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학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :사회과학대학 정치외교학부(외교학전공),2019. 8. 박성우. ; The study of Rousseau's international politics can largely be divided into two main branches: Realism with a pessimistic view towards peace in international politics and Cosmopolitanism via education as depicted in Emile. However, neither interpretation exhaustively covers Rousseau's international political thought. Accepting the framework that International Political Thought should coherently and consistently interpret the individual, national, and international levels of politics, this thesis embodies Stoicism's 'Theory of Oikeiosis' to assess Rousseau's international political thought, focusing on Emile. This study pays attention to Emile because the study of humans embodied in the work contains both a discussion of all three layers – the individual, national and the international - of Rousseau's international political thought, and enough materials to infer his 'Politics of Survival.' Previous studies of Emile has primarily been published by cosmopolitans to invoke idealistic ideas such as conscience, morality, and patriotism. If put under a more realist lens, however, the same ideas could be interpreted as a part of living his life for Emile, or the individual, under the goal of self-preservation. Early in his life, Emile grows up with only negative education as an isolated individual and learns how to live alone. Later, Emile gradually learns how to interact with the society, breaking from his isolated shell to live as a part of a community. In this process, Emile establishes a political society and utilizes concepts that he garnered while in it, such as morality and religion, according to his goal of self-preservation. Although Emile fulfills his duties as a citizen of a Republic, ideas such as civic virtue and patriotism that were created within the country do not initially extend to the outside world. With time, however, Emile's world view expands to encompass the entire human population, and Emile comes to care for even communities outside of his direct community. When the idea of a confederation of countries to resolve the state of war outside of the community turns out to be unfeasible, Rousseau adopts a new solution for the international political situation which is for each individual to strive to do their best in the given situation such as by finding a safe place for his or her freedom of survival. This thesis scrutinizes Emile to depict this process, of the individual striving for survival beyond the community and extending to the nation, international politics, and the entire universe. This research interprets Rousseau's international political thought as 'International Political Thought of Survival' by repurposing cosmopolitan internal mechanisms as tools for survival, while also distinguishing itself from realism by underlining Rousseau's negative pacifism. As such, this thesis provides a balance between the cosmopolitan and realist interpretations of Rousseau's international politics and also attempts to bridge the rift between his national and international political thought by extracting 'survival' as a consistent idea embedded throughout the levels. Moreover, this study criticizes the realist international political theorists' arbitrary selection and selective interpretation of Rousseau and argues the need for a more diversified approach to Rousseau's international political thought. ; 루소의 국제정치관에 대한 연구는 크게 국제정치 상황에서 평화를 비관적으로 바라보는 현실주의와 『에밀』에서의 교육을 통해 국제적 평화를 이룰 수 있다는 세계시민주의의 두가지 갈래로 나눌 수 있다. 