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The twentieth century is an era of pervasive turmoil. There were two cataclysmic full-scale wars and many wars and conflicts of lesser importance in all parts of the world. The term crisis is among the most widely used verbal symbols of turmoil in politics among nations. Scholars and journalists, too, often write about such things as incidents, disputes, riots, and rebellions etc. as crisis. In short, crisis is a pervasive term to describe dis ruption and disorder in the global arena. Many political scientists have been researching this phenomenon of international system but there is still a need for new researches and analysis of crisis in world politics. New technological tools and data-sets enable further development of analytical aspects of crisis theory: eruption of conflictual situations, context and reasons of crisis escalation and de-escalation, decision making process etc. The main reason impelled to write this article is the lack of integral theory on crisis issues. That is why the main objective of this study is to make a quantitative and comparative research of the crisis in the 20th century in order to highlight the main influential factors of this process in different time and space dimensions. A quantitative and comparative analysis in this article was performed using International Crisis Behavior (ICB) data-set of international crisis (by the SPSS 12.0 package). The results of the research confirm the presumption that the analysis of different "levels" provides different outcomes.[.].

The twentieth century is an era of pervasive turmoil. There were two cataclysmic full-scale wars and many wars and conflicts of lesser importance in all parts of the world. The term crisis is among the most widely used verbal symbols of turmoil in politics among nations. Scholars and journalists, too, often write about such things as incidents, disputes, riots, and rebellions etc. as crisis. In short, crisis is a pervasive term to describe dis ruption and disorder in the global arena. Many political scientists have been researching this phenomenon of international system but there is still a need for new researches and analysis of crisis in world politics. New technological tools and data-sets enable further development of analytical aspects of crisis theory: eruption of conflictual situations, context and reasons of crisis escalation and de-escalation, decision making process etc. The main reason impelled to write this article is the lack of integral theory on crisis issues. That is why the main objective of this study is to make a quantitative and comparative research of the crisis in the 20th century in order to highlight the main influential factors of this process in different time and space dimensions. A quantitative and comparative analysis in this article was performed using International Crisis Behavior (ICB) data-set of international crisis (by the SPSS 12.0 package). The results of the research confirm the presumption that the analysis of different "levels" provides different outcomes.[.].

The twentieth century is an era of pervasive turmoil. There were two cataclysmic full-scale wars and many wars and conflicts of lesser importance in all parts of the world. The term crisis is among the most widely used verbal symbols of turmoil in politics among nations. Scholars and journalists, too, often write about such things as incidents, disputes, riots, and rebellions etc. as crisis. In short, crisis is a pervasive term to describe dis ruption and disorder in the global arena. Many political scientists have been researching this phenomenon of international system but there is still a need for new researches and analysis of crisis in world politics. New technological tools and data-sets enable further development of analytical aspects of crisis theory: eruption of conflictual situations, context and reasons of crisis escalation and de-escalation, decision making process etc. The main reason impelled to write this article is the lack of integral theory on crisis issues. That is why the main objective of this study is to make a quantitative and comparative research of the crisis in the 20th century in order to highlight the main influential factors of this process in different time and space dimensions. A quantitative and comparative analysis in this article was performed using International Crisis Behavior (ICB) data-set of international crisis (by the SPSS 12.0 package). The results of the research confirm the presumption that the analysis of different "levels" provides different outcomes.[.].

