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Contemporary international trademark management SUMMARY The objective of this master work is to analyze the globalization economy and how it influences the strategic trademark management, to show the main tendencies and effects of it. The chosen approach is the analysis of the trademark management aspects, such as global society, economical infrastructure and technological development of the market. This master work is written to show the most important evolution tendencies in the World, which influence international trademarks. Globalization and rapid Information Technology development are main reasons for trademarks becoming of a great importance. Present market situation show us that companies need to know, how to manage trademarks, and be able to leverage global markets and in this way to gain competitive advantages. It is one of the few strategic assets available to the company that can provide a long-lasting competitive advantage. There is also rediscovered that the best kind of loyalty is brand loyalty, not price loyalty or bargain loyalty, because in our materialistic societies, people want to give meaning to their consumptions. So, in this way, only brand that add value to the product and tell a story about the consumer, or situate their consumption in a ladder of immaterial values, can provide this meaning. Trademark management means systematic creation, processing, controlling and distribution of it, competence and expertise within the producer. The main features of the global trademark management are its innovative nature, openness, visual and dynamic. Consumers evaluate trademarks according to their image, value, notoriety, loyalty, because it expresses the main aim the trademark management – creating identity and unique. Trademark management is not the new sphere to the market. But now it has taken the main position in the World's political, economical, social, cultural evolution. It is caused by the informational, technological, innovations environment. Integrating into the global market, made the greatest influence national countries economical situation, it's trademark's management processes. Earlier they were concentrated on the local, national aspects, and now they have to be renewed with the international, global ones which give new potential for effective cooperation between: economics and science, public and private sectors all over the world. Trademark management plays an essential role in all global markets supporting new systems for business, social life, culture, increasing the effectiveness of the country's economy.

Contemporary international trademark management SUMMARY The objective of this master work is to analyze the globalization economy and how it influences the strategic trademark management, to show the main tendencies and effects of it. The chosen approach is the analysis of the trademark management aspects, such as global society, economical infrastructure and technological development of the market. This master work is written to show the most important evolution tendencies in the World, which influence international trademarks. Globalization and rapid Information Technology development are main reasons for trademarks becoming of a great importance. Present market situation show us that companies need to know, how to manage trademarks, and be able to leverage global markets and in this way to gain competitive advantages. It is one of the few strategic assets available to the company that can provide a long-lasting competitive advantage. There is also rediscovered that the best kind of loyalty is brand loyalty, not price loyalty or bargain loyalty, because in our materialistic societies, people want to give meaning to their consumptions. So, in this way, only brand that add value to the product and tell a story about the consumer, or situate their consumption in a ladder of immaterial values, can provide this meaning. Trademark management means systematic creation, processing, controlling and distribution of it, competence and expertise within the producer. The main features of the global trademark management are its innovative nature, openness, visual and dynamic. Consumers evaluate trademarks according to their image, value, notoriety, loyalty, because it expresses the main aim the trademark management – creating identity and unique. Trademark management is not the new sphere to the market. But now it has taken the main position in the World's political, economical, social, cultural evolution. It is caused by the informational, technological, innovations environment. Integrating into the global market, made the greatest influence national countries economical situation, it's trademark's management processes. Earlier they were concentrated on the local, national aspects, and now they have to be renewed with the international, global ones which give new potential for effective cooperation between: economics and science, public and private sectors all over the world. Trademark management plays an essential role in all global markets supporting new systems for business, social life, culture, increasing the effectiveness of the country's economy.