그러나 이러한 해석들이 가지는 문제점은 루소의 정치사상이 두 극단의 측면을 모두 지니고 있는 점을 포괄하기 어렵기에, 루소의 국제정치사상을 좀 더 잘 이해할 수 있는 모습으로 재해석할 여지를 준다. 특히 국제정치사상이 개인과 국가 그리고 국제정치의 일관성있는 해석을 가져야 한다는 틀에 입각하여, 스토아사상에서 비롯된 '자기화 이론'을 참고해 『에밀』을 중심으로 루소의 국제정치사상을 살펴본다. 본 연구가 『에밀』에 주목하는 이유는 이 저작에서 드러나는 인간학이 루소 국제정치사상의 여러 층위(개인-국가-국제관계)에 대한 논의를 모두 포함하고 있으면서, '생존의 정치학'을 설명하기에 적합한 내용을 담고 있기 때문이다. 흔히 『에밀』은 세계시민주의자들에게 주로 사용되어 양심이나, 덕성, 애국심 등의 관념을 이상주의적 관점으로 해석하는 데 활용된다. 그러나 『에밀』의 내용을 좀 더 현실주의적 차원에서 논의해본다면, 이들은 모두 자기보존이라는 목표 아래 에밀 개인이 삶을 살아내기 위한 과정의 일부로 볼 수 있다. 초기 에밀은 고립된 개인으로서 소극적 교육을 받으며 자라는데, 이동안은 혼자서 사는 법을 배운다. 이후 에밀은 점차 주변 사회와 관계하는 법을 배우게 되는데, 인간의 마음과 사회를 알아가면서 점점 고립된 인간을 지나 공동체에서 살아가는 법을 깨닫는다. 주변 사회를 알아가게 된 에밀은 정치공동체를 세우고 그 안에서 배운 도덕성과 종교 등의 관념을 자신의 생존방식에 맞게 사용한다. 공화국 내 시민이 된 에밀은 책임감으로 국가 내에서의 의무를 다하지만, 시민적 덕성이나 애국심 등 한 국가 안에서 만들어질 수 있는 관념들은 외부 세계까지 확장되지 않는다. 그렇지만 에밀의 세계관은 인류 전체를 포함하는 인식으로까지 확대되고, 에밀은 공동체 밖의 공동체를 신경쓰는 인간이 된다. 공동체 밖의 전쟁상태에서 국가적 연합은 하나의 해결책으로 제시되지만 이는 실현불가능한 것으로 판명나고, 루소의 국제정치적 해결책은 '생존의 자유'를 위해 가장 안전한 장소를 찾는 등 개인이 생존을 위해 계속적으로 주어진 바에서 최선을 다하는 노력의 방식을 채택하고 있다. 결과적으로 본 연구에서는 『에밀』을 통해 개인이 공동체를 넘어 국가와 국제정치 그리고 우주 전체를 아우르는 세계관 안에서 생존이라는 목표를 위해 달려가는 모습을 보여준다. 본 연구는 세계시민주의자들이 사용하는 내적 기제들을 생존을 위한 도구적 측면에서 활용하면서도, 소극적 의미의 평화론을 통해 현실주의와도 거리를 두며 '생존의 국제정치사상'으로 루소 국제정치사상을 재해석하고 있다. 이는 횡으로는 루소 국제정치관의 해석에 대한 중도적 균형을 잡으면서도, 종으로는 생존이라는 매개를 통해 국내정치와 국제정치 간의 균열을 메울 수 있는 가능성을 제시한다. 더불어 본 연구는 지금까지 현실주의 국제정치이론에서 루소의 정치사상을 부분적으로 인용해왔던 것에 대해 비판을 던지면서 루소 국제정치사상을 좀 더 다각적으로 접근할 필요가 있음을 주장한다. ; Ⅰ. 서 론 1 1. 문제제기와 연구질문 1 2. 기존문헌 검토 및 분석 3 1) 루소의 국제정치관에 대한 연구 3 2) 루소의 국제정치를 현실주의 관점에서 바라본 연구 7 3) 루소의 국제정치를 세계시민주의 관점에서 바라본 연구 9 4) 본 연구의 방향성: 루소의 국제정치사상 재해석 12 3. 본 연구의 접근법 14 1) 일관성의 국제정치사상 14 2) 스토아철학과 히에로클레스의 동심원 16 4. 논문의 구성 18 Ⅱ. 예비적 고찰 21 1. 『에밀』의 중요성과 해석방법 21 2. 생존의 정치학 25 Ⅲ. 개인에서 공동체로 31 1. 고립된 개인과 소극적 자유 31 1) 소극적 교육 31 2) 고독한 인간 33 2. 인간의 마음을 알아가는 것 35 1) 생존과 자기애 35 2) 사회를 알아가는 것 38 Ⅳ. 공동체 속의 개인 41 1. 도덕성과 종교의 역할 41 1) 동정심을 기반으로 한 양심과 이성의 작용 41 2) 도덕성과 종교의 관계 45 3) 정치공동체 안에서 일반의지의 역할 47 4) 정치와 종교 49 (1) 정치적 도구로서의 시민종교 50 (2) 입법과 통치에서의 종교 활용 52 2. 이상국가 속의 개인 55 1) 이상국가의 설립 가능성 55 2) 공화국과 시민적 덕성 58 3) 애국심과 세계시민주의 60 Ⅴ. 공동체 밖의 개인 64 1. 인식의 확장 64 1) 공동체 밖의 공동체 64 2) 우주적 질서에 대한 인식 66 2. 국가적 연합과 영구평화를 위한 해결책 69 3. 생존을 위한 계획 73 1) 가장 안전한 장소 73 2) 소극적 평화론과 생존의 의미 76 Ⅵ. 결 론 78 1. 생존의 국제정치사상 78 2. 본 연구의 목적과 함의 79 참고문헌 82 Abstract 88 ; Master

