The research aims at establishing which activities or situations in maritime domain, which threaten maritime safety and / or maritime security, fall within the concept of international peace and security. Having demonstrated the validity of the international law principles that safeguard international peace and security in maritime area, the research reveals a changing list of the threats to international peace and security, which now encompasses activities and situations at sea, including terrorism, sea piracy and armed robbery against ships, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, etc. A maritime space safe from such kind of threats generally means maritime security. Thus, a great part of the threats to maritime security are or may constitute threats to international peace and security, subject to their recognition as such threats by the United Nations Security Council in its resolutions. Usually such threats also pose risk to maritime safety (safety at sea, safety of navigation, ships, crew and passengers); however, any threat to maritime safety does not necessarily endanger maritime security or amount to the threat to international peace and security.
The thesis investigates the issue of the prohibition of incitement to hatred in International law. This issue is covered by a different international instruments, which have different approaches on its understanding. The case law created by the international judicial bodies which is empowered to examine complains on actions of States reflects this situation with an ambiguous and sometimes controversial decisions. Similar situation is observed in the academic field, there are different approaches on the understanding the public incitement to hatred. At the same time, current and future challenges, such as the world crisis, armed conflicts, globalization and migration create conditions in which there is a high possibility of the intolerant discriminative atmosphere in which one group may be incited towards another. The development of information technologies, such as social media and the Internet as such, provide fast and unlimited circulation of information, which also may include incitement to hatred. Due to that facts, it is crucial to create a unified approach on the public incitement to hatred, which covers relevant legislation, judicial practice and the findings of scholars and may be used by the national and international authorities to determine and eliminate different forms of public incitement to hatred.
The thesis investigates the issue of the prohibition of incitement to hatred in International law. This issue is covered by a different international instruments, which have different approaches on its understanding. The case law created by the international judicial bodies which is empowered to examine complains on actions of States reflects this situation with an ambiguous and sometimes controversial decisions. Similar situation is observed in the academic field, there are different approaches on the understanding the public incitement to hatred. At the same time, current and future challenges, such as the world crisis, armed conflicts, globalization and migration create conditions in which there is a high possibility of the intolerant discriminative atmosphere in which one group may be incited towards another. The development of information technologies, such as social media and the Internet as such, provide fast and unlimited circulation of information, which also may include incitement to hatred. Due to that facts, it is crucial to create a unified approach on the public incitement to hatred, which covers relevant legislation, judicial practice and the findings of scholars and may be used by the national and international authorities to determine and eliminate different forms of public incitement to hatred.
The article reviews the transformations and changes of the EU's international trade policy (Common Commercial Policy) since 2021 when the European Commission adopted the new strategic document, which outlines the future guidelines for the trade policy - communication called "Trade Policy Review - An Open, Sustainable and Assertive Trade Policy" (2021). The author examines its provisions by using systemic, historical, linguistical, comparative methods, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis, and concludes that the Trade Policy Review (2021) doesn't intend to completely change the existing trade regulatory framework in the EU or proposes to introduce major innovations regarding trade policies towards specific third countries. However, based on this document we should expect that the EU will continue to actively conclude bilateral free (preferential) trade agreements with the third countries and will implement a protectionist trade regime with the People's Republic of China. Besides, the research, presented in the article shows that the Trade Policy Review (2021) does not, in principle, offer any new fundamental ideas on how the EU's international trade with its other major trading partners (BRICS) should and will be developed - - this can be considered a critical feature of this document
The aim of the research: international trade is one of the most important instruments in the modern globalized economy which is used to achieve wealth and economic growth in all countries of the world that belong to the free trade and open market system governed by such international organizations as World Trade Organization (WTO) or World Customs Organization (WCO). This year (in February 2021) the European Commission also presented and outlined the EU future guidelines/strategy of the international trade and customs policy ("Trade Policy Review", COM (2021) 66 final (European Commission, 2021). Having this in mind, the author of the article reviews the provisions of the above-mentioned document regarding the planned changes in the EU trade policy towards specific third countries (major EU trading partners) and analyses their significance for the EU Member States (including Lithuania)
