and humanitarian initiatives and projects, as well as to improve the management processes of institutions, both internal and external coordination, improving the state's image in the international arena. The purpose of the article is to study the role of foreign language communication and translation skills and their importance in implementing foreign policy. The research methodology is complex. It is determined by the specifics of the subject of research, its purpose and objectives, as well as an interdisciplinary approach to the research problem. The study concluded that the professional activities of international relations specialists, diplomats, and international actors are a field of international communication, including policies, problems and events of public and state life, and languages spoken in different countries require solutions to bridge the linguistic gap, arising in the implementation of external international relations.

Co-operative Law has a long tradition in European countries, like the Industrial and Provident Act in the United Kingdom in1852 or the Prussian Co-operatives Act in 1867. The European Union was no born to create a common law but to remove restrictions on the freedom of establishment. In 2003 the Statute for a European Co-operative Society was approved, but harmonization of European co-operative legislation was never carried out, not even for its most importante distinctive elements. In 2012 the European Commission presented a report about the application of the SCE Statute showing that the SCE Regulation has had relatively little success. The differences between the different legal systems are considerable, both in forma and in content. European Commission expressed its intention not to carry out the harmonization of the European co-operative legislation directly, but to support the harmonization proposals that the co-operative sector presented to it. El derecho cooperativo tiene una larga tradición en los países europeos, desde la Industrial and Provident Act de 1952 en Reino Unido o la Ley prusiana de cooperativas de 1867. La Unión Europea no nació para crear un derecho común sino para surprimir las restricciones a la libertad de establecimiento. In 2003 se aprobó el Estatuto de la Sociedad Cooperativa Europea, pero nunca se ha llevado a cabo una armonización de la legislación cooperativa en Europa, ni siquiera en relación con sus elementos más característicos. En 2012, la Comisión Europea presentó un informe sobre la aplicación del Estatuto de la SCE que mostraba que esta regulación había tenido relativamente poco éxito. Las diferencias entre los diferentes sistemas legales son considerables, tanto formalmente como por su contenido. La Comisión Europea ya manifestó su intención de no llevar a cabo la armonización de la legislación cooperativa europea directamente, pero sí apoyar las propuestas de armonización presentadas por el sector cooperativo.

As you know, in public international law there is no hierarchy of sources of law. However, in practice, there are controversial situations when legal relations are subject to legal regulation of various sources of law. This is especially acute in the case of international custom and an international treaty.The purpose of the scientific article is to study the problems of the relationship and interaction of the international treaty and international custom in various aspects of their existence, namely: in aspects of their occurrence, observance and application.The article focuses on the legal analysis of the relationship between the international treaty and international custom in the judicial practice of the International Court of Justice of the United Nations. The analysis is subject, in particular, to the case of the continental shelf of the North Sea (1969), as well as the case of military and paramilitary activities in Nicaragua and against Nicaragua (1986).Based on the analyzed materials, the author of the article came to the conclusion that, firstly, an international treaty may contain customary norms, that have already existed and were in effect even before its conclusion. Secondly, the international treaty may be the last stage in the process of forming the customary norm. And thirdly, an international treaty may propose new legal norms that, due to further practice of subjects of international law, can be the basis for the creation of a new international custom.Moreover, it can be concluded that international customs and international treaties can exist and operate in parallel. However, even if the contractual and customary norm are identical in content, and the subjects of international law who are in disputed legal relations are connected, both by one and the second source of law, then from the point of view of applying these identical norms, they exist independently from each other. ; Як відомо, у міжнародному публічному праві відсутня ієрархія джерел права. Однак в практиці виникають спірні ...

