Topical Issues of International Space Law. An object of this research is the international space law and its relevant emerging problems. The first part of the work aims to describe the developments of international space law showing the circumstances of the time of the signature and the most important provisions. The second part of the work is designed for analysis of the legality of military activities or weaponization of space according to Outer Space Treaty. The unclear concepts are highlighted as causing problems. In the third part of the work author overviews the dangers of space debris and the legal problem of liability regime. The forth part focuses on legality and legal clarity of private space flights operated by private companies and liability regime. The fith part of the work analyses the legal problems of mining of natural resources in space according to Outer Space Treaty and Moon Agreement. At the end of the work the most important conclusions on research on the relevant problems in international space law are delivered. Author suggest few viable options on tackling these problems.
Topical Issues of International Space Law. An object of this research is the international space law and its relevant emerging problems. The first part of the work aims to describe the developments of international space law showing the circumstances of the time of the signature and the most important provisions. The second part of the work is designed for analysis of the legality of military activities or weaponization of space according to Outer Space Treaty. The unclear concepts are highlighted as causing problems. In the third part of the work author overviews the dangers of space debris and the legal problem of liability regime. The forth part focuses on legality and legal clarity of private space flights operated by private companies and liability regime. The fith part of the work analyses the legal problems of mining of natural resources in space according to Outer Space Treaty and Moon Agreement. At the end of the work the most important conclusions on research on the relevant problems in international space law are delivered. Author suggest few viable options on tackling these problems.
Topical Issues of International Space Law. An object of this research is the international space law and its relevant emerging problems. The first part of the work aims to describe the developments of international space law showing the circumstances of the time of the signature and the most important provisions. The second part of the work is designed for analysis of the legality of military activities or weaponization of space according to Outer Space Treaty. The unclear concepts are highlighted as causing problems. In the third part of the work author overviews the dangers of space debris and the legal problem of liability regime. The forth part focuses on legality and legal clarity of private space flights operated by private companies and liability regime. The fith part of the work analyses the legal problems of mining of natural resources in space according to Outer Space Treaty and Moon Agreement. At the end of the work the most important conclusions on research on the relevant problems in international space law are delivered. Author suggest few viable options on tackling these problems.
Topical Issues of International Space Law. An object of this research is the international space law and its relevant emerging problems. The first part of the work aims to describe the developments of international space law showing the circumstances of the time of the signature and the most important provisions. The second part of the work is designed for analysis of the legality of military activities or weaponization of space according to Outer Space Treaty. The unclear concepts are highlighted as causing problems. In the third part of the work author overviews the dangers of space debris and the legal problem of liability regime. The forth part focuses on legality and legal clarity of private space flights operated by private companies and liability regime. The fith part of the work analyses the legal problems of mining of natural resources in space according to Outer Space Treaty and Moon Agreement. At the end of the work the most important conclusions on research on the relevant problems in international space law are delivered. Author suggest few viable options on tackling these problems.