Contemporary international trademark management SUMMARY The objective of this master work is to analyze the globalization economy and how it influences the strategic trademark management, to show the main tendencies and effects of it. The chosen approach is the analysis of the trademark management aspects, such as global society, economical infrastructure and technological development of the market. This master work is written to show the most important evolution tendencies in the World, which influence international trademarks. Globalization and rapid Information Technology development are main reasons for trademarks becoming of a great importance. Present market situation show us that companies need to know, how to manage trademarks, and be able to leverage global markets and in this way to gain competitive advantages. It is one of the few strategic assets available to the company that can provide a long-lasting competitive advantage. There is also rediscovered that the best kind of loyalty is brand loyalty, not price loyalty or bargain loyalty, because in our materialistic societies, people want to give meaning to their consumptions. So, in this way, only brand that add value to the product and tell a story about the consumer, or situate their consumption in a ladder of immaterial values, can provide this meaning. Trademark management means systematic creation, processing, controlling and distribution of it, competence and expertise within the producer. The main features of the global trademark management are its innovative nature, openness, visual and dynamic. Consumers evaluate trademarks according to their image, value, notoriety, loyalty, because it expresses the main aim the trademark management – creating identity and unique. Trademark management is not the new sphere to the market. But now it has taken the main position in the World's political, economical, social, cultural evolution. It is caused by the informational, technological, innovations environment. Integrating into the global market, made the greatest influence national countries economical situation, it's trademark's management processes. Earlier they were concentrated on the local, national aspects, and now they have to be renewed with the international, global ones which give new potential for effective cooperation between: economics and science, public and private sectors all over the world. Trademark management plays an essential role in all global markets supporting new systems for business, social life, culture, increasing the effectiveness of the country's economy.

Contemporary international trademark management SUMMARY The objective of this master work is to analyze the globalization economy and how it influences the strategic trademark management, to show the main tendencies and effects of it. The chosen approach is the analysis of the trademark management aspects, such as global society, economical infrastructure and technological development of the market. This master work is written to show the most important evolution tendencies in the World, which influence international trademarks. Globalization and rapid Information Technology development are main reasons for trademarks becoming of a great importance. Present market situation show us that companies need to know, how to manage trademarks, and be able to leverage global markets and in this way to gain competitive advantages. It is one of the few strategic assets available to the company that can provide a long-lasting competitive advantage. There is also rediscovered that the best kind of loyalty is brand loyalty, not price loyalty or bargain loyalty, because in our materialistic societies, people want to give meaning to their consumptions. So, in this way, only brand that add value to the product and tell a story about the consumer, or situate their consumption in a ladder of immaterial values, can provide this meaning. Trademark management means systematic creation, processing, controlling and distribution of it, competence and expertise within the producer. The main features of the global trademark management are its innovative nature, openness, visual and dynamic. Consumers evaluate trademarks according to their image, value, notoriety, loyalty, because it expresses the main aim the trademark management – creating identity and unique. Trademark management is not the new sphere to the market. But now it has taken the main position in the World's political, economical, social, cultural evolution. It is caused by the informational, technological, innovations environment. Integrating into the global market, made the greatest influence national countries economical situation, it's trademark's management processes. Earlier they were concentrated on the local, national aspects, and now they have to be renewed with the international, global ones which give new potential for effective cooperation between: economics and science, public and private sectors all over the world. Trademark management plays an essential role in all global markets supporting new systems for business, social life, culture, increasing the effectiveness of the country's economy.

At the master thesis Lithuanian textile industry international competitiveness improving aspects are being researched. The meaning of textile industry international competitiveness to modern Lithuania economics is being described. During scientific sources analysis it was found that the industry's international competitiveness depends on factors such as relative or absolute advantages of the state (climate, geographical position, resources and self-sufficiency, etc.), new technologies in the production process, investments, government policy in the international competitiveness of industry . In order to assess the Lithuanian textile industry international competitiveness empirical surveys were disposed, which allowed the identification of the factors most affecting the country's textile industry and its competitiveness. It was also examined the practice of the various countries in textile industry international competitiveness improvement. The examination of the theoretical and practical aspects of the work is presented recommendations Lithuanian textile industry to increase international competitiveness. At the end of the thesis conclusions and suggestions were performed. Structure: introduction; textile industry international competitiveness improvement is modern Lithuanian economics priority; theoretical models, whitch can be used to improve textile industry international competitiveness; empirical researches used to evaluate the international competitiveness of Lithuanian textile industry; recommendations for Lithuanian textile industry international competitiveness improvement; conclusions and suggestions, references. Thesis consist of: 77 p. text without appendixes, 6 pictures, 19 tables, 46 bibliographical entries. Appendixes included.

