Lawyers participate in justice implementation, represent and protect legal interests of his/her clients in the court, state or municipal institutions or other organizations. Professional activities of a lawyer require to follow legal and moral obligation to the client, a lawyer profession, society, courts and other institutions where he/she protects clients' interests, represent them and act the behalf of a client. A lawyer must protect professional honour and dignity, not to discredit a lawyer name, the given oath and the idea of justice. The article presents the examined essential principles in society of a lawyer role embedded in international legal acts. The article identifies lawyer rights and security in the relationships with clients and other state institutions, examines the contents of a lawyer right to join professional associations, presents legal proceedings of a disciplinary case and peculiarities of application of a lawyer legal responsibility and reveals the contents of a lawyer right to judicious compensation.
Lawyers participate in justice implementation, represent and protect legal interests of his/her clients in the court, state or municipal institutions or other organizations. Professional activities of a lawyer require to follow legal and moral obligation to the client, a lawyer profession, society, courts and other institutions where he/she protects clients' interests, represent them and act the behalf of a client. A lawyer must protect professional honour and dignity, not to discredit a lawyer name, the given oath and the idea of justice. The article presents the examined essential principles in society of a lawyer role embedded in international legal acts. The article identifies lawyer rights and security in the relationships with clients and other state institutions, examines the contents of a lawyer right to join professional associations, presents legal proceedings of a disciplinary case and peculiarities of application of a lawyer legal responsibility and reveals the contents of a lawyer right to judicious compensation.
Lawyers participate in justice implementation, represent and protect legal interests of his/her clients in the court, state or municipal institutions or other organizations. Professional activities of a lawyer require to follow legal and moral obligation to the client, a lawyer profession, society, courts and other institutions where he/she protects clients' interests, represent them and act the behalf of a client. A lawyer must protect professional honour and dignity, not to discredit a lawyer name, the given oath and the idea of justice. The article presents the examined essential principles in society of a lawyer role embedded in international legal acts. The article identifies lawyer rights and security in the relationships with clients and other state institutions, examines the contents of a lawyer right to join professional associations, presents legal proceedings of a disciplinary case and peculiarities of application of a lawyer legal responsibility and reveals the contents of a lawyer right to judicious compensation.
Lawyers participate in justice implementation, represent and protect legal interests of his/her clients in the court, state or municipal institutions or other organizations. Professional activities of a lawyer require to follow legal and moral obligation to the client, a lawyer profession, society, courts and other institutions where he/she protects clients' interests, represent them and act the behalf of a client. A lawyer must protect professional honour and dignity, not to discredit a lawyer name, the given oath and the idea of justice. The article presents the examined essential principles in society of a lawyer role embedded in international legal acts. The article identifies lawyer rights and security in the relationships with clients and other state institutions, examines the contents of a lawyer right to join professional associations, presents legal proceedings of a disciplinary case and peculiarities of application of a lawyer legal responsibility and reveals the contents of a lawyer right to judicious compensation.
By analysing legal doctrine and respective regulations in various countries, as well as concrete examples of international agreements, this study attempts to review the practice of conclusion of international treaties and other international agreements in Lithuania and beyond. Firstly, it seeks to establish common European treaty-making practices and to compare them to the regulatory framework in Lithuania, as well as to identify and discuss the more complicated issues that arise in practice. The research is structured into seven chapters. The first chapter provides a detailed overview of the concept of international treaties and other international agreements. Here the authors analyse the various definitions and differences of international treaties, unilateral declarations, political agreements and international agreements concluded by ministries or other state institutions or bodies (so called international administrative/executive/interagency agreements) under the law of the Republic of Lithuania and numerous other states. The second chapter discusses the variety of entities capable of concluding international agreements and also provides some guidelines regarding the limits of treaty-making capacity of certain subjects. A particular attention is paid to the units of federal states, in relation to which the authors pursue a comparative research into national constitutions of several federal states in Europe. In the third chapter the authors evaluate the conclusion of international treaties and other international agreements under Lithuanian law and practice elaborating further on selected procedural aspects. Solutions to a number of complex practical questions identified by the Lithuanian Ministry of Justice are equally sought. The next chapter continues with the analysis of ratification procedure of international treaties. The authors discuss the case law of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court of Lithuania and, in its light, attempt to assess the relevance and consistency of the applicable ratification rules. The fifth chapter goes deeper into the reservations to international agreements by discussing their meaning and main characteristics and by presenting the practice in various states of making such reservations and objecting to them. Taking into account the specific features of national law of Lithuania, the authors compare the national regulation on reservations with international rules and practices and offer certain solutions to problematic issues identified. The sixth chapter considers the procedure of amendment and supplementing international agreements focusing on the national law aspects. The last chapter finishes the research by elaborating on provisional application of treaties in both international and national law. It identifies certain examples from the treaty practice and discusses lessons learnt from several arbitral awards. The study ends by presenting conclusions of the research and suggesting some changes in legal regulation in Lithuania. The authors expect that the present study will contribute to further development of both theory and practice of treaty-making and will offer a useful guide to practitioners and policy-makers.