By analysing legal doctrine and respective regulations in various countries, as well as concrete examples of international agreements, this study attempts to review the practice of conclusion of international treaties and other international agreements in Lithuania and beyond. Firstly, it seeks to establish common European treaty-making practices and to compare them to the regulatory framework in Lithuania, as well as to identify and discuss the more complicated issues that arise in practice. The research is structured into seven chapters. The first chapter provides a detailed overview of the concept of international treaties and other international agreements. Here the authors analyse the various definitions and differences of international treaties, unilateral declarations, political agreements and international agreements concluded by ministries or other state institutions or bodies (so called international administrative/executive/interagency agreements) under the law of the Republic of Lithuania and numerous other states. The second chapter discusses the variety of entities capable of concluding international agreements and also provides some guidelines regarding the limits of treaty-making capacity of certain subjects. A particular attention is paid to the units of federal states, in relation to which the authors pursue a comparative research into national constitutions of several federal states in Europe. In the third chapter the authors evaluate the conclusion of international treaties and other international agreements under Lithuanian law and practice elaborating further on selected procedural aspects. Solutions to a number of complex practical questions identified by the Lithuanian Ministry of Justice are equally sought. The next chapter continues with the analysis of ratification procedure of international treaties. The authors discuss the case law of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court of Lithuania and, in its light, attempt to assess the relevance and consistency of the applicable ratification rules. The fifth chapter goes deeper into the reservations to international agreements by discussing their meaning and main characteristics and by presenting the practice in various states of making such reservations and objecting to them. Taking into account the specific features of national law of Lithuania, the authors compare the national regulation on reservations with international rules and practices and offer certain solutions to problematic issues identified. The sixth chapter considers the procedure of amendment and supplementing international agreements focusing on the national law aspects. The last chapter finishes the research by elaborating on provisional application of treaties in both international and national law. It identifies certain examples from the treaty practice and discusses lessons learnt from several arbitral awards. The study ends by presenting conclusions of the research and suggesting some changes in legal regulation in Lithuania. The authors expect that the present study will contribute to further development of both theory and practice of treaty-making and will offer a useful guide to practitioners and policy-makers.
By analysing legal doctrine and respective regulations in various countries, as well as concrete examples of international agreements, this study attempts to review the practice of conclusion of international treaties and other international agreements in Lithuania and beyond. Firstly, it seeks to establish common European treaty-making practices and to compare them to the regulatory framework in Lithuania, as well as to identify and discuss the more complicated issues that arise in practice. The research is structured into seven chapters. The first chapter provides a detailed overview of the concept of international treaties and other international agreements. Here the authors analyse the various definitions and differences of international treaties, unilateral declarations, political agreements and international agreements concluded by ministries or other state institutions or bodies (so called international administrative/executive/interagency agreements) under the law of the Republic of Lithuania and numerous other states. The second chapter discusses the variety of entities capable of concluding international agreements and also provides some guidelines regarding the limits of treaty-making capacity of certain subjects. A particular attention is paid to the units of federal states, in relation to which the authors pursue a comparative research into national constitutions of several federal states in Europe. In the third chapter the authors evaluate the conclusion of international treaties and other international agreements under Lithuanian law and practice elaborating further on selected procedural aspects. Solutions to a number of complex practical questions identified by the Lithuanian Ministry of Justice are equally sought. The next chapter continues with the analysis of ratification procedure of international treaties. The authors discuss the case law of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court of Lithuania and, in its light, attempt to assess the relevance and consistency of the applicable ratification rules. The fifth chapter goes deeper into the reservations to international agreements by discussing their meaning and main characteristics and by presenting the practice in various states of making such reservations and objecting to them. Taking into account the specific features of national law of Lithuania, the authors compare the national regulation on reservations with international rules and practices and offer certain solutions to problematic issues identified. The sixth chapter considers the procedure of amendment and supplementing international agreements focusing on the national law aspects. The last chapter finishes the research by elaborating on provisional application of treaties in both international and national law. It identifies certain examples from the treaty practice and discusses lessons learnt from several arbitral awards. The study ends by presenting conclusions of the research and suggesting some changes in legal regulation in Lithuania. The authors expect that the present study will contribute to further development of both theory and practice of treaty-making and will offer a useful guide to practitioners and policy-makers.