The idea of Vietnam's opening, cooperating and integrating into the world has been sprung up in the very early days of the modern Vietnamese diplomacy under the leadership of President Ho Chi Minh. In the Doi Moi era, with creative application of Ho Chi Minh's Thoughts on international cooperation and integration, the Communist Party of Vietnam has gradually supplemented, improved and developed its perception on international integration in accordance with the evaluation of the world situation, international relations, new trends, the interactive relations between Vietnam and the world, opportunities and challenges for Vietnam in realizing the goals of security, development and raising its position in the international arena. The research paper will focus on studying the evolution of the Communist Party of Vietnam's perception on international integration, a crucial factor contributing to significant achievements in the cause of national renovation in general and foreign policy renewal in particular. ; Tư tưởng mở cửa, hợp tác và hội nhập với thế giới của Việt Nam đã được hình thành từ những ngày đầu tiên của nền ngoại giao Việt Nam hiện đại, dưới sự lãnh đạo của Chủ tịch Hồ Chí Minh. Bước sang thời kỳ Đổi Mới, vận dụng sáng tạo Tư tưởng Hồ Chí Minh về hợp tác và hội nhập quốc tế, Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam đã từng bước hoàn thiện, bổ sung và phát triển tư duy về hội nhập quốc tế trên cơ sở đánh giá tình hình thế giới, quan hệ quốc tế, các xu thế mới, các mối tương quan giữa Việt Nam và thế giới cũng như những cơ hội và thách thức đối với Việt Nam trong việc thực hiện các mục tiêu đảm bảo an ninh, phát triển và nâng cao vị thế của đất nước. Bài viết tập trung tìm hiểu quá trình phát triển tư duy của Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam về hội nhập quốc tế, nhân tố quan trọng góp phần đem lại những thành tựu đáng kể trong sự nghiệp đổi mới đất nước nói chung và đổi mới về đối ngoại nói riêng.

International economic integration is one of the major policies of the Vietnam's Government and the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) in the time of doi moi (renovation). This policy has been mentioned in several important resolutions and been implemented intensively since the Ninth National Congress of CPV. Through the national congresses of CPV, the policy of international economic integration has had new developments with new contents which have met the requirements of the domestic situation and matched with the general trend of our time. The Eleventh National Congress of CPV have developed the policy of foreign relations to a new height, in which international integration has become a major orientation of foreign relations. With this orientation, the characteristics and the level of international intergation have been improved, the scope of international integration has been extended. ; Hội nhập kinh tế quốc tế là một chủ trương lớn của Đảng và Nhà nước ta trong thời kỳ đổi mới. Chủ trương đó đã được đề cập đến trong nhiều nghị quyết quan trọng và được triển khai mạnh mẽ từ Đại hội IX đến nay. Qua các kỳ Đại hội Đảng, chủ trương hội nhập kinh tế quốc tế đã có những bước phát triển mới với những nội dung mới, vừa đáp ứng đòi hỏi của tình hình trong nước vừa phù hợp với xu thế chung của thời đại. Đại hội XI của Đảng đã phát triển đường lối, chính sách đối ngoại lên một tầm cao mới, trong đó, hội nhập quốc tế trở thành định hướng đối ngoại lớn. Với định hướng này, tính chất và trình độ hội nhập quốc tế được nâng cao, phạm vi hội nhập quốc tế được mở rộng.