Contemporary international trademark management SUMMARY The objective of this master work is to analyze the globalization economy and how it influences the strategic trademark management, to show the main tendencies and effects of it. The chosen approach is the analysis of the trademark management aspects, such as global society, economical infrastructure and technological development of the market. This master work is written to show the most important evolution tendencies in the World, which influence international trademarks. Globalization and rapid Information Technology development are main reasons for trademarks becoming of a great importance. Present market situation show us that companies need to know, how to manage trademarks, and be able to leverage global markets and in this way to gain competitive advantages. It is one of the few strategic assets available to the company that can provide a long-lasting competitive advantage. There is also rediscovered that the best kind of loyalty is brand loyalty, not price loyalty or bargain loyalty, because in our materialistic societies, people want to give meaning to their consumptions. So, in this way, only brand that add value to the product and tell a story about the consumer, or situate their consumption in a ladder of immaterial values, can provide this meaning. Trademark management means systematic creation, processing, controlling and distribution of it, competence and expertise within the producer. The main features of the global trademark management are its innovative nature, openness, visual and dynamic. Consumers evaluate trademarks according to their image, value, notoriety, loyalty, because it expresses the main aim the trademark management – creating identity and unique. Trademark management is not the new sphere to the market. But now it has taken the main position in the World's political, economical, social, cultural evolution. It is caused by the informational, technological, innovations environment. Integrating into the global market, made the greatest influence national countries economical situation, it's trademark's management processes. Earlier they were concentrated on the local, national aspects, and now they have to be renewed with the international, global ones which give new potential for effective cooperation between: economics and science, public and private sectors all over the world. Trademark management plays an essential role in all global markets supporting new systems for business, social life, culture, increasing the effectiveness of the country's economy.

Contemporary international trademark management SUMMARY The objective of this master work is to analyze the globalization economy and how it influences the strategic trademark management, to show the main tendencies and effects of it. The chosen approach is the analysis of the trademark management aspects, such as global society, economical infrastructure and technological development of the market. This master work is written to show the most important evolution tendencies in the World, which influence international trademarks. Globalization and rapid Information Technology development are main reasons for trademarks becoming of a great importance. Present market situation show us that companies need to know, how to manage trademarks, and be able to leverage global markets and in this way to gain competitive advantages. It is one of the few strategic assets available to the company that can provide a long-lasting competitive advantage. There is also rediscovered that the best kind of loyalty is brand loyalty, not price loyalty or bargain loyalty, because in our materialistic societies, people want to give meaning to their consumptions. So, in this way, only brand that add value to the product and tell a story about the consumer, or situate their consumption in a ladder of immaterial values, can provide this meaning. Trademark management means systematic creation, processing, controlling and distribution of it, competence and expertise within the producer. The main features of the global trademark management are its innovative nature, openness, visual and dynamic. Consumers evaluate trademarks according to their image, value, notoriety, loyalty, because it expresses the main aim the trademark management – creating identity and unique. Trademark management is not the new sphere to the market. But now it has taken the main position in the World's political, economical, social, cultural evolution. It is caused by the informational, technological, innovations environment. Integrating into the global market, made the greatest influence national countries economical situation, it's trademark's management processes. Earlier they were concentrated on the local, national aspects, and now they have to be renewed with the international, global ones which give new potential for effective cooperation between: economics and science, public and private sectors all over the world. Trademark management plays an essential role in all global markets supporting new systems for business, social life, culture, increasing the effectiveness of the country's economy.

Contemporary international trademark management SUMMARY The objective of this master work is to analyze the globalization economy and how it influences the strategic trademark management, to show the main tendencies and effects of it. The chosen approach is the analysis of the trademark management aspects, such as global society, economical infrastructure and technological development of the market. This master work is written to show the most important evolution tendencies in the World, which influence international trademarks. Globalization and rapid Information Technology development are main reasons for trademarks becoming of a great importance. Present market situation show us that companies need to know, how to manage trademarks, and be able to leverage global markets and in this way to gain competitive advantages. It is one of the few strategic assets available to the company that can provide a long-lasting competitive advantage. There is also rediscovered that the best kind of loyalty is brand loyalty, not price loyalty or bargain loyalty, because in our materialistic societies, people want to give meaning to their consumptions. So, in this way, only brand that add value to the product and tell a story about the consumer, or situate their consumption in a ladder of immaterial values, can provide this meaning. Trademark management means systematic creation, processing, controlling and distribution of it, competence and expertise within the producer. The main features of the global trademark management are its innovative nature, openness, visual and dynamic. Consumers evaluate trademarks according to their image, value, notoriety, loyalty, because it expresses the main aim the trademark management – creating identity and unique. Trademark management is not the new sphere to the market. But now it has taken the main position in the World's political, economical, social, cultural evolution. It is caused by the informational, technological, innovations environment. Integrating into the global market, made the greatest influence national countries economical situation, it's trademark's management processes. Earlier they were concentrated on the local, national aspects, and now they have to be renewed with the international, global ones which give new potential for effective cooperation between: economics and science, public and private sectors all over the world. Trademark management plays an essential role in all global markets supporting new systems for business, social life, culture, increasing the effectiveness of the country's economy.