At the master thesis Lithuanian textile industry international competitiveness improving aspects are being researched. The meaning of textile industry international competitiveness to modern Lithuania economics is being described. During scientific sources analysis it was found that the industry's international competitiveness depends on factors such as relative or absolute advantages of the state (climate, geographical position, resources and self-sufficiency, etc.), new technologies in the production process, investments, government policy in the international competitiveness of industry . In order to assess the Lithuanian textile industry international competitiveness empirical surveys were disposed, which allowed the identification of the factors most affecting the country's textile industry and its competitiveness. It was also examined the practice of the various countries in textile industry international competitiveness improvement. The examination of the theoretical and practical aspects of the work is presented recommendations Lithuanian textile industry to increase international competitiveness. At the end of the thesis conclusions and suggestions were performed. Structure: introduction; textile industry international competitiveness improvement is modern Lithuanian economics priority; theoretical models, whitch can be used to improve textile industry international competitiveness; empirical researches used to evaluate the international competitiveness of Lithuanian textile industry; recommendations for Lithuanian textile industry international competitiveness improvement; conclusions and suggestions, references. Thesis consist of: 77 p. text without appendixes, 6 pictures, 19 tables, 46 bibliographical entries. Appendixes included.

The master thesis gives the analysis of the ways, benefits and causes of internationalization of higher education and related problems. Global market of higher education surveys is given. Analysis of experience of studies' internationalization in different countries and European Higher Education Area are made. International academic mobility management programme is made with reference to analysis of theories and methodologies of marketing, strategic management and educational science. European Union policy for higher education establishes favourable conditions for internationalization of studies in Lithuanian universities. Quantitative and qualitative methods are used for evaluation of internationality of higher education in Lithuania in the context of European Union members, global competitiveness, and priorities of mobile students. The trends of student mobility are analysed, the relation between economic, social factors and attractiveness of higher education is identified and evaluated in the master thesis. According to identified tendencies, the aimed level of internationality of higher education in Lithuania is measured in the number of foreign students. Directions and opportunities for studies' internationalization and development in Lithuanian universities are identified. After the analysis of the theoretical and practical academic mobility development aspects, the conclusions of the master thesis are presented and suggestions for Lithuanian universities are offered. Structure: introduction, problem part, theoretical part, analytical part, project part, conclusions and suggestions, references.

The master thesis gives the analysis of the ways, benefits and causes of internationalization of higher education and related problems. Global market of higher education surveys is given. Analysis of experience of studies' internationalization in different countries and European Higher Education Area are made. International academic mobility management programme is made with reference to analysis of theories and methodologies of marketing, strategic management and educational science. European Union policy for higher education establishes favourable conditions for internationalization of studies in Lithuanian universities. Quantitative and qualitative methods are used for evaluation of internationality of higher education in Lithuania in the context of European Union members, global competitiveness, and priorities of mobile students. The trends of student mobility are analysed, the relation between economic, social factors and attractiveness of higher education is identified and evaluated in the master thesis. According to identified tendencies, the aimed level of internationality of higher education in Lithuania is measured in the number of foreign students. Directions and opportunities for studies' internationalization and development in Lithuanian universities are identified. After the analysis of the theoretical and practical academic mobility development aspects, the conclusions of the master thesis are presented and suggestions for Lithuanian universities are offered. Structure: introduction, problem part, theoretical part, analytical part, project part, conclusions and suggestions, references.

