El Derecho Ambiental Internacional constituye un conjunto de normas básicas de carácter ambiental destinadas a reglar las relaciones y los efectos jurídicos de esa relaciones, entre los diferentes sujetos del Derecho Internacional Público. El objetivo de dichas normas consiste en la incorporación de la variable ambiental al proceso de toma de decisiones en la política y gestión ambiental. ; International Environmental Law constitutes a body of basic environmental norms destined to rule relations and their juridical effects among the different Public International Law subjects. The aim of such norms is to incorporate the environmental variable to the decision making process in environmental management and politics. ; Dossier: Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo ; Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales
Research in bean economics includes production, marketing and consumption, and policy studies. Production research focuses on 2 mutually reinforcing themes: (1) assessment of the spread of new var. recently released to farmers by national programs; and (2) assessment of farmers' current production systems and problems. Consumption and marketing of beans remain important research topics because most beans in Latin America are produced for the market, thus making consumer acceptability, price, and ease of market entry, critical factors in determining farmer adoption of new bean var. Case studies of policies affecting bean production and markets are undertaken when they have an important impact on the environment for which the new technology is being developed. A great deal of the research on all these issues is conducted in collaboration with national programs. Strengthening their research capacity through training and collaborative projects is an important activity. (AS) ; La investigacion en economia de frijol incluye estudios en produccion, mercadeo, consumo y politicas. La investigacion en produccion se enfoca en 2 esquemas que se refuerzan mutuamente: 1) evaluacion de la diseminacion de las nuevas var. recientemente liberadas a los agricultores por los programas nacionales y 2) evaluacion de los sistemas y problemas de produccion actuales de los agricultores. El consumo y el mercadeo del frijol siguen siendo importantes topicos de investigacion, debido a que la mayor parte del frijol en America Latina se produce para el mercado; por lo tanto, la aceptabilidad del consumidor, el precio y la facilidad de entrar al mercado son factores criticos que determinan la adopcion de la nueva 186 var. de frijol por el agricultor. Se realizan estudios de casos de las politicas que afectan la produccion y el mercadeo del frijol cuando estas tienen un impacto importante en el ambiente en el cual se esta desarrollando la nueva tecnologia. Una gran cantidad de la investigacion sobre todos estos temas se realiza en colaboracion con los programas nacionales. El fortalecimiento de su capacidad de investigacion mediante la capacitacion y los proyectos colaborativos es una actividad importante. (RA-CIAT)
Economics research in the bean program continues to concentrate on production studies, marketing issues, policy analysis, and training. Diagnostic studies of current production systems and problems were conducted in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Peru. Results of preadoption evaluations in Peru and of adoption studies in Guatemala are included. To assess the distribution of benefits of alternative technologies biased towards small or towards large farmers, both among producer groups as well as among consumers of different income strata, a demand and supply model of beans was constructed for Brazil. The model shows that benefits to small farmers are highly sensitive to the degree of technology bias. Most of this research is conducted in collaboration with national programs, and strengthening their research capacity through training and joint projects is a major objective. (CIAT) ; La investigacion sobre aspectos economicos en el programa de frijol sigue concentrandose en estudios de produccion, mercadeo, analisis de politicas y capacitacion. Se llevaron a cabo estudios sobre el diagnostico de los actuales sistemas y problemas de produccion en Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Republica Dominicana, El