Contemporary international trademark management SUMMARY The objective of this master work is to analyze the globalization economy and how it influences the strategic trademark management, to show the main tendencies and effects of it. The chosen approach is the analysis of the trademark management aspects, such as global society, economical infrastructure and technological development of the market. This master work is written to show the most important evolution tendencies in the World, which influence international trademarks. Globalization and rapid Information Technology development are main reasons for trademarks becoming of a great importance. Present market situation show us that companies need to know, how to manage trademarks, and be able to leverage global markets and in this way to gain competitive advantages. It is one of the few strategic assets available to the company that can provide a long-lasting competitive advantage. There is also rediscovered that the best kind of loyalty is brand loyalty, not price loyalty or bargain loyalty, because in our materialistic societies, people want to give meaning to their consumptions. So, in this way, only brand that add value to the product and tell a story about the consumer, or situate their consumption in a ladder of immaterial values, can provide this meaning. Trademark management means systematic creation, processing, controlling and distribution of it, competence and expertise within the producer. The main features of the global trademark management are its innovative nature, openness, visual and dynamic. Consumers evaluate trademarks according to their image, value, notoriety, loyalty, because it expresses the main aim the trademark management – creating identity and unique. Trademark management is not the new sphere to the market. But now it has taken the main position in the World's political, economical, social, cultural evolution. It is caused by the informational, technological, innovations environment. Integrating into the global market, made the greatest influence national countries economical situation, it's trademark's management processes. Earlier they were concentrated on the local, national aspects, and now they have to be renewed with the international, global ones which give new potential for effective cooperation between: economics and science, public and private sectors all over the world. Trademark management plays an essential role in all global markets supporting new systems for business, social life, culture, increasing the effectiveness of the country's economy.

The article deals with the interconnected issues of tax "burden" and international tax competition. Author bases his argumentation vis'a vis these issues on holistic assumptions, namely on the postulates that the public sector is part of the economy and that taxes are not simply a burden laid down on the private sector, but the source of investment in the production (procurement) of public goods. Furthermore, author stresses that for more than a century one can follow the tendency of the increasing share of tax revenues in the national product, the so-called as Wagner's law. In recent decades, another - international-factor of fiscal policy is playing an increasingly importan role. This is tax competition among national states. This factor poses threat to tax bases of sovereign countries and leads, as some assume, to the appearance of tax havens, tax poaching, race-to-the botton, social dumping and other negative phenomenan which distort the natural course of economic development. This trend is supported by power centers which pursue the individualistic economic strategy and base their perception of economy on the premises of methodological individualism. Some other power centers, institutions, on the other hand, resist this tendency as harmful to the global welfare. The United Nations, OECD and partly EU assert that international harmonization in the field of taxation could be conductive to economic growth and prosperity of mankind.

The article deals with the interconnected issues of tax "burden" and international tax competition. Author bases his argumentation vis'a vis these issues on holistic assumptions, namely on the postulates that the public sector is part of the economy and that taxes are not simply a burden laid down on the private sector, but the source of investment in the production (procurement) of public goods. Furthermore, author stresses that for more than a century one can follow the tendency of the increasing share of tax revenues in the national product, the so-called as Wagner's law. In recent decades, another - international-factor of fiscal policy is playing an increasingly importan role. This is tax competition among national states. This factor poses threat to tax bases of sovereign countries and leads, as some assume, to the appearance of tax havens, tax poaching, race-to-the botton, social dumping and other negative phenomenan which distort the natural course of economic development. This trend is supported by power centers which pursue the individualistic economic strategy and base their perception of economy on the premises of methodological individualism. Some other power centers, institutions, on the other hand, resist this tendency as harmful to the global welfare. The United Nations, OECD and partly EU assert that international harmonization in the field of taxation could be conductive to economic growth and prosperity of mankind.