Lithuania still be an important link connecting the eastern Baltic states in the Middle East to Europe, so it occupies a strategically important place in various countries and political institutions and policy projection. On the 21st of December, 2007 after Lithuania became a member of Schengen area, migration mobility of inhabitants increased. In order to solve relevant problems there was analysed European Union requirements and Lithuanian Republic legal regulations that belong to the sphere when the country is a member of Schengen area. Firstly, there have been analysed the main legal standards and documents that consolidate the activities of institutions in this sphere as well as cooperation possibil ities of institutions controlling foreigners. The research project presents valuable cooperation experience of institutions dealing with foreigners‗ control. When analysing target preventive means in police foreigners control sphere, the attention is paid to Kaliningrad transit programme, that is being quite successfully developed. The main aim of this programme is to ensure streamlined people transit from Russian Federation territory to Russian Federation Kaliningrad region and back via Lithuanian Republic territory, that must comply with Schengen agreement of the 14th of June, 1985 and 1990 Convention concerning the 14th of June, 1985 Schengen implementation regulations, European Union acquis, proper European Union external border control and security, cooperation between legal institutions in Kaliningrad transit territory and the requirements for electronic data base. ; Lietuva tebevertinama kaip svarbi grandis, jungianti Rytų Pabaltijį su Vidurio Rytų Europa, todėl ji užima strategiškai svarbią vietą įvairių valstybių ir politinių institucijų politikos projekcijoje. Lietuvos Respublikai 2007 m. gruodžio 21 d. tapus visateise Šengeno erdvės nare, išaugo gyventojų migracinis mobilumas. Šiame darbe analizuoti Lietuvos Respublikos norminiai teisės aktai, sprendžiantys užsieniečių tranzito per valstybės teritoriją tvarką. Atkreiptinas dėmesys, kad pakankamai gerai vykdoma viena pagrindinių šioje srityje programa – Kaliningrado tranzito programa. Svarbiausias šios programos tikslas – užtikrinti supaprastintą asmenų tranzitą iš Rusijos Federacijos teritorijos į Rusijos Federacijos Kaliningrado sritį ir atgal per Lietuvos Respublikos teritoriją. Veikla turi vykti taip, kad atitiktų 1985 m. birželio 14 d. Šengeno susitarimo, Europos Sąjungos acquis, tinkamos Europos Sąjungos išorės sienų kontrolės ir saugumo, bendradarbiavimo tarp teisėsaugos institucijų Kaliningrado tranzito teritorijoje ir elektroninių duomenų apsaugos reikalavimus. Atliktas tyrimas leidžia teigti, kad Lietuvoje yra pakankamai gerai organizuojama ir vykdoma užsieniečių kontrolė.
This master thesis analyses the private enforcement of competition law in private international law. It should be noted that competition law can be implemented under two methods: (a) public enforcement (regulatory norms that preserves the proper competition policy); (b) private enforcement (by allowing to seek redress for those who are victims of acts of anti-competitive or restrictive practices). As the international economy develops, with the increasing competitiveness of its entities, there is an expanding need to address the issue of applicable law. However, if such a dispute arises in two EU countries, then the applicable law and procedural redress transactions are governed by the Rome II Regulation and Directive of antitrust damages actions (since 2017). Furthermore, this directive harmonizes the regulation in the EU member states' domestic legal systems. Moreover, at EU level, the enforcement of private competition law is being resolved. Nevertheless, practically this institute is not applicable. The key to this problem is the lack of successful precedents. However, given the fact that UK declared to be leaving EU, this may affect not only the domestic law of UK, but additionally the application of the above-mentioned EU legislation. Although the effects of Brexit are not yet foreseen, predictions can already be made now. It goes without saying that the EU has commercial ties not only with the Member States but also with the third countries. Thus, in cases of vulnerability, such as the markets of Japan and the EU Member States, the issue of applicable law arises. Notwithstanding, the EU has concluded international agreements with the third countries and these agreements are considered to have an impact on public but not private competition law. Hence, the paper scrutinizes conceivable rules under the private international law.