Salvador, Nicaragua y Peru. Se incluyen los resultados de evaluaciones de preadopcion en Peru y de estudios de adopcion en Guatemala. Para evaluar la distribucion de beneficios de tecnologias alternas orientadas tanto hacia los pequenos agricultores como a los en gran escala, dentro tanto del grupo de productores como del de consumidores de diferentes estratos de ingresos, se construyo para Brasil un modelo de oferta y demanda de frijol. El modelo muestra que los beneficios para los pequenos agricultores son altamente sensibles al grado de predileccion por la tecnologia. La mayoria de esta investigacion se realiza en colaboracion con los programas nacionales, y el objetivo fundamental es fortalecer su capacidad de investigacion a traves de la capacitacion y de proyectos conjuntos. (CIAT)
The Nancy N. Boothe papers, 1980-2009 [bulk 1990-1997], are composed of articles, notes, reports and a wide variety of feminist publications. Much of the material documents the U.N. Fourth World Conference on Women, which Ms. Boothe attended as Executive Director of Atlanta's Feminist Women's Health Center. Artifacts, artwork and textiles relate to the conference and to other women's and health issues. ; Born in Battles Wharf, Alabama (1948), Nancy N. Boothe graduated from the University of South Alabama as a registered nurse (1971). She received a B.S. in nursing from the Medical College of Georgia (1976), and a master's degree in Counseling from Troy State University [Florida Region] (1981). Boothe served in the U.S. Nurse Corps in the U.S. and Korea (1970-1984), and worked as clinical director and consultant at a number of health facilities in Louisiana and Florida. She became Executive Director of the Atlanta Feminist Women's Health Center in 1994. In 1995, she attended the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, China, where she taught the workshop, ""GYN Self-Help."" Boothe has served on the boards of All Women's Health Services in Portland and Eugene, Oregon; the Sexual Assault Center, Atlanta, Georgia; and the Jeanette Rankin Foundation, Athens, Georgia. She is also a member of the Feminist Majority Foundation's ""Women's Commission for Congressional Oversight"" and A.P.D. Citizen Review Panel.; Founded in California in 1971 by Carol Downer (1933-) and Lorraine Rothman (1932-2007), the Feminist Women's Health Center was established to empower women through self-knowledge, education and self-help groups. The Atlanta Feminist Women's Health Center was established in 1977. Its mission is to ""provide accessible, comprehensive gynecological healthcare to all who need it without judgment. As innovative healthcare leaders, [they] work collaboratively within [their] community and nationally to promote reproductive health, rights and justice. [They] advocate for wellness, uncensored health information and fair public policies by educating the larger community and empowering [their] clients to make their own decisions.""; The United Nations convened the Fourth World Conference on Women, September 4-15, 1995, in Beijing, China, with a Platform for Action that aimed at achieving greater equality and opportunity for women. Three previous World Conferences were held in Mexico City (International Women's Year, 1975), Copenhagen (1980) and Nairobi (1985). 189 governments and more than 5,000 representatives from 2,100 non-governmental organizations participated in the Beijing Conference. The principal themes were the advancement and empowerment of women in relation to women's human rights, women and poverty, women and decision-making, the girl-child, violence against women and other areas of concern. The resulting documents of the Conference are The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. The U.N. Fourth World Conference on Women manifested a global women's movement for change and has been called ""the Woodstock of the women's movement.""; The World Conference on Women was also accompanied by an informal meeting (August 30-September 8) of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). This NGO Forum on Women, Beijing '95, brought together thousands of women from around the world to exchange information and ideas, celebrate women's achievements and contributions and draw attention and develop solutions to discrimination facing women world-wide.