By analysing legal doctrine and respective regulations in various countries, as well as concrete examples of international agreements, this study attempts to review the practice of conclusion of international treaties and other international agreements in Lithuania and beyond. Firstly, it seeks to establish common European treaty-making practices and to compare them to the regulatory framework in Lithuania, as well as to identify and discuss the more complicated issues that arise in practice. The research is structured into seven chapters. The first chapter provides a detailed overview of the concept of international treaties and other international agreements. Here the authors analyse the various definitions and differences of international treaties, unilateral declarations, political agreements and international agreements concluded by ministries or other state institutions or bodies (so called international administrative/executive/interagency agreements) under the law of the Republic of Lithuania and numerous other states. The second chapter discusses the variety of entities capable of concluding international agreements and also provides some guidelines regarding the limits of treaty-making capacity of certain subjects. A particular attention is paid to the units of federal states, in relation to which the authors pursue a comparative research into national constitutions of several federal states in Europe. In the third chapter the authors evaluate the conclusion of international treaties and other international agreements under Lithuanian law and practice elaborating further on selected procedural aspects. Solutions to a number of complex practical questions identified by the Lithuanian Ministry of Justice are equally sought. The next chapter continues with the analysis of ratification procedure of international treaties. The authors discuss the case law of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court of Lithuania and, in its light, attempt to assess the relevance and consistency of the applicable ratification rules. The fifth chapter goes deeper into the reservations to international agreements by discussing their meaning and main characteristics and by presenting the practice in various states of making such reservations and objecting to them. Taking into account the specific features of national law of Lithuania, the authors compare the national regulation on reservations with international rules and practices and offer certain solutions to problematic issues identified. The sixth chapter considers the procedure of amendment and supplementing international agreements focusing on the national law aspects. The last chapter finishes the research by elaborating on provisional application of treaties in both international and national law. It identifies certain examples from the treaty practice and discusses lessons learnt from several arbitral awards. The study ends by presenting conclusions of the research and suggesting some changes in legal regulation in Lithuania. The authors expect that the present study will contribute to further development of both theory and practice of treaty-making and will offer a useful guide to practitioners and policy-makers.
This article analyzes the factors of expatriate international assignment success: the process, empirical level, the experience of expatriates on a national level. Theoretical and empirical analysis reveals that success depends mostly on the candidates selected, their motivation, ability to adjust to change, wish to improve, ability to adjust to a new environment, effectively act in order to achieve goals, the situation of an employee's family. The results of the research carried out showed that one of most complex stages of the expatriation process is the adjustment of expatriates during international assignment which has significant impact on international assignment success and satisfaction of individual expectations or various failures and emergence of individual problems. It has been proved that the success of the adjustment stage and the entire expatriation process is mostly influenced by the personal strengths of employees, their professional, social, adjustment skills, international experience and a favorable situation of their families
Master's thesis analyzes Lithuanian e-health regulation using the comparative method by analysing legal frameworks of European Union, United States of America and Australia. Due to the different international legal frameworks of e-health, it was concluded that the European Union is entering a rapid step towards unification by initiating Personal data protection regulation project, also an existing legal framework for electronic health record in United States of America is based on the strict laws of security and privacy setting, as well as Australia, which recently implemented Personally controlled electronic health record by a separate law, was found that the current Lithuanian e-health regulation is not sufficient due to the lack of legislation and it is necessary to adapt current legal framework on the basis of European Union and international practice.