The article deals with the interconnected issues of tax "burden" and international tax competition. Author bases his argumentation vis'a vis these issues on holistic assumptions, namely on the postulates that the public sector is part of the economy and that taxes are not simply a burden laid down on the private sector, but the source of investment in the production (procurement) of public goods. Furthermore, author stresses that for more than a century one can follow the tendency of the increasing share of tax revenues in the national product, the so-called as Wagner's law. In recent decades, another - international-factor of fiscal policy is playing an increasingly importan role. This is tax competition among national states. This factor poses threat to tax bases of sovereign countries and leads, as some assume, to the appearance of tax havens, tax poaching, race-to-the botton, social dumping and other negative phenomenan which distort the natural course of economic development. This trend is supported by power centers which pursue the individualistic economic strategy and base their perception of economy on the premises of methodological individualism. Some other power centers, institutions, on the other hand, resist this tendency as harmful to the global welfare. The United Nations, OECD and partly EU assert that international harmonization in the field of taxation could be conductive to economic growth and prosperity of mankind.

The article deals with the interconnected issues of tax "burden" and international tax competition. Author bases his argumentation vis'a vis these issues on holistic assumptions, namely on the postulates that the public sector is part of the economy and that taxes are not simply a burden laid down on the private sector, but the source of investment in the production (procurement) of public goods. Furthermore, author stresses that for more than a century one can follow the tendency of the increasing share of tax revenues in the national product, the so-called as Wagner's law. In recent decades, another - international-factor of fiscal policy is playing an increasingly importan role. This is tax competition among national states. This factor poses threat to tax bases of sovereign countries and leads, as some assume, to the appearance of tax havens, tax poaching, race-to-the botton, social dumping and other negative phenomenan which distort the natural course of economic development. This trend is supported by power centers which pursue the individualistic economic strategy and base their perception of economy on the premises of methodological individualism. Some other power centers, institutions, on the other hand, resist this tendency as harmful to the global welfare. The United Nations, OECD and partly EU assert that international harmonization in the field of taxation could be conductive to economic growth and prosperity of mankind.

This work aims to evaluate the international legal status of Chechnya in different periods of its fight for independence on the basis of international legal norms and to determine a type of armed conflicts that took place in Chechnya as well as to review violations of human rights and the international humanitarian law made during these armed conflicts. Following international legal acts the work reveals contents of the freedom of national self-determination and its relation to the principle of territorial integrity. Also, the work reviews qualifications of persons of the international law with a particular attention given to the concept and attributes of the state and examines the most important aspects of the status of Chechnya. Also, this research presents the concept of the armed conflict and discusses features of international and non-international armed conflicts on which basis the type of conflicts that took place in Chechnya has been determined. The work overviews the case law of the European Court of Human Rights on which basis violations of the humanitarian law that were made during the armed conflicts in Chechnya have been determined. In 1991/1992 Chechnya had all main qualifications of the state: population, a defined territory and the government. According to the norms of the international law this meant its establishment as the state. The victory of Chechnya in the First Chechnya War has proved Chechnya statehood once again. Russia de facto confirmed independence of Chechnya by its subsequent actions. After examination of possible different assessments of the armed conflicts in Chechnya and on the basis of the conclusion that Chechnya is an unrecognised state, it has been determined that the above armed conflicts should be considered as international conflicts.

This work aims to evaluate the international legal status of Chechnya in different periods of its fight for independence on the basis of international legal norms and to determine a type of armed conflicts that took place in Chechnya as well as to review violations of human rights and the international humanitarian law made during these armed conflicts. Following international legal acts the work reveals contents of the freedom of national self-determination and its relation to the principle of territorial integrity. Also, the work reviews qualifications of persons of the international law with a particular attention given to the concept and attributes of the state and examines the most important aspects of the status of Chechnya. Also, this research presents the concept of the armed conflict and discusses features of international and non-international armed conflicts on which basis the type of conflicts that took place in Chechnya has been determined. The work overviews the case law of the European Court of Human Rights on which basis violations of the humanitarian law that were made during the armed conflicts in Chechnya have been determined. In 1991/1992 Chechnya had all main qualifications of the state: population, a defined territory and the government. According to the norms of the international law this meant its establishment as the state. The victory of Chechnya in the First Chechnya War has proved Chechnya statehood once again. Russia de facto confirmed independence of Chechnya by its subsequent actions. After examination of possible different assessments of the armed conflicts in Chechnya and on the basis of the conclusion that Chechnya is an unrecognised state, it has been determined that the above armed conflicts should be considered as international conflicts.