El embajador Ortiz de Rozas analiza los cambios notables que produjo en el escenario internacional los acontecimientos trágicos producto de los atentados terroristas del 11 de setiembre pasado. Resaltando sobre todo los ocurridos en la politica exterior norteamericana, en particular las relaciones con Rusia, China y la India. Finalmente se resalta las consecuencias que para el permanente conflico de Medio Oriente tuvo el discurso del presidente Bush ante Naciones Unidas. ; Ambassador Ortiz de Rozas analyses the remarkable changes in the international scene since the tragic events involved in the terrorist attack of last 11 September. In doing so, he particularly highlights American foreign policy, especially as it comes to its connection with Russia, China and India. Finally, he mentions the consequences of Bush´s speech at the UN in relation to the permanent conflict in the Middle East. ; Sección Estudios. ; Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales (IRI)
International cooperation in health is a critical input for national development. Available resources in the health sector are scarce and are frequently badly used. For these reasons national and international efforts are required to reorient the delivery of health services. Many of the social and economic problems of the 1980s still subsist, and even though outstanding political changes are evidenced, the war situation unbalanced the global order. Poverty affects almost a quarter of the human population. It is necessary to increase the resources appointed to the social sector, particularly those devoted to health and nutrition programmes. Technical exchange between countries has increased considerably since its origins at the beginning of the century. The present international cooperation in health is based on the analysis of the countries health situation and health services within the global socio-economic and political framework; it concentrates efforts around social and epidemiological priorities; considers man as central axle for development and encourages social participation in health. International technical cooperation is also giving increasing attention to environmental problems, rising new pathologies, to the promotion of scientific research and to the development of adequate technology for each national situation. ; La cooperación técnica internacional en salud es un insumo crítico para el desarrollo nacional. Los recursos disponibles en el Sector Salud son insuficientes y no siempre han sido bien utilizados, por lo que se requieren esfuerzos nacionales e internacionales para reorientar la prestación de servicios de salud Muchos de los problemas sociales y económicos de la década de los ochenta siguen estando presentes, y si bien se han dado cambios notables en lo político, la situación de guerra ha desequilibrado el orden mundial. La pobreza sigue afectando a casi la cuarta parte de los seres humanos. Por lo tanto, es necesario aumentar los recursos destinados al sector social, particularmente ...
The beginning of XXI century was marked by few events that had influence on international relations in the whole world. Terror attacks in the United States of America in September 11, 2001, were the first such high a big range attacks against the USA. It had shown that the USA – the most powerful state of the world – is vulnerable to more danger, than nuclear weapons alone. After September 11 the USA started war against terrorism in Afghanistan, and many states supported it. However, in spring 2003 the USA unilaterally, without international support, decided to use military power in Iraq, arguing that Iraq possessed potential threat – weapons of mass destruction. Unilateralism, and military and technological differences between the USA and its allies have brought to light a presumption that in the international system there is a single pole, a superpower (hyperpower), the United States of America. The existence of one pole only can have different consequences on international system and international security. The aim of this article was to determine specific features of the unipolar world, influence of polarity of international system upon international security, and specific threats to security that emerge only in unipolar international systems. Another aim was to try to predict the end of the unipolar system: what could be the next poles and when could it come to the end. After analysing a number of articles concerning this topic, few conclusions were drawn. Contemporary international system is unipolar and the single pole is the USA; the USA is superior in military, economic, geopolitical, and political spheres at the same time. Increasing military power and unilateralism of the USA may be treated as a threat to international security. Great powers are trying to balance unipolar power, however, the creation of balance to unipolar power is complicated for several reasons.[.].
The beginning of XXI century was marked by few events that had influence on international relations in the whole world. Terror attacks in the United States of America in September 11, 2001, were the first such high a big range attacks against the USA. It had shown that the USA – the most powerful state of the world – is vulnerable to more danger, than nuclear weapons alone. After September 11 the USA started war against terrorism in Afghanistan, and many states supported it. However, in spring 2003 the USA unilaterally, without international support, decided to use military power in Iraq, arguing that Iraq possessed potential threat – weapons of mass destruction. Unilateralism, and military and technological differences between the USA and its allies have brought to light a presumption that in the international system there is a single pole, a superpower (hyperpower), the United States of America. The existence of one pole only can have different consequences on international system and international security. The aim of this article was to determine specific features of the unipolar world, influence of polarity of international system upon international security, and specific threats to security that emerge only in unipolar international systems. Another aim was to try to predict the end of the unipolar system: what could be the next poles and when could it come to the end. After analysing a number of articles concerning this topic, few conclusions were drawn. Contemporary international system is unipolar and the single pole is the USA; the USA is superior in military, economic, geopolitical, and political spheres at the same time. Increasing military power and unilateralism of the USA may be treated as a threat to international security. Great powers are trying to balance unipolar power, however, the creation of balance to unipolar power is complicated for several reasons.[.].