This work aims to evaluate the international legal status of Chechnya in different periods of its fight for independence on the basis of international legal norms and to determine a type of armed conflicts that took place in Chechnya as well as to review violations of human rights and the international humanitarian law made during these armed conflicts. Following international legal acts the work reveals contents of the freedom of national self-determination and its relation to the principle of territorial integrity. Also, the work reviews qualifications of persons of the international law with a particular attention given to the concept and attributes of the state and examines the most important aspects of the status of Chechnya. Also, this research presents the concept of the armed conflict and discusses features of international and non-international armed conflicts on which basis the type of conflicts that took place in Chechnya has been determined. The work overviews the case law of the European Court of Human Rights on which basis violations of the humanitarian law that were made during the armed conflicts in Chechnya have been determined. In 1991/1992 Chechnya had all main qualifications of the state: population, a defined territory and the government. According to the norms of the international law this meant its establishment as the state. The victory of Chechnya in the First Chechnya War has proved Chechnya statehood once again. Russia de facto confirmed independence of Chechnya by its subsequent actions. After examination of possible different assessments of the armed conflicts in Chechnya and on the basis of the conclusion that Chechnya is an unrecognised state, it has been determined that the above armed conflicts should be considered as international conflicts.

This work aims to evaluate the international legal status of Chechnya in different periods of its fight for independence on the basis of international legal norms and to determine a type of armed conflicts that took place in Chechnya as well as to review violations of human rights and the international humanitarian law made during these armed conflicts. Following international legal acts the work reveals contents of the freedom of national self-determination and its relation to the principle of territorial integrity. Also, the work reviews qualifications of persons of the international law with a particular attention given to the concept and attributes of the state and examines the most important aspects of the status of Chechnya. Also, this research presents the concept of the armed conflict and discusses features of international and non-international armed conflicts on which basis the type of conflicts that took place in Chechnya has been determined. The work overviews the case law of the European Court of Human Rights on which basis violations of the humanitarian law that were made during the armed conflicts in Chechnya have been determined. In 1991/1992 Chechnya had all main qualifications of the state: population, a defined territory and the government. According to the norms of the international law this meant its establishment as the state. The victory of Chechnya in the First Chechnya War has proved Chechnya statehood once again. Russia de facto confirmed independence of Chechnya by its subsequent actions. After examination of possible different assessments of the armed conflicts in Chechnya and on the basis of the conclusion that Chechnya is an unrecognised state, it has been determined that the above armed conflicts should be considered as international conflicts.

The paper suggests a conceptual framework for analyzing the relationship between democracy and economic growth based on the international dimension. In essence, democracy positively effects economic growth in a given country when international actors seek to promote democracy in that country by punishing violations of democratic norms with economic sanctions. The paper specifies conditions under which violation of democratic norms gets punished with economic sanctions. First, foreign actors must have an interest in defending democracy in a given country. Second, the costs of defending democracy must not outweigh its benefits. Finally, economic sanctions must be employed as a tool for the defense of democracy. Furthermore, factors that affect the negative impact of economic sanctions on economic growth in the 'target' country are specified in the paper. They are as follows: economic openness of the 'target' country, extent of economic interdependence with sanctioning countries, as well as the structure of the economy and opportunities to diversify economic relations with other foreign actors. Besides, the impact of sanctions on growth depends on the duration of their application. Further, the paper illustrates the logic of the conceptual framework with the empirical example of Latin America. During the Cold War, democracies in the region did not face any economic advantages with regard to international factors. Latin America's Cold War history was highly influenced by the strategic struggle between the US and the Soviet Union. For the US, the main purpose in the region was to carry out the policy of containment of communism. This meant that certain undemocratic but friendly regimes were often supported, while hostile but democratic ones were undermined. The situation changed cardinally after the Cold War ended. When the strategic threat of communism disappeared, the US changed its policy focus from containment of communism to the promotion and defense of democracies. Moreover, Latin America experienced intensive processes of democratization and economic liberalization. This created conditions for the collective system of defense of democracy in the region. Certain factors contributed to the potential impact of economic sanctions in the region in the 1990s. Economic liberalization and higher economic openness made countries more vulnerable to potential sanctions. Furthermore, Latin American countries had high levels of economic interdependence with the US, the EU and other regional democracies, all of which were ready to defend democratic systems. Finally, the disintegration of the Soviet Union and disappearance of non-democracies in the region highly reduced opportunities for economic diversification in the case of economic sanctions. In Latin America in the 1990s, every violation of procedural democratic norms was met with economic sanctions which had negative effect on economic growth in the violating country. These cases were Haiti (1991), Peru (1992) and Guatemala (1993). In the case of Paraguay (1996), the threat of economic sanctions was one of the factors that helped to preserve democratic system in the country. This means that the analysis of the relationship between political regime type and economic growth in Latin America in the 1990s is incomplete and potentially incorrect, if international factors are not taken into account. Finally, the paper gives suggestions for further research, in particular hinting to the possible structural global shift in the democracy-growth relationship in post-Cold War environment. International factors provide a possible explanation why empirically democracies tend to grow faster than autocracies after the end of the Cold War