The aim of the research: international trade is one of the most important instruments in the modern globalized economy which is used to achieve wealth and economic growth in all countries of the world that belong to the free trade and open market system governed by such international organizations as World Trade Organization (WTO) or World Customs Organization (WCO). This year (in February 2021) the European Commission also presented and outlined the EU future guidelines/strategy of the international trade and customs policy ("Trade Policy Review", COM (2021) 66 final (European Commission, 2021). Having this in mind, the author of the article reviews the provisions of the above-mentioned document regarding the planned changes in the EU trade policy towards specific third countries (major EU trading partners) and analyses their significance for the EU Member States (including Lithuania)
Relevant Problems of The International Law of State Immunity The paper analyzes the relevant problems of the international law of state immunity. The necessity of the topic of work is emphasized by the new sources of international law on this issue, the relevant case law of the European Court of Human Rights concerning Lithuania, the need for analysis of new decisions of the International Court of Justice. Part 1 deals with the sources of the international law of state immunity, identifies sources of different types and contents, performs an analysis of development and the influence of the development on the contemporary attitude of the states. The state immunity subject reviewed in part 2 is identified by distinguishing it from similar immunities (head of state, diplomatic, consular immunities, as well as immunities of international organizations). The problem of qualification of state immunity is reviewed, different practices of states and the influence of the executive power on qualification of the subject is analyzed. Part 3 reviews the specifics of the criteria for state immunity exemptions. The practical application of these criteria, the burden of proof, the relationship between the nature of the dispute and the purpose as criteria are analyzed. Part 4 provides an overview of the international law of state immunity and the right to trial ratio, challenges and potential outcomes. The influence of International Court of Justice judgments and national legislation on this relationship is analyzed. There was found the significant human rights impact on the doctrine of state immunity restriction.
Relevant Problems of The International Law of State Immunity The paper analyzes the relevant problems of the international law of state immunity. The necessity of the topic of work is emphasized by the new sources of international law on this issue, the relevant case law of the European Court of Human Rights concerning Lithuania, the need for analysis of new decisions of the International Court of Justice. Part 1 deals with the sources of the international law of state immunity, identifies sources of different types and contents, performs an analysis of development and the influence of the development on the contemporary attitude of the states. The state immunity subject reviewed in part 2 is identified by distinguishing it from similar immunities (head of state, diplomatic, consular immunities, as well as immunities of international organizations). The problem of qualification of state immunity is reviewed, different practices of states and the influence of the executive power on qualification of the subject is analyzed. Part 3 reviews the specifics of the criteria for state immunity exemptions. The practical application of these criteria, the burden of proof, the relationship between the nature of the dispute and the purpose as criteria are analyzed. Part 4 provides an overview of the international law of state immunity and the right to trial ratio, challenges and potential outcomes. The influence of International Court of Justice judgments and national legislation on this relationship is analyzed. There was found the significant human rights impact on the doctrine of state immunity restriction.
Relevant Problems of The International Law of State Immunity The paper analyzes the relevant problems of the international law of state immunity. The necessity of the topic of work is emphasized by the new sources of international law on this issue, the relevant case law of the European Court of Human Rights concerning Lithuania, the need for analysis of new decisions of the International Court of Justice. Part 1 deals with the sources of the international law of state immunity, identifies sources of different types and contents, performs an analysis of development and the influence of the development on the contemporary attitude of the states. The state immunity subject reviewed in part 2 is identified by distinguishing it from similar immunities (head of state, diplomatic, consular immunities, as well as immunities of international organizations). The problem of qualification of state immunity is reviewed, different practices of states and the influence of the executive power on qualification of the subject is analyzed. Part 3 reviews the specifics of the criteria for state immunity exemptions. The practical application of these criteria, the burden of proof, the relationship between the nature of the dispute and the purpose as criteria are analyzed. Part 4 provides an overview of the international law of state immunity and the right to trial ratio, challenges and potential outcomes. The influence of International Court of Justice judgments and national legislation on this relationship is analyzed. There was found the significant human rights impact on the doctrine of state immunity restriction.