The beginning of XXI century was marked by few events that had influence on international relations in the whole world. Terror attacks in the United States of America in September 11, 2001, were the first such high a big range attacks against the USA. It had shown that the USA – the most powerful state of the world – is vulnerable to more danger, than nuclear weapons alone. After September 11 the USA started war against terrorism in Afghanistan, and many states supported it. However, in spring 2003 the USA unilaterally, without international support, decided to use military power in Iraq, arguing that Iraq possessed potential threat – weapons of mass destruction. Unilateralism, and military and technological differences between the USA and its allies have brought to light a presumption that in the international system there is a single pole, a superpower (hyperpower), the United States of America. The existence of one pole only can have different consequences on international system and international security. The aim of this article was to determine specific features of the unipolar world, influence of polarity of international system upon international security, and specific threats to security that emerge only in unipolar international systems. Another aim was to try to predict the end of the unipolar system: what could be the next poles and when could it come to the end. After analysing a number of articles concerning this topic, few conclusions were drawn. Contemporary international system is unipolar and the single pole is the USA; the USA is superior in military, economic, geopolitical, and political spheres at the same time. Increasing military power and unilateralism of the USA may be treated as a threat to international security. Great powers are trying to balance unipolar power, however, the creation of balance to unipolar power is complicated for several reasons.[.].
La autora de esta exposición se propone mostrar a través de tres marcos, el histórico, el institucional y el político, el proceso que ha derivado en la creación de la Corte Penal Internacional, así como sus desafíos actuales y futuros, destacando el valor del nacimiento de esta institución en el constante desafío de lograr el efectivo cumplimiento del derecho internacional, a través de la imposición de penas a quienes cometan los más graves delitos contra los derechos humanos fundamentales. ; The author intends to show through three frames -historical, institutional and political- the process that has derivated in the creation of the International Penal Court and points out its challenges. She also acknowledges the value of this institution in the constant challenge of achieving the fulfillment of the international law, through the impositions of fines to whom commit the most serious crimes against human rights. ; Sección Estudios. ; Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales (IRI)
The internationalization of health causes, conditions, and responses require the consolidation of a vigorous academic and pragmatic tradition of international health. The Unit for International Studies in Public Health constitutes an interinstitutional effort for the training of human resources, research, consulting and practice in health needs and actions that go beyond national borders and that affect two or more countries. The main objectives of the Unit are, on the one hand, to develop a conceptual framework and consolidate international health as a field of public health anti, on the other, to foster international technical cooperation among the national institutions that conform the Unit and foreign universities, governments of developing and developed countries, and international organizations. The strategies of the Unit are: interinstitutional and intrainstitutional collaboration, consolidation of multidisciplinary teams, integration of research-teaching-service, and external resources fundraising. The functioning of the Unit is based on an academic program and on an international technical cooperation program. ; La internacionalización de las causas, condiciones y respuestas de salud requieren de la consolidación de una vigorosa tradición académica y pragmática de la salud internacional. La Unidad de Estudios Internacionales en Salud Pública constituye un esfuerzo interinstitucional para la formación de recursos humanos, la investigación, la asesoría y la práctica en las necesidades y acciones de salud que trascienden las fronteras nacionales y afectan a dos o más países. Los objetivos de la Unidad son, por un lado, impulsar el desarrollo conceptual y la consolidación académica de la salud internacional como campo de la salud pública y, por el otro, fomentar la cooperación técnica internacional entre las instituciones nacionales que la conforman y las universidades extranjeras, gobiernos de países en desarrollo y desarrollados, y organismos internacionales. Las estrategias de la Unidad son: colaboración ...
