The beginning of XXI century was marked by few events that had influence on international relations in the whole world. Terror attacks in the United States of America in September 11, 2001, were the first such high a big range attacks against the USA. It had shown that the USA – the most powerful state of the world – is vulnerable to more danger, than nuclear weapons alone. After September 11 the USA started war against terrorism in Afghanistan, and many states supported it. However, in spring 2003 the USA unilaterally, without international support, decided to use military power in Iraq, arguing that Iraq possessed potential threat – weapons of mass destruction. Unilateralism, and military and technological differences between the USA and its allies have brought to light a presumption that in the international system there is a single pole, a superpower (hyperpower), the United States of America. The existence of one pole only can have different consequences on international system and international security. The aim of this article was to determine specific features of the unipolar world, influence of polarity of international system upon international security, and specific threats to security that emerge only in unipolar international systems. Another aim was to try to predict the end of the unipolar system: what could be the next poles and when could it come to the end. After analysing a number of articles concerning this topic, few conclusions were drawn. Contemporary international system is unipolar and the single pole is the USA; the USA is superior in military, economic, geopolitical, and political spheres at the same time. Increasing military power and unilateralism of the USA may be treated as a threat to international security. Great powers are trying to balance unipolar power, however, the creation of balance to unipolar power is complicated for several reasons.[.].
The beginning of XXI century was marked by few events that had influence on international relations in the whole world. Terror attacks in the United States of America in September 11, 2001, were the first such high a big range attacks against the USA. It had shown that the USA – the most powerful state of the world – is vulnerable to more danger, than nuclear weapons alone. After September 11 the USA started war against terrorism in Afghanistan, and many states supported it. However, in spring 2003 the USA unilaterally, without international support, decided to use military power in Iraq, arguing that Iraq possessed potential threat – weapons of mass destruction. Unilateralism, and military and technological differences between the USA and its allies have brought to light a presumption that in the international system there is a single pole, a superpower (hyperpower), the United States of America. The existence of one pole only can have different consequences on international system and international security. The aim of this article was to determine specific features of the unipolar world, influence of polarity of international system upon international security, and specific threats to security that emerge only in unipolar international systems. Another aim was to try to predict the end of the unipolar system: what could be the next poles and when could it come to the end. After analysing a number of articles concerning this topic, few conclusions were drawn. Contemporary international system is unipolar and the single pole is the USA; the USA is superior in military, economic, geopolitical, and political spheres at the same time. Increasing military power and unilateralism of the USA may be treated as a threat to international security. Great powers are trying to balance unipolar power, however, the creation of balance to unipolar power is complicated for several reasons.[.].
The beginning of XXI century was marked by few events that had influence on international relations in the whole world. Terror attacks in the United States of America in September 11, 2001, were the first such high a big range attacks against the USA. It had shown that the USA – the most powerful state of the world – is vulnerable to more danger, than nuclear weapons alone. After September 11 the USA started war against terrorism in Afghanistan, and many states supported it. However, in spring 2003 the USA unilaterally, without international support, decided to use military power in Iraq, arguing that Iraq possessed potential threat – weapons of mass destruction. Unilateralism, and military and technological differences between the USA and its allies have brought to light a presumption that in the international system there is a single pole, a superpower (hyperpower), the United States of America. The existence of one pole only can have different consequences on international system and international security. The aim of this article was to determine specific features of the unipolar world, influence of polarity of international system upon international security, and specific threats to security that emerge only in unipolar international systems. Another aim was to try to predict the end of the unipolar system: what could be the next poles and when could it come to the end. After analysing a number of articles concerning this topic, few conclusions were drawn. Contemporary international system is unipolar and the single pole is the USA; the USA is superior in military, economic, geopolitical, and political spheres at the same time. Increasing military power and unilateralism of the USA may be treated as a threat to international security. Great powers are trying to balance unipolar power, however, the creation of balance to unipolar power is complicated for several reasons.[.].
International load transportation by road is one of the most perspectives field for Lithuanian business enterprises, orienting them business to European market. Increasing turnover in load transportation shows not congest market However after Lithuania enter to EU, a competition between transporter and expedition firms will increase. It is necessary to analyze methods how to detaur them business for staying in the competition between local and European transporters. [.].
International load transportation by road is one of the most perspectives field for Lithuanian business enterprises, orienting them business to European market. Increasing turnover in load transportation shows not congest market However after Lithuania enter to EU, a competition between transporter and expedition firms will increase. It is necessary to analyze methods how to detaur them business for staying in the competition between local and European transporters. [.].
International load transportation by road is one of the most perspectives field for Lithuanian business enterprises, orienting them business to European market. Increasing turnover in load transportation shows not congest market However after Lithuania enter to EU, a competition between transporter and expedition firms will increase. It is necessary to analyze methods how to detaur them business for staying in the competition between local and European transporters. [.].