SUMMARY Stirring international military activity has become one of the most important tasks of Lithuanian foreign policy implementation. Intensive international military collaboration and participation in peace keeping process are the main means to implement that task. The main aim of the paper is to detect geographical peculiarities of Lithuanian international military activity. It is defined that Lithuanian international military activity is reasoned not only politically, but also has a geographical validity. Bilateral and multilateral military collaboration of Lithuania clearly reveals it's priorities given to the most of the Baltic Sea region countries. Especially active cooperation in military range Lithuania holds with other Eastern Baltic countries – Latvia and Estonia. The main geographical factors of such collaboration peculiarity are: the Baltic Sea and the need of geopolitical balance. Moreover, according to Lithuania's increased activity in international peace making operations, it's very important to have a good military staff preparation system for such aims. Perhaps a combatant preparation is in a high level, but geographical preparation is insufficient. It becomes especially important when the country sends peacemakers to the geographically distant regions. Membership in NATO and other international organizations obligate Lithuania to be an active associate in peace keeping process. Lithuania was taking part in military operations that were prosecuted in four regions of Europe and Asia: The Balkans, Persian Gulf region, Caucasus and South and Central Asian region. The priority is given to the geographically closest region – The Balkans, where Lithuania have sent the biggest part of it's international peacemakers, that served in five countries of the region. Furthermore, consideration of Lithuanian activity in peace keeping process shows that the country gives priority to NATO, European Union and USA, which is the most important strategic partner of Lithuania, supervising military missions. Finally, Lithuania is participating in peace keeping operations not because of it's own national interests in the "hot" regions. It is more determined to the obligations to NATO and other international organisations and regarding to the position of strategic partners. Military and political benefit also remains as a very important factor of participating in the chosen peace keeping operations.

SUMMARY Stirring international military activity has become one of the most important tasks of Lithuanian foreign policy implementation. Intensive international military collaboration and participation in peace keeping process are the main means to implement that task. The main aim of the paper is to detect geographical peculiarities of Lithuanian international military activity. It is defined that Lithuanian international military activity is reasoned not only politically, but also has a geographical validity. Bilateral and multilateral military collaboration of Lithuania clearly reveals it's priorities given to the most of the Baltic Sea region countries. Especially active cooperation in military range Lithuania holds with other Eastern Baltic countries – Latvia and Estonia. The main geographical factors of such collaboration peculiarity are: the Baltic Sea and the need of geopolitical balance. Moreover, according to Lithuania's increased activity in international peace making operations, it's very important to have a good military staff preparation system for such aims. Perhaps a combatant preparation is in a high level, but geographical preparation is insufficient. It becomes especially important when the country sends peacemakers to the geographically distant regions. Membership in NATO and other international organizations obligate Lithuania to be an active associate in peace keeping process. Lithuania was taking part in military operations that were prosecuted in four regions of Europe and Asia: The Balkans, Persian Gulf region, Caucasus and South and Central Asian region. The priority is given to the geographically closest region – The Balkans, where Lithuania have sent the biggest part of it's international peacemakers, that served in five countries of the region. Furthermore, consideration of Lithuanian activity in peace keeping process shows that the country gives priority to NATO, European Union and USA, which is the most important strategic partner of Lithuania, supervising military missions. Finally, Lithuania is participating in peace keeping operations not because of it's own national interests in the "hot" regions. It is more determined to the obligations to NATO and other international organisations and regarding to the position of strategic partners. Military and political benefit also remains as a very important factor of participating in the chosen peace keeping operations.