The impact of the foreign assistance on economic growth and development of the recipient country remains unclear at both theoretical and empirical levels. While the number of studies devoted to the mechanisms of enhancing the effectiveness of foreign aid is growing progressively, international community is organizing high-level forums aimed at coordinating actions of donor countries, international financial institutions and recipient countries. The paper reviews main principles of enhancing aid effectiveness highlighted in the Declarations and Action Agenda's adopted by member countries of United Nations and Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development. The use of national development strategies of developing countries in aid allocation as well as introduction of new forms of aid provision as South-South cooperation may lead to better developmental outcomes.

In the articleUzbekistan's accession to international documents developed and adopted within the framework of UNESCO contributes to the international legal protection of our cultural heritage by the world community, Uzbekistan's scientific potential, science, culture, historical programs, unique archeological and architectural complexes, national and spiritual masterpieces. Along with the wide range of opportunities to promote and increase the effectiveness of their work in this area, the further development of our legislation in this area, as well as the further development of education, science, culture, information and communication technologies in Uzbekistan. and focuses on opportunities to help it stay strong in its place among influential states. The reason is that the state independence of Uzbekistan is a legitimate result of the hard and arduous struggle of our people for many years. Now the fate of our people is in their hands, they are working hard to strengthen the independence of their country. As an independent state, Uzbekistan has become a party to international conventions and influential world organizations such as the UN, OSCE and ILO. Since gaining its independence, Uzbekistan has taken the path of establishing and developing interstate relations with influential countries around the world, defining the main directions of foreign policy and finally joining UNESCO, one of the 15 specialized organizations of the United Nations. The results of the cooperation since its accession in October to the present are described in the article. The article also covers the relations of our country with UNESCO and its history during the period of national independence. Finally, Uzbekistan's integration into the world community, mutually beneficial political, diplomatic, economic and cultural ties with the world's largest, developed countries are widely covered. The most important thing is that in a short historical period, Uzbekistan has taken a worthy place in the world community, rising to the level of a state with its own independent voice on global issues.

In the articleUzbekistan's accession to international documents developed and adopted within the framework of UNESCO contributes to the international legal protection of our cultural heritage by the world community, Uzbekistan's scientific potential, science, culture, historical programs, unique archeological and architectural complexes, national and spiritual masterpieces. Along with the wide range of opportunities to promote and increase the effectiveness of their work in this area, the further development of our legislation in this area, as well as the further development of education, science, culture, information and communication technologies in Uzbekistan. and focuses on opportunities to help it stay strong in its place among influential states. The reason is that the state independence of Uzbekistan is a legitimate result of the hard and arduous struggle of our people for many years. Now the fate of our people is in their hands, they are working hard to strengthen the independence of their country. As an independent state, Uzbekistan has become a party to international conventions and influential world organizations such as the UN, OSCE and ILO. Since gaining its independence, Uzbekistan has taken the path of establishing and developing interstate relations with influential countries around the world, defining the main directions of foreign policy and finally joining UNESCO, one of the 15 specialized organizations of the United Nations. The results of the cooperation since its accession in October to the present are described in the article. The article also covers the relations of our country with UNESCO and its history during the period of national independence. Finally, Uzbekistan's integration into the world community, mutually beneficial political, diplomatic, economic and cultural ties with the world's largest, developed countries are widely covered. The most important thing is that in a short historical period, Uzbekistan has taken a worthy place in the world community, rising to the level of a state with its own independent voice on global issues.