International load transportation by road is one of the most perspectives field for Lithuanian business enterprises, orienting them business to European market. Increasing turnover in load transportation shows not congest market However after Lithuania enter to EU, a competition between transporter and expedition firms will increase. It is necessary to analyze methods how to detaur them business for staying in the competition between local and European transporters. [.].
International load transportation by road is one of the most perspectives field for Lithuanian business enterprises, orienting them business to European market. Increasing turnover in load transportation shows not congest market However after Lithuania enter to EU, a competition between transporter and expedition firms will increase. It is necessary to analyze methods how to detaur them business for staying in the competition between local and European transporters. [.].
International load transportation by road is one of the most perspectives field for Lithuanian business enterprises, orienting them business to European market. Increasing turnover in load transportation shows not congest market However after Lithuania enter to EU, a competition between transporter and expedition firms will increase. It is necessary to analyze methods how to detaur them business for staying in the competition between local and European transporters. [.].
Key witnesses shed light on an essential part of the history of music. "In the Soviet Union, from 1917 to 1990, in an extremely difficult context, one of terror even, there developed one of the most intense and richest musical environments of the 20th century ...," writes Bruno Monsaingeon. A fascinating mystery that Monsaingeon attempts to elucidate in his film. This essential period of music history is recounted through conductor Guennadi Rojdestvenski, the last remaining representative of these fabulous performers of the Soviet era (he was born in 1931). He is full of humour and it is a treat to watch him explain why there are two page-295's in the biography of Prokofiev published in 1957 and to hear him talk about Tikhon Khrenikov, the terrifying secretary general of the Union of Composers who was in office for forty years ... Other witnesses include the conductor Rudolf Barshai "One day, I said to myself, enough is enough, and I decided to leave", the pianist Viktoria Postnikova: "Even seated in the plane, they could come and fetch you and say, Out!" and the central figure of composer, Dimitri Shostakovich: "If I look back, I only see ashes and bodies."
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During integration into the European Union the enterprises of Lithuania will have to follow internationally accepted standards and the environmental ones as well. Environmental management systems are onc of moslly used voluntary environmental means. Only 48 Lithuanian enterprises (0,1 percent of all enterprises) have already implemented these systems. In order to facilitate this process an investigation of motivation, utility and difficulties of environmental management system implementation was performed. Lithuanian enterprises that have environmental management systems certificated according to ISO 14001 standards requirements were analyzed. The analysis shows that the reduction of environmental hazards and costs, increase of competitive ability, the requirements of business partners and efforts to improve their image are the main motives of implementing environmental management systems. Lack of knowledge, the absence of an unanimous record methodology of the system implementation and maintenance costs, lack of governmental support and the shortage of financial and technical resources hinder a faster implementation of environmental management systems. It is recommended to Lithuanian organizations to create integrated environmental and quality management system (ISO 14001 and ISO 9001). Lithuanian government supports financially the implementation of this type of systems. It is proposed to government to support the eco-Iabelling of Lithuanian products too, because more than 20 % of examined enterprises are planning to implement environmental certification of their products. It is recommended to create National programme of consumer education. It is advisable to incorporate a provision into Public purchases law, which lets to keep enterprise's environmental and quality management systems and eco-Iabel as a competitive advantage.
During integration into the European Union the enterprises of Lithuania will have to follow internationally accepted standards and the environmental ones as well. Environmental management systems are onc of moslly used voluntary environmental means. Only 48 Lithuanian enterprises (0,1 percent of all enterprises) have already implemented these systems. In order to facilitate this process an investigation of motivation, utility and difficulties of environmental management system implementation was performed. Lithuanian enterprises that have environmental management systems certificated according to ISO 14001 standards requirements were analyzed. The analysis shows that the reduction of environmental hazards and costs, increase of competitive ability, the requirements of business partners and efforts to improve their image are the main motives of implementing environmental management systems. Lack of knowledge, the absence of an unanimous record methodology of the system implementation and maintenance costs, lack of governmental support and the shortage of financial and technical resources hinder a faster implementation of environmental management systems. It is recommended to Lithuanian organizations to create integrated environmental and quality management system (ISO 14001 and ISO 9001). Lithuanian government supports financially the implementation of this type of systems. It is proposed to government to support the eco-Iabelling of Lithuanian products too, because more than 20 % of examined enterprises are planning to implement environmental certification of their products. It is recommended to create National programme of consumer education. It is advisable to incorporate a provision into Public purchases law, which lets to keep enterprise's environmental and quality management systems and eco-Iabel as a competitive advantage.