Relevant Problems of The International Law of State Immunity The paper analyzes the relevant problems of the international law of state immunity. The necessity of the topic of work is emphasized by the new sources of international law on this issue, the relevant case law of the European Court of Human Rights concerning Lithuania, the need for analysis of new decisions of the International Court of Justice. Part 1 deals with the sources of the international law of state immunity, identifies sources of different types and contents, performs an analysis of development and the influence of the development on the contemporary attitude of the states. The state immunity subject reviewed in part 2 is identified by distinguishing it from similar immunities (head of state, diplomatic, consular immunities, as well as immunities of international organizations). The problem of qualification of state immunity is reviewed, different practices of states and the influence of the executive power on qualification of the subject is analyzed. Part 3 reviews the specifics of the criteria for state immunity exemptions. The practical application of these criteria, the burden of proof, the relationship between the nature of the dispute and the purpose as criteria are analyzed. Part 4 provides an overview of the international law of state immunity and the right to trial ratio, challenges and potential outcomes. The influence of International Court of Justice judgments and national legislation on this relationship is analyzed. There was found the significant human rights impact on the doctrine of state immunity restriction.
The phenomenon of corruption is complex, so we could not single out an universal definition of corruption. The most common forms of corruption in national sources are bribery, trading in influence and bribery. In the sources of international law, corruption is defined more broadly, highlighting the fact of abuse of power. The best-known classifications of corruption are its assessment by quantitative criteria, distinguishing forms of corruption depending on the type of decisions made by its subjects, and distinguishing forms of corruption depending on the degree of public tolerance for respective acts of corruption and the intensity of it. The fundamental idea of human rights law is full and consistent respect for the rights and freedoms of every individual. The concept of human rights law is enshrined in international human rights instruments - the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and others. Corruption hinders national cultural, social, political, legal development, and where corruption is a widespread part of the system, it is very difficult to ensure, respect and protect human rights. It is therefore important to find a legal link between corruption and violations of human rights law and the negative impact of those violations on individuals' exercise of their rights and freedoms. However, human rights law does not include the right to be free from corruption, and international anti-corruption treaties explicitly do not include mechanisms for the protection of human rights. The main anti-corruption mechanisms focus on the fight against corruption, helping to identify shortcomings in national anti-corruption measures and providing guidance and expert support to encourage the necessary legal, institutional or practical reforms along the way. Together, the main anti-corruption mechanisms indirectly make a positive difference to the improvement of the human rights situation, as the protection of human rights and the fight against corruption are mutually reinforcing. The United Nations Convention against Corruption is one of the key mechanisms in the fight against corruption, and this document focuses on international cooperation, the prevention of corruption and the implementation of a coordinated anti-corruption policy. The integration of corruption and human rights law is essential to improve compliance with human rights standards and the control of corruption.
The phenomenon of corruption is complex, so we could not single out an universal definition of corruption. The most common forms of corruption in national sources are bribery, trading in influence and bribery. In the sources of international law, corruption is defined more broadly, highlighting the fact of abuse of power. The best-known classifications of corruption are its assessment by quantitative criteria, distinguishing forms of corruption depending on the type of decisions made by its subjects, and distinguishing forms of corruption depending on the degree of public tolerance for respective acts of corruption and the intensity of it. The fundamental idea of human rights law is full and consistent respect for the rights and freedoms of every individual. The concept of human rights law is enshrined in international human rights instruments - the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and others. Corruption hinders national cultural, social, political, legal development, and where corruption is a widespread part of the system, it is very difficult to ensure, respect and protect human rights. It is therefore important to find a legal link between corruption and violations of human rights law and the negative impact of those violations on individuals' exercise of their rights and freedoms. However, human rights law does not include the right to be free from corruption, and international anti-corruption treaties explicitly do not include mechanisms for the protection of human rights. The main anti-corruption mechanisms focus on the fight against corruption, helping to identify shortcomings in national anti-corruption measures and providing guidance and expert support to encourage the necessary legal, institutional or practical reforms along the way. Together, the main anti-corruption mechanisms indirectly make a positive difference to the improvement of the human rights situation, as the protection of human rights and the fight against corruption are mutually reinforcing. The United Nations Convention against Corruption is one of the key mechanisms in the fight against corruption, and this document focuses on international cooperation, the prevention of corruption and the implementation of a coordinated anti-corruption policy. The integration of corruption and human rights law is essential to improve compliance with human rights standards and the control of corruption.
The phenomenon of corruption is complex, so we could not single out an universal definition of corruption. The most common forms of corruption in national sources are bribery, trading in influence and bribery. In the sources of international law, corruption is defined more broadly, highlighting the fact of abuse of power. The best-known classifications of corruption are its assessment by quantitative criteria, distinguishing forms of corruption depending on the type of decisions made by its subjects, and distinguishing forms of corruption depending on the degree of public tolerance for respective acts of corruption and the intensity of it. The fundamental idea of human rights law is full and consistent respect for the rights and freedoms of every individual. The concept of human rights law is enshrined in international human rights instruments - the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and others. Corruption hinders national cultural, social, political, legal development, and where corruption is a widespread part of the system, it is very difficult to ensure, respect and protect human rights. It is therefore important to find a legal link between corruption and violations of human rights law and the negative impact of those violations on individuals' exercise of their rights and freedoms. However, human rights law does not include the right to be free from corruption, and international anti-corruption treaties explicitly do not include mechanisms for the protection of human rights. The main anti-corruption mechanisms focus on the fight against corruption, helping to identify shortcomings in national anti-corruption measures and providing guidance and expert support to encourage the necessary legal, institutional or practical reforms along the way. Together, the main anti-corruption mechanisms indirectly make a positive difference to the improvement of the human rights situation, as the protection of human rights and the fight against corruption are mutually reinforcing. The United Nations Convention against Corruption is one of the key mechanisms in the fight against corruption, and this document focuses on international cooperation, the prevention of corruption and the implementation of a coordinated anti-corruption policy. The integration of corruption and human rights law is essential to improve compliance with human rights standards and the control of corruption.
The phenomenon of corruption is complex, so we could not single out an universal definition of corruption. The most common forms of corruption in national sources are bribery, trading in influence and bribery. In the sources of international law, corruption is defined more broadly, highlighting the fact of abuse of power. The best-known classifications of corruption are its assessment by quantitative criteria, distinguishing forms of corruption depending on the type of decisions made by its subjects, and distinguishing forms of corruption depending on the degree of public tolerance for respective acts of corruption and the intensity of it. The fundamental idea of human rights law is full and consistent respect for the rights and freedoms of every individual. The concept of human rights law is enshrined in international human rights instruments - the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and others. Corruption hinders national cultural, social, political, legal development, and where corruption is a widespread part of the system, it is very difficult to ensure, respect and protect human rights. It is therefore important to find a legal link between corruption and violations of human rights law and the negative impact of those violations on individuals' exercise of their rights and freedoms. However, human rights law does not include the right to be free from corruption, and international anti-corruption treaties explicitly do not include mechanisms for the protection of human rights. The main anti-corruption mechanisms focus on the fight against corruption, helping to identify shortcomings in national anti-corruption measures and providing guidance and expert support to encourage the necessary legal, institutional or practical reforms along the way. Together, the main anti-corruption mechanisms indirectly make a positive difference to the improvement of the human rights situation, as the protection of human rights and the fight against corruption are mutually reinforcing. The United Nations Convention against Corruption is one of the key mechanisms in the fight against corruption, and this document focuses on international cooperation, the prevention of corruption and the implementation of a coordinated anti-corruption policy. The integration of corruption and human rights law is essential to improve compliance with human rights standards and the control of corruption.
This article analyzes previous research on the influence of international large-scale assessments (PIRLS, TIMSS, PISA) to national education policies. Based on this meta-analysis, four trajectories of influence are presented and discussed: direct impact, indirect impact via a general education discourse, direct and indirect legitimation.