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 외교학과, 2012. 2. 신범식. ; 본 논문의 핵심 질문은 색깔 혁명 발생으로 민주화에 성공한 그루지야와 우크라이나의 이후 민주주의 발전 양상은 왜 달랐는가이다. 색깔 혁명 이후, 우크라이나의 민주주의는 진전을 보였지만, 그루지야는 그렇지 못했다. 본 연구는 색깔혁명 이후 미국과 러시아의 갈등 구도와 양국의 대(對) 그루지야, 우크라이나 정책이 각국의 국내 엘리트-대중 관계에서 엘리트 자율성, 그리고 민주화에 미친 영향에 주목하였다. 9.11 테러 이후 미국과 러시아는 협력 체제에 있었지만, 색깔 혁명의 발생으로 인해 양국은 갈등 구도에 들어서게 된다. 그루지야와 우크라이나는 미․러 갈등 구도의 중심에 있었다. 활용가능성의 요인으로 인해, 그루지야는 우크라이나보다 전략적 가치가 더 큰 곳이었다. 미․러 갈등 구도 속에서 그루지야 집권 엘리트들은 높은 엘리트 자율성을 가질 수 있었다. 미국은 그루지야에게 큰 경제 원조, 정치적 지원을 하였다. 또한 그루지야-러시아 관계 악화와 2008년 전쟁 발발은 정권의 권위주의 정책을 정당화하고 국내를 결집시키는 기제로 작용하여 그루지야 집권 엘리트들이 높은 자율성을 갖게 해주었고, 이는 민주화 저해로 이어졌다. 우크라이나는 그루지야와 반대였다. 미․러 갈등 구도 속에서 우크라이나 엘리트들은 낮은 자율성을 가졌다. 우크라이나의 집권 엘리트들은 서방과 러시아 양측 모두로부터 확고한 정치적, 경제적 지원을 얻을 수 없었다. 오히려 러시아의 정책으로 인해 국내의 반 오렌지, 대항 엘리트가 공고해지면서, 집권 엘리트의 자율성은 낮아졌다. 엘리트들의 낮은 자율성과 대중에 대한 높은 의존성은 대중 영합주의 정책과 정국 불안의 결과를 낳았으나, 이는 오렌지 혁명 이후 우크라이나 민주주의의 발전을 제한적으로나마 가능하게 해주었다. 본 연구는 민주화 연구에서 그동안 비교적 주목을 덜 받아온 국제적 요인을 다루고, 외교 정책, 국내 엘리트-대중 관계, 민주화의 연계를 통합적으로 보여준다는 점에서 함의가 있다. 본고는 많은 기존 연구들이 상정해 온, 민주화에 대한 서구 민주화 증진 정책의 긍정적 영향과 권위주의 국가의 부정적 영향이라는 단순한 명제의 한계를 드러내주고 있다. 또한 민주주의 지원 정책에서 민주화 단계별로 정책을 달리할 필요성에 대해서 시사한다. ; What caused the difference in democratic trajectories between Georgia and Ukraine after the Color Revolutions? Since the occurrence of the Color Revolutions, Georgia's democracy has laid in tatters, whereas Ukraine has achieved a relatively successful democracy. Georgia and Ukraine share similar domestic determinants which have been discussed in previous democratization literature. This study, however, focuses on the international factor as an explanation for the different democratic fates of democracy between the two countries. Comparing both countries, this thesis uses a framework that integrates international factors, elite autonomy in domestic elite-mass relations, and democratization. The study argues that international factors, specifically the foreign policies of the US and Russia, provide an explanation for the difference in democratic outcomes for the two countries. Following the events of September 11, 2001, US-Russian relations improved. However, the occurrence of the Color Revolutions caused deterioration in the ties between the two countries, and both started to adopt different foreign policies towards the post-Soviet region. Caught in the middle of this conflict between the two great powers were Georgia and Ukraine. The unconditional US support for Georgia and Russia's assertive policy towards Georgia which culminated in the Russian-Georgian War in 2008 enabled the Georgian elites to attain high elite autonomy, thus resulting in democratic stagnation for Georgia. In contrast, Ukraine did not garner the support of either the US or Russia; rather, it was pressured by Russia. The anti-Orange elites in Ukraine were effectively supported by Russia, and, thus, were able to function as a forceful political opposition to the incumbent elites. Therefore, the Ukrainian elites only garnered low autonomy, which resulted in democratic progress in Ukraine despite domestic political chaos. This study contributes to further understanding of the impact of international factors upon democratization. In addition, this thesis creates implications for democracy promotion policy. The conclusion of the thesis challenges the predominant assumption that Western democracy promotion is conducive to actually democratization, and that authoritarian countries' authoritarian promotion policy is harmful to democratization. In the process of democracy promotion policy, policymakers and implementers need both careful monitoring of the process of democratic assistance and coordination with other countries. ; Master

Between 1995 and 2011, Peruvian GDP grew by 4.9% each year, driven by exports and private investment's increase. However, it only grew by 3.3% in 2015 and by 4% in 2016 due to a reduction in the international price of metals that the country exports. In this scenario, the government elected in 2011 faced the challenge of replacing private investment with public investment as a growth engine. However, this decision revealed two structural problems of the Peruvian economy: 1) the limited spending capacity of central and regional governments; and 2) the difficulty of increasing tax collection due to a very significant informal sector in the country. However, trade liberalization, stability in domestic prices and reforms in public management are strengths of the Peruvian economy, which would enable it to return in the next few years to growth rates of around 4% or more.