During integration into the European Union the enterprises of Lithuania will have to follow internationally accepted standards and the environmental ones as well. Environmental management systems are onc of moslly used voluntary environmental means. Only 48 Lithuanian enterprises (0,1 percent of all enterprises) have already implemented these systems. In order to facilitate this process an investigation of motivation, utility and difficulties of environmental management system implementation was performed. Lithuanian enterprises that have environmental management systems certificated according to ISO 14001 standards requirements were analyzed. The analysis shows that the reduction of environmental hazards and costs, increase of competitive ability, the requirements of business partners and efforts to improve their image are the main motives of implementing environmental management systems. Lack of knowledge, the absence of an unanimous record methodology of the system implementation and maintenance costs, lack of governmental support and the shortage of financial and technical resources hinder a faster implementation of environmental management systems. It is recommended to Lithuanian organizations to create integrated environmental and quality management system (ISO 14001 and ISO 9001). Lithuanian government supports financially the implementation of this type of systems. It is proposed to government to support the eco-Iabelling of Lithuanian products too, because more than 20 % of examined enterprises are planning to implement environmental certification of their products. It is recommended to create National programme of consumer education. It is advisable to incorporate a provision into Public purchases law, which lets to keep enterprise's environmental and quality management systems and eco-Iabel as a competitive advantage.
During integration into the European Union the enterprises of Lithuania will have to follow internationally accepted standards and the environmental ones as well. Environmental management systems are onc of moslly used voluntary environmental means. Only 48 Lithuanian enterprises (0,1 percent of all enterprises) have already implemented these systems. In order to facilitate this process an investigation of motivation, utility and difficulties of environmental management system implementation was performed. Lithuanian enterprises that have environmental management systems certificated according to ISO 14001 standards requirements were analyzed. The analysis shows that the reduction of environmental hazards and costs, increase of competitive ability, the requirements of business partners and efforts to improve their image are the main motives of implementing environmental management systems. Lack of knowledge, the absence of an unanimous record methodology of the system implementation and maintenance costs, lack of governmental support and the shortage of financial and technical resources hinder a faster implementation of environmental management systems. It is recommended to Lithuanian organizations to create integrated environmental and quality management system (ISO 14001 and ISO 9001). Lithuanian government supports financially the implementation of this type of systems. It is proposed to government to support the eco-Iabelling of Lithuanian products too, because more than 20 % of examined enterprises are planning to implement environmental certification of their products. It is recommended to create National programme of consumer education. It is advisable to incorporate a provision into Public purchases law, which lets to keep enterprise's environmental and quality management systems and eco-Iabel as a competitive advantage.
Раздел - "Международное право" ; The present paper considers some issues of regulating of a quite complex legal institution, that of multiple nationality. Currently, European integration in general and the phenomenon of multiple nationality in particular are arousing a lot of interest. This is caused to a large extent b y both the relative stability of economic and political guarantees of rights and liberties of the citizens of Western Europe and by the search of Eastern European countries for their place and their road in the united Europe, b y the necessity to overcome cultural and economic disunity of European states and also b y the unabated interest in the structural elements of diverse and variously speeded integration in this region. In this regard the institution of multiple nationality stands out against the background of all-European integration. It has been in existence in this region for many millenia and embraces practically all states of the continent. Multiplenationality creates at the same time both real possibilities and prerequisites for integration and real problems, causing sometimes protracted conflicts between states and peoples and separating their political interests. The author sees multiple nationality to be a complex legal state expressed through a complicated legal relationship, which lends form to a multistructured social political, economic, cultural and moral relationship between states (representations of citizenship/nationality) and the person as regards responsible possession by a person of the complete or the basic set of rights and duties of nationality equal to the persons of his/her category of nationality in more than one state formation. With this assumption the paper shows in general terms the causes for the emergence of multiple nationality and the ways of settling its problems. The citizenship of the European Union, which the author refers to a kind of multiple nationality, is a particular legal institution which could serve as a source for forming all-European and global citizenship. Alongside with the study of the citizenship of the European Union the paper considers the institution of multiple nationality within the framework of the Council of Europe. The European region has accumulated abundant experience of regulating multiple nationality; part of which experience was embodied in the provisions of various international treaties concluded by the member-states of the Council of Europe. It would be effective to use in the countries of Eastern Europe and Asia. The European Convention on Nationality from November 6, 1997 was a progressive step in the realm of developing nationality and multiple nationality, though it has a number of drawbacks and as a whole does not adequately take into consideration the existing needs in this sphere. A number of norms, for instance, the right of the state to terminate citizenship, declared in article 7 and other provisions of the Convention have not been specified. The drawbacks of legal regulation of these issues and the issues of state succession and nationality (article 16) arouse doubts in the compliance of provisions of the abovementioned convention with the requirements of articles 15 and 29 of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights. Unfortunately, the European Convention on Nationality is trying to unite disparate points of v i ew into one, there arising as a result some apprehension as to the possibility of its arbitrary application. The citizenship, being established within the framework of integration of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation, is also a peculiar institution which could be transformed into a different type of citizenship. The author considers that reasonable application of the institution of multiple nationality could facilitate the solution of a number of problems of contemporary international law, including the problems of international cooperation, human rights protection and development of integrational process. This experience could be promoted b y all states and especially the former USSR countries who have various directions of solving the issues of multiple nationality.