El presente estudio de investigación tiene por objeto hacer un análisis de las condiciones de competitividad del sector colombiano de Cafés Especiales. El principal soporte conceptual de este proyecto de investigación proviene de los avances del profesor Michael E. Porter, de la Universidad de Harvard, que se centran en la interpretación de los fenómenos de la competitividad y la productividad y de su influencia en el desarrollo económico. Basados en los resultados del análisis de las condiciones de Competitividad Internacional del sector colombiano de Cafés Especiales se proponen unas opciones estratégicas para mejorar la posición competitiva internacional del sector. En la introducción del trabajo se hace un análisis general de los cambios en el mercado mundial del café y en los hábitos de consumo. Se muestra la tendencia que hay hacia la diferenciación, la calidad y hacia productores más responsables social y ambientalmente. Igualmente, se muestra como el país ha sido tímido en su incursión en el mercado de los Cafés Especiales a pesar de ser el primer exportador mundial en términos de volumen comercializado. Finalmente, y a partir de la problemática planteada, se presentan los objetivos de la investigación y la forma como se recolectó la información necesaria para el análisis de competitividad. En el primer capítulo se desarrolla el estudio teórico de los conceptos básicos sobre competitividad internacional, ventajas competitivas, concepto de cadenas productivas, productividad y competitividad, y desarrollo competitivo. Se profundiza más en el concepto de competitividad internacional, especialmente en lo referente al "Diamante de la Competitividad" de Michael E. Porter, donde se hace una descripción detallada de los cuatro atributos genéricos de una nación que conforman el entorno en el que han de competir los sectores. Finalmente, se hace referencia teórica al comercio electrónico por ser una de las opciones estratégicas en el mercado de los Cafés Especiales. El capítulo que corresponde a los resultados, está dividido en tres partes que concuerdan con el desarrollo de los objetivos específicos. Previo al análisis de competitividad se muestran los resultados de las encuestas y el resumen de las conclusiones del taller. Dicha información, sumada a la información recolectada durante las entrevistas, es la base del análisis de competitividad. La primera parte de los resultados tiene que ver con una caracterización y una descripción básica de todo lo relacionado con café y Cafés Especiales. Esta parte se inicia con una descripción general de Colombia en lo referente a su economía y uso de la tierra y otros recursos naturales. Posteriormente se presenta una información básica sobre producción, consumo y mercadeo, e historia tanto de cafés genéricos como especiales, y se analiza la importancia social y económica del café. Finalmente, se termina con un amplio marco de referencia de la competitividad de la caficultura colombiana y de los factores y características que han hecho competitivos a los principales Cafés Especiales del mundo. La segunda parte de los resultados corresponde al análisis en sí de la competitividad internacional de la industria de Cafés Especiales en Colombia. Para el desarrollo de esta parte de los resultados se tomaron como base los diversos conceptos enunciados en el marco teórico y conceptual sobre el "Diamante de la competitividad" de Michael E. Porter. Se hace un detallado análisis de los factores positivos y negativos de los cuatro atributos genéricos del país y su efecto sobre la competitividad del sector de los Cafés Especiales. Luego se analiza el papel del Gobierno colombiano y de la casualidad sobre los cuatro determinantes de la Ventaja Competitiva. Al final se hace una caracterización de la cadena productiva del café, haciendo una descripción sencilla y práctica de cada uno de los eslabones de la cadena, con el propósito de determinar el efecto del grado de integración de la cadena sobre la Ventaja Competitiva Internacional. En la tercera parte del capítulo de resultados se presenta la propuesta de opciones estratégicas para mejorar la posición competitiva internacional de los Cafés Especiales de Colombia. Inicialmente se determina la fase del desarrollo competitivo en que se encuentra el país en materia de Cafés Especiales. Posteriormente, basados en las debilidades