Master's thesis analyzes Lithuanian e-health regulation using the comparative method by analysing legal frameworks of European Union, United States of America and Australia. Due to the different international legal frameworks of e-health, it was concluded that the European Union is entering a rapid step towards unification by initiating Personal data protection regulation project, also an existing legal framework for electronic health record in United States of America is based on the strict laws of security and privacy setting, as well as Australia, which recently implemented Personally controlled electronic health record by a separate law, was found that the current Lithuanian e-health regulation is not sufficient due to the lack of legislation and it is necessary to adapt current legal framework on the basis of European Union and international practice.
Lithuania still be an important link connecting the eastern Baltic states in the Middle East to Europe, so it occupies a strategically important place in various countries and political institutions and policy projection. On the 21st of December, 2007 after Lithuania became a member of Schengen area, migration mobility of inhabitants increased. In order to solve relevant problems there was analysed European Union requirements and Lithuanian Republic legal regulations that belong to the sphere when the country is a member of Schengen area. Firstly, there have been analysed the main legal standards and documents that consolidate the activities of institutions in this sphere as well as cooperation possibil ities of institutions controlling foreigners. The research project presents valuable cooperation experience of institutions dealing with foreigners‗ control. When analysing target preventive means in police foreigners control sphere, the attention is paid to Kaliningrad transit programme, that is being quite successfully developed. The main aim of this programme is to ensure streamlined people transit from Russian Federation territory to Russian Federation Kaliningrad region and back via Lithuanian Republic territory, that must comply with Schengen agreement of the 14th of June, 1985 and 1990 Convention concerning the 14th of June, 1985 Schengen implementation regulations, European Union acquis, proper European Union external border control and security, cooperation between legal institutions in Kaliningrad transit territory and the requirements for electronic data base. ; Lietuva tebevertinama kaip svarbi grandis, jungianti Rytų Pabaltijį su Vidurio Rytų Europa, todėl ji užima strategiškai svarbią vietą įvairių valstybių ir politinių institucijų politikos projekcijoje. Lietuvos Respublikai 2007 m. gruodžio 21 d. tapus visateise Šengeno erdvės nare, išaugo gyventojų migracinis mobilumas. Šiame darbe analizuoti Lietuvos Respublikos norminiai teisės aktai, sprendžiantys užsieniečių tranzito per valstybės teritoriją tvarką. Atkreiptinas dėmesys, kad pakankamai gerai vykdoma viena pagrindinių šioje srityje programa – Kaliningrado tranzito programa. Svarbiausias šios programos tikslas – užtikrinti supaprastintą asmenų tranzitą iš Rusijos Federacijos teritorijos į Rusijos Federacijos Kaliningrado sritį ir atgal per Lietuvos Respublikos teritoriją. Veikla turi vykti taip, kad atitiktų 1985 m. birželio 14 d. Šengeno susitarimo, Europos Sąjungos acquis, tinkamos Europos Sąjungos išorės sienų kontrolės ir saugumo, bendradarbiavimo tarp teisėsaugos institucijų Kaliningrado tranzito teritorijoje ir elektroninių duomenų apsaugos reikalavimus. Atliktas tyrimas leidžia teigti, kad Lietuvoje yra pakankamai gerai organizuojama ir vykdoma užsieniečių kontrolė.
The totality of cross-border interactions in Europe in scholarly literature on international relations is often defined as "regional international society", i.e. a social system of a smaller scale than global international society. From the sociological standpoint, social systems (or societies) consist of institutionalized pratices. Among these practices there are primary institutions, which define and constitute types of actors and types of actions, and secondary institutions purposefully established by the same actors. Sovereignty, territoriality, international law, diplomacy, the balance of power, conflict resolution and a few other are the oldest primary institutions of the Westphalian state system in and outside Europe. The newer ones, such as human rights and democracy, incrementally evolved in the 19-20th century and supplement the existing Westphalian system. The aim of this study was to identify the primary international institutions of the European Economic Community (now the European Union) which was created after WWII as well as to evaluate the compatability of the new institutional order with that of the Westphalian model. The author examined the functioning of such primary institutions as supra-nationalism, subsidiarity, harmonization and micro-regionalism and drew the conclusion that the newest EU institutions are in conflict with the Westphalian ones and create new types of international actors, supranational ar well as subnational, that are already recognized as peers among states within the context of diplomacy, international law and international trade. How the latent inter-institutional tensions will be solved in the future will depend not only on EU member states but also on countries outside it forced to coexist with the EU in the Westphalian world.