This scientific article analyzes the importance of the conceptual ideas put forward in the address of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan to the Parliament of December 28, 2018. Special attention is paid to their importance in raising large-scale reforms in the country to a new level, carried out on the basis of an Action strategy. In particular, the issues of deepening globalization processes occurring in the world and difficult international situation under its influence, the need to take into account the international situation in the process of independent political development, the main tasks of further improving the effectiveness of the political system, democratizing society at the current stage of our country are illuminated in it. The President's address paid special attention to improving the practice of strengthening parliamentary oversight over decisions, passing laws and applying democratic mechanisms in the activities of parliament. The article also deals with the optimization of the executive system, justified in the address of the President, about topical issues of increasing the efficiency of the activities of the Cabinet of Ministers. The author of the article talks about the most advanced models of modern democracy being implemented in our country. In particular, he sets forth his analytical thoughts on such concepts as "Democracy of monitoring", "Deliberative democracy", "E-democracy", "Mobile democracy" and on other new models of democracy. The article analyzes the great goals and objectives related to the achievement of great results, based on modern mechanisms and principles of democracy in the context of the implementation of innovative state policy containing the actual needs of our country's renewal and development based on the most advanced requirements of our time, which were set forth in the address of the President. At the same time, it is shown that the leading principles, the philosophy of the implementation of innovation policy express the expectations and aspirations of our people. In this regard, the article presents the conclusions about the importance of the implementation of modern innovative democratic development in society.

The role and place of public diplomacy in international relations, peace and stability, and the strengthening of mutual relations among nations are constantly increasing in the context of globalization. People's diplomacy plays an important role in shaping friendly relations between Uzbekistan and the international community with political, diplomatic and economic ties. In the development of public diplomacy, scientists, science and culture representatives, educational institutions, public and religious organizations, as well as public associations founded by fellow citizens, play a key role in the development of public diplomacy. The article aims to provide a systematic illustration of the history of cooperation of the Republic of Uzbekistan with Germany within the framework of public diplomacy. It follows from the following tasks: The Role of Public Diplomacy in Foreign Policy of Uzbekistan; Opening of the main directions of the German cooperation in the field of public diplomacy; The role of societies in the cooperation of the Republic of Uzbekistan with public diplomacy with Germany. The research has been used in the analysis, synthesis, history, logic research ways. The external mining partnership, formed in connection with public diplomacy, has given its results in the short run. In 1992, the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Uzbekistan received 36 representatives from 9 countries (England, Germany, Israel, India, Malaysia, Turkey, USA, France and JAR). In 1993, about 160 countries recognized the independence of Uzbekistan and established diplomatic relations with 60 countries. In 1993, The First President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov visited Germany, France, England, the Netherlands, Japan and India. As a result of the visit, an agreement on cultural cooperation was signed with India, Turkey, Germany, France, Great Britain and China. The development of public diplomacy has played a significant role in the Uzbek Culture Days in Germany and the German Cultural Days in Uzbekistan. At the same time, the role of art and theater days in the countries in the development of cooperation between two countries in the sphere of culture was particularly significant. The role of friendship societies and cultural centers in the development of bilateral relations between two states in Eurasia – Germany and Uzbekistan is immense. The role of "Uzbekistan-Germany" Friendship Society and "Germany-Uzbekistan" societies, which unite representatives of two nations in the development of cooperation within the framework of people diplomacy are unique.