y fortalezas descritas en el diamante de la competitividad, en los resultados de las encuestas y talleres, y en las entrevistas con expertos y personas vinculadas a la actividad cafetera, se formulan unos objetivos estratégicos para mejorar la posición competitiva de los Cafés Especiales Colombianos. Cada objetivo estratégico tiene una o varias estrategias definidas y unos instrumentos para el logro de los objetivos. Finalmente, todos los componentes anteriores del presente estudio, aportan información para la construcción de las conclusiones finales y de las recomendaciones emitidas por los investigadores. ; Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM) ; RESUMEN 1 INTRODUCCIÓN 4 1. MARCO TEÓRICO Y CONCEPTUAL 7 1.1 COMPETITIVIDAD 7 1.1.1 Fundamentos de Competitividad. 7 1.1.2 Tipos de Competitividad 10 1.1.3 Productividad y Competitividad 11 1.1.4 Globalización y Competitividad 13 1.2 CADENAS PRODUCTIVAS 15 1.3 COMPETITIVIDAD INTERNACIONAL 16 1.3.1. El "Diamante" de la Competitividad 18 1.4 DESARROLLO COMPETITIVO 32 1.5 OPCIONES ESTRATÉGICAS PARA MERCADOS INTERNACIONALES 33 1.5.1 Estrategia Competitiva. 34 1.5.2 T I – Tecnología de la Información 39 1.5.3 E-Business Community 40 1.5.4 Comercio Electrónico 41 2. MÉTODO 43 2.1 PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA 43 2.2. METODOLOGÍA DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN 46 2.2 POBLACIÓN Y MUESTRA 46 2.2.1 Tamaño de Muestra 47 2.3 PROCEDIMIENTO PARA RECOLECCIÓN DE INFORMACIÓN 49 2.3.1 Procedimiento para Encuesta a Productores 49 2.3.2 Fuentes de Información: 50 3. RESULTADOS 53 3.1 RESULTADOS DE LAS ENCUESTAS A LOS PRODUCTORES, A LAS COOPERATIVAS, TALLERES Y ENTREVISTAS 53 3.1.1 Resultados de las encuestas a los Productores. 53 3.1.2 Resultados de las encuestas a las Cooperativas. 59 3.1.3 Taller y Entrevista con los Expertos. 61 3.2. ANÁLISIS DE LAS MEJORES PRACTICAS COMPETITIVAS DEL SECTOR DE LOS CAFÉS ESPECIALES EN EL ÁMBITO NACIONAL E INTERNACIONAL. 65 3.2.1 Información general sobre Colombia 65 3.2.1.1 Datos Generales sobre Colombia 65 3.2.2 Información básica sobre la producción, consumo y mercadeo de cafés genéricos y especiales 68 3.2.2.1 Historia del Café 68 3.2.2.2 Historia de los Cafés Especiales 70 3.2.2.3 El Cultivo del Café 72 3.2.2.4 Cafés Especiales 76 3.2.2.4.1 ¿Qué es un Café Especial? 76 3.2.2.4.2 ¿Qué Clases de Cafés Especiales se pueden Identificar? 77 3.2.2.4.3 Tipos de Cafés Especiales en Colombia 81 3.2.2.5 El Mercado Mundial del Café 81 3.2.2.5.1 Oferta 82 3.2.2.5.2 Consumo 84 3.2.2.6 El Mercado de los Cafés Especiales 89 3.2.2 Importancia económica y social del café para Colombia 95 3.2.4 Competitividad de la caficultura colombiana y de otros orígenes 99 3.3. ANÁLISIS DE LA COMPETITIVIDAD INTERNACIONAL DE LA INDUSTRIA DE CAFÉS ESPECIALES EN COLOMBIA. 110 3.3.1 Análisis de condiciones de competitividad 110 3.3.1.1 Diamante de la Competitividad 110 3.3.1.1.1 Condiciones de los factores de producción 111 3.3.1.1.2 Estrategia, estructura y rivalidad 130 3.3.1.1.3 Condiciones de la demanda 133 3.3.1.1.4 Sectores conexos y auxiliares 136 3.3.1.1.5 El papel del Gobierno 143 3.3.1.1.6 El papel de la casualidad 147 3.3.2 Caracterización de la cadena productiva del café: producción, procesamiento y comercio 148 3.3.2.1 Los actores de la cadena 148 3.3.2.2 Los productores agrícolas o caficultores 149 3.3.2.3 La comercialización interna y proceso de trilla 150 3.3.2.4 La comercialización externa y proceso de tostión 152 3.4. PROPUESTA DE OPCIONES ESTRATÉGICAS PARA MEJORAR LA POSICIÓN COMPETITIVA INTERNACIONAL DE LOS CAFÉS ESPECIALES DE COLOMBIA. 153 3.4.1 Objetivo Estratégico N° 1: 155 3.4.2 Objetivo Estratégico N° 2: 158 3.4.3 Objetivo Estratégico N°3 162 3.4.4 Objetivo Estratégico N°4: 164 3.4.5 Objetivo Estratégico N° 5: 165 3.4.6 Objetivo Estratégico N°6: 166 3.4.7 Objetivo Estratégico N°7 167 3.4.8 Objetivo Estratégico N° 8: 167 3.4.9 Objetivo Estratégico N° 9: 169 4. CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES 171 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 177 GLOSARIO 183 ; Maestría ; The purpose of this research study is to analyze the competitiveness conditions of the Colombian Specialty Coffee sector. The main conceptual support for this research project comes from the advances of Professor Michael E. Porter, from Harvard University, who focus on the