The totality of cross-border interactions in Europe in scholarly literature on international relations is often defined as "regional international society", i.e. a social system of a smaller scale than global international society. From the sociological standpoint, social systems (or societies) consist of institutionalized pratices. Among these practices there are primary institutions, which define and constitute types of actors and types of actions, and secondary institutions purposefully established by the same actors. Sovereignty, territoriality, international law, diplomacy, the balance of power, conflict resolution and a few other are the oldest primary institutions of the Westphalian state system in and outside Europe. The newer ones, such as human rights and democracy, incrementally evolved in the 19-20th century and supplement the existing Westphalian system. The aim of this study was to identify the primary international institutions of the European Economic Community (now the European Union) which was created after WWII as well as to evaluate the compatability of the new institutional order with that of the Westphalian model. The author examined the functioning of such primary institutions as supra-nationalism, subsidiarity, harmonization and micro-regionalism and drew the conclusion that the newest EU institutions are in conflict with the Westphalian ones and create new types of international actors, supranational ar well as subnational, that are already recognized as peers among states within the context of diplomacy, international law and international trade. How the latent inter-institutional tensions will be solved in the future will depend not only on EU member states but also on countries outside it forced to coexist with the EU in the Westphalian world.
The totality of cross-border interactions in Europe in scholarly literature on international relations is often defined as "regional international society", i.e. a social system of a smaller scale than global international society. From the sociological standpoint, social systems (or societies) consist of institutionalized pratices. Among these practices there are primary institutions, which define and constitute types of actors and types of actions, and secondary institutions purposefully established by the same actors. Sovereignty, territoriality, international law, diplomacy, the balance of power, conflict resolution and a few other are the oldest primary institutions of the Westphalian state system in and outside Europe. The newer ones, such as human rights and democracy, incrementally evolved in the 19-20th century and supplement the existing Westphalian system. The aim of this study was to identify the primary international institutions of the European Economic Community (now the European Union) which was created after WWII as well as to evaluate the compatability of the new institutional order with that of the Westphalian model. The author examined the functioning of such primary institutions as supra-nationalism, subsidiarity, harmonization and micro-regionalism and drew the conclusion that the newest EU institutions are in conflict with the Westphalian ones and create new types of international actors, supranational ar well as subnational, that are already recognized as peers among states within the context of diplomacy, international law and international trade. How the latent inter-institutional tensions will be solved in the future will depend not only on EU member states but also on countries outside it forced to coexist with the EU in the Westphalian world.
The totality of cross-border interactions in Europe in scholarly literature on international relations is often defined as "regional international society", i.e. a social system of a smaller scale than global international society. From the sociological standpoint, social systems (or societies) consist of institutionalized pratices. Among these practices there are primary institutions, which define and constitute types of actors and types of actions, and secondary institutions purposefully established by the same actors. Sovereignty, territoriality, international law, diplomacy, the balance of power, conflict resolution and a few other are the oldest primary institutions of the Westphalian state system in and outside Europe. The newer ones, such as human rights and democracy, incrementally evolved in the 19-20th century and supplement the existing Westphalian system. The aim of this study was to identify the primary international institutions of the European Economic Community (now the European Union) which was created after WWII as well as to evaluate the compatability of the new institutional order with that of the Westphalian model. The author examined the functioning of such primary institutions as supra-nationalism, subsidiarity, harmonization and micro-regionalism and drew the conclusion that the newest EU institutions are in conflict with the Westphalian ones and create new types of international actors, supranational ar well as subnational, that are already recognized as peers among states within the context of diplomacy, international law and international trade. How the latent inter-institutional tensions will be solved in the future will depend not only on EU member states but also on countries outside it forced to coexist with the EU in the Westphalian world.
The master's thesis analyses anti-corruption recommendations issued to Lithuania during the period from 2005 to 2015 by international organisations – Council of Europe (GRECO), European Union and United Nations – and examines their role in reducing corruption in Lithuania. Part one examines the issue of definition and measurement of corruption, formation of collective "anti-corruption" identity, internalisation of international norms and compliance with them, following the theory of constructivism. Part two analyses three anti-corruption assessment mechanisms applied in Lithuania, identifying their strengths and weaknesses, collecting and systemising the recommendations issued to Lithuania by them. Part three explains the methodology of empirical research conducted to assess the role of anti-corruption recommendations in Lithuania. Part four analyses and summarises findings of qualitative research based on an in-depth individual interview with research participants who have had previous experience of working with international assessment mechanisms and implementation of the anti-corruption recommendations issued by them.