Nowadays, the issue of resource saving is increasingly brought up for discussion. This is due to serious concerns about the problem of Ecology, depletion of land resources and economic efficiency of production. Resource saving is a set of measures associated with the economical and efficient use of different production factors. The Government plays a significant part in the formation and development of resource saving in the country. Such important instruments of regulation of spheres of economic activity as investment, monetary, tax, price, legislative, program–target, informational, administrative–organizational and managerial and stimulating, on the one hand, allow to support organizations, on the other hand, limit and control them, setting the direction of development of their activities to conserve natural resources. As the title implies the article describes the main factors of influence and directions of state regulation of the resource–saving development management system of the enterprise in different countries. Factors of external and internal influence on the management of the development of resource conservation of the enterprise were clustered and considered. The article gives a detailed analysis the crucial of public policy for development resource conservation of enterprises, because a major reforms, modernization and re–equipment process of enterprises are impossible without strong state support. Much attention is given to determinate some directions of state policy in the management system of resource saving on the example of different countries of the world. A system of principles of resource conservation in developed countries is proposed and justified. Moreover, the main motivational incentives for the use of renewable energy sources by the CIS and European Union countries are considered. The article touches upon the main issues of state regulation and management of the development of resource conservation of enterprise. The article also reveals the main problems from the point of view of ...

Представлена стаття присвячена дослідженню окремих аспектів та особливостей колізійного регулювання договірних відносини у сфері міжнародного змішаного перевезення вантажів. Відсутність чіткого та уніфікова ного підходу у визначенні колізійних правил, що застосовуватимуться до договірних відносин змішаного пере везення у міжнародному сполученні, породжують невизначеність, нестабільність цих відносин та жодним чином не сприяють розвитку мультимодалізму. Авторкою виокремлено основні колізійні принципи, що застосовуються до договорів перевезення вантажів із території однієї держави на територію іншої та джерела їх закріплення, а також констатовано можливість їх застосування до договорів міжнародного змішаного перевезення. Виділено колізійні прив'язки, а також підстави для обмеження у застосуванні таких прив'язок, які встановлені міжнародними договорами та конвенціями. Зроблено висновок про необхідність затвердження уніфікованого та обов'язкового до застосування міжна родного документа, що б визначав єдиний режим колізійного врегулювання міжнародних договорів змішаного перевезення. Акцентовано увагу на особливостях та правилах визначення органу, вповноваженого на вирішення спору в справах цієї категорії, а також права, яким цей орган повинен послуговуватись під час вирішення спору, окремо для держав учасниць Європейського Союзу та України зокрема. Авторка доходить висновку, що для досліджуваних правовідносин можна виділити такі 3 групи колізійних прив'язок: а) загальні колізійні принципи; б) набір колізійних прив'язок, визначений унімодальними транспорт ними конвенціями; в) формули прив'язок, які використовуються залежно від використовуваного транспорту. ; The article is devoted to the study of certain aspects and features of collision regulation of contractual relations in the field of international mixed cargo transportation. The lack of a clear and unified approach in defining the conflict rules to be applied to contractual relations of mixed transport in international traffic creates uncertainty, instability of these relations, and, at the same time, in no way contribute to the development of multimodalism. The main collision principles applied to the contracts of cargo transportation from one state to the territory of another, and the source of their consolidation, as well as the possibility of their application to the agreements of international mixed transportation. Collision factors have been identified, as well as grounds for limiting the application of such bindings as established by international treaties and conventions. It is concluded that it is necessary to adopt a unified and binding international document that would determine the unified regime of collision settlement of international agreements of mixed carriage. It focuses on the peculiarities and rules of determination of the body authorized to resolve the dispute in this category, as well as the rights that this body should use in resolving the dispute, separately for the member states of the European Union and Ukraine, in particular. The author concludes that for the studied legal relations the following 3 groups of conflict bindings can be distinguished: a) general conflict principles; b) the set of collision bindings is defined by unimodal transport conventions; c) binding formulas used depending on the transport used.

The research paper has been dedicated to the generalization and systematization of scientific achievements of representatives of international environmental direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues.The notion of «Ukraine's international studies» has been defined at the research. They are both studies of regularities and peculiarities, factors, subjects, values, directions, priorities, formation and realization of Ukraine's politics on the international arena and international studies in which Ukraine is an object.Reviewed scientific results of author's abstracts of Ukrainian doctoral and candidate theses, economic directions of Ukraine's international studies have been proposed. They are: theoretical, competitive, foreign economic, integration, security and international environmental. Theoretical direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues deals with phenomena of social-economic systems, a national economy, a cooperation between society and state in economic processes and an economic component of society functioning. Competitive direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues investigates phenomena of a national competitiveness, its components and a transit potential of Ukraine. Integration direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues researches phenomena of the international and regional integration of Ukraine. The security direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues investigates phenomena of the economic security of Ukraine and its components. Foreign economic direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues deals with phenomena of international economic relations of Ukraine, her foreign economic activity and her trans-boarder cooperation. International environmental direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues investigates international factors of the development of the national economic of Ukraine.Scientific results of representatives of the international direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues have been under analysis at the research paper. They had proposed new scientific results and further elaboration of phenomena of the economic sovereignty of Ukraine, the stability of the national economy, a local clasterization, the foreign debt of Ukraine, an international investment, an international technical assistance, the international trade of tourist services, an international migration, a transnationalization, a state regulation of the national economy and the international image of Ukraine.Key words: Ukraine's international issues; economic studies; international environmental direction. ; Узагальнено науковий доробок представників міжнародносередовищевого напряму економічних досліджень української міжнародної проблематики. Висвітлено наукові результати дисертаційних праць дослідників цього напряму з розробки феноменів економічного суверенітету держави, стійкості національної економіки, локальної кластеризації, зовнішньої торгівлі, іноземних кредитів, зовнішнього боргу, іноземних інвестицій, міжнародної технічної допомоги, міжнародної торгівлі туристичними послугами, міжнародної міграції, транснаціоналізації, державного регулювання національної економіки, міжнародного іміджу країни.Ключові слова: українська міжнародна проблематика; економічні дослідження; міжнародносередовищевий напрям.

The article deals with the issue on the correlation, study and usage of the international relations history theoretical foundations as a sufficiently specific scientific direction, combining the features of historical and political sciences, in particular world history, the history of diplomacy, political science, the theory of the international relations, etc. The emergence of the international relations history is connected with the development of national historical sciences, the study of the history of diplomacy, geopolitical concepts, the theory of international relations, etc. The results of the scientific study of the international relations history have laid the basis for the common international processes study. Throughout the XX-th century this direction was actively developing, been influenced upon by the confrontation of political systems. Accordingly, antagonistic ideologies were used, a sample selection of historical facts and sources was carried out. Such issues as the concept and the subject of the international relations history, its periodization, and relations with the world history, history of diplomacy, the theory of international relations and other scientific directions still remain controversial.

The main object of the research is to identify the features of the formative stage of the external vector of Australian environmental policy, which dates back to the 1970s. Methodology of the research is based on an analysis of documents of the Australian Parliament, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and the Ministry of Water, Agriculture and Environment. It is found that by the early 1970s, Australia had adopted the first international agreements that formed the basis for the further development of its multilateral environmental cooperation. During this period, various mechanisms and models of multilateral cooperation were developed. The role of United Nations Conference on the Environment held in Stockholm in 1972 in the development of a new level of international environmental cooperation is revealed. It is proven that a number of environmental problems has been has exacerbated in Australia. This led to the country's need for a broad exchange of information with other countries of the world in order to overcome them and to join forces more closely to combat them. By this time in Australia, at both the federal and state levels, government agencies responsible for implementing environmental policies were established. This facilitated the coordination of the internal and external vector of environmental activities. It is concluded that after this conference, in the 1970s, the period of formation of the international vector of Australian environmental policy began. This is justified by the fact that it was based on new principles and background and included new directions. Its peculiarity is demonstrated. It is emphasized on the important role played by the Australian Parliament in the implementation of international agreements.