interpretation of the phenomena of competitiveness and productivity and their influence on economic development. Based on the results of the analysis of the conditions of International Competitiveness of the Colombian Specialty Coffee sector, some strategic options are proposed to improve the international competitive position of the sector. In the introduction to the work, a general analysis is made of the changes in the world coffee market and in consumption habits. It shows the trend towards differentiation, quality and towards more socially and environmentally responsible producers. Likewise, it shows how the country has been timid in its foray into the Specialty Coffee market despite being the world's leading exporter in terms of volume sold. Finally, and based on the problem raised, the objectives of the research and the way in which the necessary information for the competitiveness analysis was collected are presented. The first chapter develops the theoretical study of the basic concepts of international competitiveness, competitive advantages, concept of productive chains, productivity and competitiveness, and competitive development. The concept of international competitiveness is further explored, especially in relation to Michael E. Porter's "Competitiveness Diamond", where a detailed description of the four generic attributes of a nation that make up the environment in which they have to be compete sectors. Finally, a theoretical reference is made to electronic commerce as it is one of the strategic options in the Specialty Coffee market. The chapter that corresponds to the results is divided into three parts that agree with the development of the specific objectives. Prior to the competitiveness analysis, the results of the surveys and the summary of the workshop conclusions are shown. This information, added to the information collected during the interviews, is the basis of the competitiveness analysis. The first part of the results has to do with a characterization and a basic description of everything related to coffee and Specialty Coffees. This part begins with a general description of Colombia in relation to its economy and use of land and other natural resources. Subsequently, basic information on production, consumption and marketing, and the history of both generic and specialty coffees is presented, and the social and economic importance of coffee is analyzed. Finally, it ends with a broad frame of reference on the competitiveness of Colombian coffee growing and the factors and characteristics that have made the main Specialty Coffee in the world competitive. The second part of the results corresponds to the analysis itself of the international competitiveness of the Specialty Coffee industry in Colombia. For the development of this part of the results, the various concepts enunciated in the theoretical and conceptual framework on the "Diamond of competitiveness" by Michael E. Porter were taken as a basis. A detailed analysis is made of the positive and negative factors of the four generic attributes of the country and their effect on the competitiveness of the Specialty Coffee sector. Then, the role of the Colombian Government and chance on the four determinants of Competitive Advantage is analyzed. At the end, a characterization of the coffee production chain is made, making a simple and practical description of each of the links in the chain, in order to determine the effect of the degree of integration of the chain on the International Competitive Advantage. The third part of the results chapter presents the proposal of strategic options to improve the international competitive position of Colombian Specialty Coffees. Initially, the phase of competitive development in which the country is in terms of Specialty Coffee is determined. Subsequently, based on the weaknesses and strengths described in the competitiveness diamond, in the results of surveys and workshops, and in interviews with experts and people linked to the coffee business, strategic objectives are formulated to improve the competitive position of Colombian Specialty Coffees. Each strategic objective has one or more defined strategies and instruments to achieve the objectives. Finally, all the previous components of this study provide information for the construction of the final conclusions and recommendations.