The paper suggests a conceptual framework for analyzing the relationship between democracy and economic growth based on the international dimension. In essence, democracy positively effects economic growth in a given country when international actors seek to promote democracy in that country by punishing violations of democratic norms with economic sanctions. The paper specifies conditions under which violation of democratic norms gets punished with economic sanctions. First, foreign actors must have an interest in defending democracy in a given country. Second, the costs of defending democracy must not outweigh its benefits. Finally, economic sanctions must be employed as a tool for the defense of democracy. Furthermore, factors that affect the negative impact of economic sanctions on economic growth in the 'target' country are specified in the paper. They are as follows: economic openness of the 'target' country, extent of economic interdependence with sanctioning countries, as well as the structure of the economy and opportunities to diversify economic relations with other foreign actors. Besides, the impact of sanctions on growth depends on the duration of their application. Further, the paper illustrates the logic of the conceptual framework with the empirical example of Latin America. During the Cold War, democracies in the region did not face any economic advantages with regard to international factors. Latin America's Cold War history was highly influenced by the strategic struggle between the US and the Soviet Union. For the US, the main purpose in the region was to carry out the policy of containment of communism. This meant that certain undemocratic but friendly regimes were often supported, while hostile but democratic ones were undermined. The situation changed cardinally after the Cold War ended. When the strategic threat of communism disappeared, the US changed its policy focus from containment of communism to the promotion and defense of democracies. Moreover, Latin America experienced intensive processes of democratization and economic liberalization. This created conditions for the collective system of defense of democracy in the region. Certain factors contributed to the potential impact of economic sanctions in the region in the 1990s. Economic liberalization and higher economic openness made countries more vulnerable to potential sanctions. Furthermore, Latin American countries had high levels of economic interdependence with the US, the EU and other regional democracies, all of which were ready to defend democratic systems. Finally, the disintegration of the Soviet Union and disappearance of non-democracies in the region highly reduced opportunities for economic diversification in the case of economic sanctions. In Latin America in the 1990s, every violation of procedural democratic norms was met with economic sanctions which had negative effect on economic growth in the violating country. These cases were Haiti (1991), Peru (1992) and Guatemala (1993). In the case of Paraguay (1996), the threat of economic sanctions was one of the factors that helped to preserve democratic system in the country. This means that the analysis of the relationship between political regime type and economic growth in Latin America in the 1990s is incomplete and potentially incorrect, if international factors are not taken into account. Finally, the paper gives suggestions for further research, in particular hinting to the possible structural global shift in the democracy-growth relationship in post-Cold War environment. International factors provide a possible explanation why empirically democracies tend to grow faster than autocracies after the end of the Cold War

Analysis of this Master's Paper is developed in three directions: firstly, the author summarized the issues of the international and national criminal law. Attention is drawn to the place of the international treaties in the Lithuanian law, focusing on the national criminal law implications of such treaties; attempting to determine the possibility of direct application of the treaties in the criminal law. The author concludes that international treaties regulating the matters that are relevant to criminal justice should be transferred to national laws. The second part of the Paper analyses the significance of the treaties on the protection of universal human rights and freedoms, such as the Universal Charter on Human Rights, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECPHRFF) and of the conventions adopted by the United Nations Organization in general, to the criminal law of Lithuania. The author does not aim at defining the importance of the particular rules of law to the national criminal law, and distinguishes instead the trends of the national criminal law implications. Analyzing the ECPHRFF, the author emphasizes the special character of this international treaty also drawing attention to the problem of interaction between the blanket dispositions constructed in the Lithuanian criminal law and the principle of nullum crimen sine lege guaranteed by the Convention. The Master's Paper concludes that implementation of the international legal acts guaranteeing the protection of personal rights in terms of criminal law of Lithuania is being implemented with sufficient accuracy. In the final part of the Master's Paper the relevance of the European Union (EU) law with regard to the national criminal law is summarized. In the first instance the author draws attention to the issue of relevance of the primary EU law to the national criminal law, which practically has not been analyzed by the Lithuanian scientists. Analyzing separate types of the secondary legislation passed by the EU authorities, in the first instance the features of each legal act – regulation, directive, decision, framework decision, general actions, recommendations, opinions, guidelines and conventions – are distinguished. The author aims at disclosing the manner in which the features of each secondary legal act of the EU influence the national criminal law. Also, the possibilities of the direct application of regulations, directives and decisions in the national law are elaborate. The author concludes that it is the secondary legislation by means of which the criminal law of the Member States is being approximated, whereas appropriate implementation of the secondary legislation of the EU, as a rule, requires corrections of the criminal law.

Analysis of this Master's Paper is developed in three directions: firstly, the author summarized the issues of the international and national criminal law. Attention is drawn to the place of the international treaties in the Lithuanian law, focusing on the national criminal law implications of such treaties; attempting to determine the possibility of direct application of the treaties in the criminal law. The author concludes that international treaties regulating the matters that are relevant to criminal justice should be transferred to national laws. The second part of the Paper analyses the significance of the treaties on the protection of universal human rights and freedoms, such as the Universal Charter on Human Rights, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECPHRFF) and of the conventions adopted by the United Nations Organization in general, to the criminal law of Lithuania. The author does not aim at defining the importance of the particular rules of law to the national criminal law, and distinguishes instead the trends of the national criminal law implications. Analyzing the ECPHRFF, the author emphasizes the special character of this international treaty also drawing attention to the problem of interaction between the blanket dispositions constructed in the Lithuanian criminal law and the principle of nullum crimen sine lege guaranteed by the Convention. The Master's Paper concludes that implementation of the international legal acts guaranteeing the protection of personal rights in terms of criminal law of Lithuania is being implemented with sufficient accuracy. In the final part of the Master's Paper the relevance of the European Union (EU) law with regard to the national criminal law is summarized. In the first instance the author draws attention to the issue of relevance of the primary EU law to the national criminal law, which practically has not been analyzed by the Lithuanian scientists. Analyzing separate types of the secondary legislation passed by the EU authorities, in the first instance the features of each legal act – regulation, directive, decision, framework decision, general actions, recommendations, opinions, guidelines and conventions – are distinguished. The author aims at disclosing the manner in which the features of each secondary legal act of the EU influence the national criminal law. Also, the possibilities of the direct application of regulations, directives and decisions in the national law are elaborate. The author concludes that it is the secondary legislation by means of which the criminal law of the Member States is being approximated, whereas appropriate implementation of the secondary legislation of the EU, as a rule, requires corrections of the criminal law.