This master thesis analyses the private enforcement of competition law in private international law. It should be noted that competition law can be implemented under two methods: (a) public enforcement (regulatory norms that preserves the proper competition policy); (b) private enforcement (by allowing to seek redress for those who are victims of acts of anti-competitive or restrictive practices). As the international economy develops, with the increasing competitiveness of its entities, there is an expanding need to address the issue of applicable law. However, if such a dispute arises in two EU countries, then the applicable law and procedural redress transactions are governed by the Rome II Regulation and Directive of antitrust damages actions (since 2017). Furthermore, this directive harmonizes the regulation in the EU member states' domestic legal systems. Moreover, at EU level, the enforcement of private competition law is being resolved. Nevertheless, practically this institute is not applicable. The key to this problem is the lack of successful precedents. However, given the fact that UK declared to be leaving EU, this may affect not only the domestic law of UK, but additionally the application of the above-mentioned EU legislation. Although the effects of Brexit are not yet foreseen, predictions can already be made now. It goes without saying that the EU has commercial ties not only with the Member States but also with the third countries. Thus, in cases of vulnerability, such as the markets of Japan and the EU Member States, the issue of applicable law arises. Notwithstanding, the EU has concluded international agreements with the third countries and these agreements are considered to have an impact on public but not private competition law. Hence, the paper scrutinizes conceivable rules under the private international law.
This master thesis analyses the private enforcement of competition law in private international law. It should be noted that competition law can be implemented under two methods: (a) public enforcement (regulatory norms that preserves the proper competition policy); (b) private enforcement (by allowing to seek redress for those who are victims of acts of anti-competitive or restrictive practices). As the international economy develops, with the increasing competitiveness of its entities, there is an expanding need to address the issue of applicable law. However, if such a dispute arises in two EU countries, then the applicable law and procedural redress transactions are governed by the Rome II Regulation and Directive of antitrust damages actions (since 2017). Furthermore, this directive harmonizes the regulation in the EU member states' domestic legal systems. Moreover, at EU level, the enforcement of private competition law is being resolved. Nevertheless, practically this institute is not applicable. The key to this problem is the lack of successful precedents. However, given the fact that UK declared to be leaving EU, this may affect not only the domestic law of UK, but additionally the application of the above-mentioned EU legislation. Although the effects of Brexit are not yet foreseen, predictions can already be made now. It goes without saying that the EU has commercial ties not only with the Member States but also with the third countries. Thus, in cases of vulnerability, such as the markets of Japan and the EU Member States, the issue of applicable law arises. Notwithstanding, the EU has concluded international agreements with the third countries and these agreements are considered to have an impact on public but not private competition law. Hence, the paper scrutinizes conceivable rules under the private international law.
This master thesis analyses the private enforcement of competition law in private international law. It should be noted that competition law can be implemented under two methods: (a) public enforcement (regulatory norms that preserves the proper competition policy); (b) private enforcement (by allowing to seek redress for those who are victims of acts of anti-competitive or restrictive practices). As the international economy develops, with the increasing competitiveness of its entities, there is an expanding need to address the issue of applicable law. However, if such a dispute arises in two EU countries, then the applicable law and procedural redress transactions are governed by the Rome II Regulation and Directive of antitrust damages actions (since 2017). Furthermore, this directive harmonizes the regulation in the EU member states' domestic legal systems. Moreover, at EU level, the enforcement of private competition law is being resolved. Nevertheless, practically this institute is not applicable. The key to this problem is the lack of successful precedents. However, given the fact that UK declared to be leaving EU, this may affect not only the domestic law of UK, but additionally the application of the above-mentioned EU legislation. Although the effects of Brexit are not yet foreseen, predictions can already be made now. It goes without saying that the EU has commercial ties not only with the Member States but also with the third countries. Thus, in cases of vulnerability, such as the markets of Japan and the EU Member States, the issue of applicable law arises. Notwithstanding, the EU has concluded international agreements with the third countries and these agreements are considered to have an impact on public but not private competition law. Hence, the paper scrutinizes conceivable rules under the private international law.
The natural aim of each country is to get economic benefit by using sharing economy of goods and services in international exchanges. The development of international trade plays an important role to economic growth in countries with open and small markets such as the Baltic States. The importance of international trade is particularly revealed during the global economic crisis in 2008. The global economic crisis has shown how the Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian economies are strongly dependent on foreign markets. Export markets of Baltic States are small compared to other European Union members, therefore Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia are heavily influenced by the events taking place in Europe and in the whole world. For this reason, it is relevant to determine the influence of the factors in export and import of the Baltic States, in order to anticipate future threats and to determine how it affected the economy and macroeconomic indicators of each country. The object of research: international trade of the Baltic States. The aim of research: to evaluate the impact of the international trade to macroeconomic indicators in the Baltic States. The tasks of research: 1) To analyse economic problems of international trade in the Baltic States; 2) To analyse principal aspects of international trade and its policy forms and constraints; 3) To identify the main indicators for national economy based on the impact of international trade; 4) To prepare a methodology for the impact of international trade on the macroeconomic indicators of the Baltic States; 5) To investigate the changes in export, import and macroeconomic indicators of the Baltic States and identify the main reasons; 6) To carry out the assessment of relations between the Baltic countries' export and macroeconomic indicators. The results of research. It was estimated that during the period when the research was held, the export and import volumes were increasing. However, some declines have been identified due to external factors such as global economic crisis and Russian embargo. The analysis of the macroeconomic indicators has revealed that the Baltic States are closely interrelated and major parts of observed changes are affected by the same reasons. The accession to the EU was the greatest affect to macroeconomic indicators in Baltic countries while the worst effect on these indicators was caused by global economic crisis. The macroeconomic indicators analysis revealed that in common approach economies of the Baltic countries are growing and the macroeconomic indicators are estimated as improving. The major result of investigation showed, that the labour productivity had the most significant effect on Baltic States export. GDP and FDI strongly correlate with export, but these indicators were not significant variables in the model. Regression models are relevant and further prediction is also possible. The volume of Master Thesis is 81 pages, 20 pictures, 11 tables, 68 bibliographical sources, 27 annexes.
The natural aim of each country is to get economic benefit by using sharing economy of goods and services in international exchanges. The development of international trade plays an important role to economic growth in countries with open and small markets such as the Baltic States. The importance of international trade is particularly revealed during the global economic crisis in 2008. The global economic crisis has shown how the Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian economies are strongly dependent on foreign markets. Export markets of Baltic States are small compared to other European Union members, therefore Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia are heavily influenced by the events taking place in Europe and in the whole world. For this reason, it is relevant to determine the influence of the factors in export and import of the Baltic States, in order to anticipate future threats and to determine how it affected the economy and macroeconomic indicators of each country. The object of research: international trade of the Baltic States. The aim of research: to evaluate the impact of the international trade to macroeconomic indicators in the Baltic States. The tasks of research: 1) To analyse economic problems of international trade in the Baltic States; 2) To analyse principal aspects of international trade and its policy forms and constraints; 3) To identify the main indicators for national economy based on the impact of international trade; 4) To prepare a methodology for the impact of international trade on the macroeconomic indicators of the Baltic States; 5) To investigate the changes in export, import and macroeconomic indicators of the Baltic States and identify the main reasons; 6) To carry out the assessment of relations between the Baltic countries' export and macroeconomic indicators. The results of research. It was estimated that during the period when the research was held, the export and import volumes were increasing. However, some declines have been identified due to external factors such as global economic crisis and Russian embargo. The analysis of the macroeconomic indicators has revealed that the Baltic States are closely interrelated and major parts of observed changes are affected by the same reasons. The accession to the EU was the greatest affect to macroeconomic indicators in Baltic countries while the worst effect on these indicators was caused by global economic crisis. The macroeconomic indicators analysis revealed that in common approach economies of the Baltic countries are growing and the macroeconomic indicators are estimated as improving. The major result of investigation showed, that the labour productivity had the most significant effect on Baltic States export. GDP and FDI strongly correlate with export, but these indicators were not significant variables in the model. Regression models are relevant and further prediction is also possible. The volume of Master Thesis is 81 pages, 20 pictures, 11 tables, 68 bibliographical sources, 27 annexes.
The natural aim of each country is to get economic benefit by using sharing economy of goods and services in international exchanges. The development of international trade plays an important role to economic growth in countries with open and small markets such as the Baltic States. The importance of international trade is particularly revealed during the global economic crisis in 2008. The global economic crisis has shown how the Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian economies are strongly dependent on foreign markets. Export markets of Baltic States are small compared to other European Union members, therefore Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia are heavily influenced by the events taking place in Europe and in the whole world. For this reason, it is relevant to determine the influence of the factors in export and import of the Baltic States, in order to anticipate future threats and to determine how it affected the economy and macroeconomic indicators of each country. The object of research: international trade of the Baltic States. The aim of research: to evaluate the impact of the international trade to macroeconomic indicators in the Baltic States. The tasks of research: 1) To analyse economic problems of international trade in the Baltic States; 2) To analyse principal aspects of international trade and its policy forms and constraints; 3) To identify the main indicators for national economy based on the impact of international trade; 4) To prepare a methodology for the impact of international trade on the macroeconomic indicators of the Baltic States; 5) To investigate the changes in export, import and macroeconomic indicators of the Baltic States and identify the main reasons; 6) To carry out the assessment of relations between the Baltic countries' export and macroeconomic indicators. The results of research. It was estimated that during the period when the research was held, the export and import volumes were increasing. However, some declines have been identified due to external factors such as global economic crisis and Russian embargo. The analysis of the macroeconomic indicators has revealed that the Baltic States are closely interrelated and major parts of observed changes are affected by the same reasons. The accession to the EU was the greatest affect to macroeconomic indicators in Baltic countries while the worst effect on these indicators was caused by global economic crisis. The macroeconomic indicators analysis revealed that in common approach economies of the Baltic countries are growing and the macroeconomic indicators are estimated as improving. The major result of investigation showed, that the labour productivity had the most significant effect on Baltic States export. GDP and FDI strongly correlate with export, but these indicators were not significant variables in the model. Regression models are relevant and further prediction is also possible. The volume of Master Thesis is 81 pages, 20 pictures, 11 tables, 68 bibliographical sources, 27 annexes.
The natural aim of each country is to get economic benefit by using sharing economy of goods and services in international exchanges. The development of international trade plays an important role to economic growth in countries with open and small markets such as the Baltic States. The importance of international trade is particularly revealed during the global economic crisis in 2008. The global economic crisis has shown how the Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian economies are strongly dependent on foreign markets. Export markets of Baltic States are small compared to other European Union members, therefore Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia are heavily influenced by the events taking place in Europe and in the whole world. For this reason, it is relevant to determine the influence of the factors in export and import of the Baltic States, in order to anticipate future threats and to determine how it affected the economy and macroeconomic indicators of each country. The object of research: international trade of the Baltic States. The aim of research: to evaluate the impact of the international trade to macroeconomic indicators in the Baltic States. The tasks of research: 1) To analyse economic problems of international trade in the Baltic States; 2) To analyse principal aspects of international trade and its policy forms and constraints; 3) To identify the main indicators for national economy based on the impact of international trade; 4) To prepare a methodology for the impact of international trade on the macroeconomic indicators of the Baltic States; 5) To investigate the changes in export, import and macroeconomic indicators of the Baltic States and identify the main reasons; 6) To carry out the assessment of relations between the Baltic countries' export and macroeconomic indicators. The results of research. It was estimated that during the period when the research was held, the export and import volumes were increasing. However, some declines have been identified due to external factors such as global economic crisis and Russian embargo. The analysis of the macroeconomic indicators has revealed that the Baltic States are closely interrelated and major parts of observed changes are affected by the same reasons. The accession to the EU was the greatest affect to macroeconomic indicators in Baltic countries while the worst effect on these indicators was caused by global economic crisis. The macroeconomic indicators analysis revealed that in common approach economies of the Baltic countries are growing and the macroeconomic indicators are estimated as improving. The major result of investigation showed, that the labour productivity had the most significant effect on Baltic States export. GDP and FDI strongly correlate with export, but these indicators were not significant variables in the model. Regression models are relevant and further prediction is also possible. The volume of Master Thesis is 81 pages, 20 pictures, 11 tables, 68 bibliographical sources, 27 annexes.