This article looks at US foreign relations. The changes that occurred at the end of the 1980s brought new perspectives on theory into discussion, with realism and neorealism at the heart of the debate. The author goes on to dissect different outlooks on the redistribution of world power and the role that will fall to the US in the future, stemming from an analysis of its foreign policy in the new international environment. The author also turns his attention to the new role of international organizations, military and economic power, as well as democracy and human rights. ; El artículo presenta un análisis acerca de las relaciones internacionales norteamericanas. Los cambios producidos al final de la década de los años ochenta motivaron la discusión de nuevos enfoques teóricos. Como se verá en las siguientes páginas, son el realismo y el neorrealismo los que quedan en el centro del debate. Posteriormente, se presentan distintas perspectivas respecto a la redistribución del poder mundial y al rol que le tocará asumir en adelante a los Estados Unidos, evaluando su política exterior dentro de/nuevo contexto mundial. También se analizan aspectos como el nuevo rol de los organismos internacionales, el poder militar y el poder económico, y la democracia y los derechos humanos.
The brochures in this series provide guidance to those getting started with fish farming. Versions in English, French, and Spanish languages are available. Funding for this series was provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) ; Farmers can grow mixed-sex tilapia for food and still produce their own fingerlings in a single pond. The system requires few inputs and works well on subsistence farms. Farmers using this system may no longer need to depend on government or private hatcheries for fingerlings. ; Les fermiers peuvent élever des tilapias, sexes confondus, pour leur consommation, et néanmoins produire leurs propres alevins dans un étang unique. Le système nécessite peu d'apports et fonctionne bien sur les fermes de subsistence. Les fermiers qui utilisent ce système peuvent ne plus avoir besoin des écloseries d'alevins privées ou gouvernementales. ; En un mismo estanque los acuicultores pueden engordar tilapia de ambos sexos para la producción de pescado y tambien producir sus propios alevines. En granjas de subsistencia éste sistema trabaja muy bien y requiere de pocos insumos. Al utilizar éste sistema, los acuicultores dejan de depender de los laboratorios de producción de alevines del gobierno o de la empresa privada.
A lo largo del artículo, el autor reflexiona acerca de la incapacidad demostrada por la comunidad internacional en evitar los dramáticos resultados de la crisis de los Balcanes. Asimismo, subraya la deuda pendiente tanto de las Naciones Unidas, de la Unión Europea como de las autoridades de las Repúblicas emergentes en prestar la colaboración debida en lo referido a la captura de los jerarcas con mayor responsabilidad en la crisis. Sin embargo, luego de un análisis de la labor realizada por el Tribunal Criminal para la Ex Yugoslavia, apunta que su creación debe considerarse como altamente significativa, cuya sola existencia es reveladora de la voluntad internacional en relación a que los crímenes contra la humanidad no deben tolerarse y que, por el contrario, deben ser castigados. ; Along this article, the author reflects on the incapacity proved by the international community to avoid the dramatic results of the Balkan crisis. He also points out the pending debt of the United Nations, the European Union, and the emergent republics, in collaborating to arrest those high officials with the greatest responsibility in the crisis. However, after analysing the work carried out by the Criminal Court for Ex-Yugoslavia, he claims its creation to be highly significant, for its sole existence is enough to show the international willingness to punish crimes against mankind. ; Dossier: Derechos Humanos ; Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales
