Suchergebnisse

Since the identification of the virus in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1976, the total number of persons suffered from the Ebola outbreak, is 24,282 people by February 2015, including 9,976 recorded lethal cases. In August 2014, the Director-General of the World Health Organization had decided to declare the outbreak of hemorrhagic fever caused by Ebola virus as an emergency in the field of public healthcare, which has an international importance. Existing risk requires a higher level of readiness of personnel in the medical organizations of the region to take measures on localization and elimination of the possible epidemic focus of the disease. Despite the fact that the sanitary and epidemiological measures, which should be implemented at the national and regional levels, are defined by the guidelines «Organization and carrying out primary antiepidemic measures in case of detecting an ill person (corps) with suspected infectious diseases that cause emergencies in the field of sanitary and epidemiological wellbeing of the population», healthcare workers make an assumption on the need of their provision with the algorithms of carrying out primary antiepidemic measures. To increase the readiness of the personnel for work in an epidemic focus, there are prepared the algorithms of carrying out antiepidemic measures in case of detecting an ill person (corps) by the level of responsibility of the medical staff (doctor, head of the department, nurse, charge nurse, head physician, deputy chief clinical director). Standardized forms used in antiepidemic work were worked out. There had been identified the quantity of information data to be transfer to the head of medical organization when an infectious disease, that causes an emergency in the field of sanitary and epidemiological wellbeing, is detected. Developed documents were gathered in the integrated folder, their storage is organized in stuffrooms, nurses stations and on workplaces of employees of the administrative services. Conclusions. The subsequent control showed that the specialists of medical organizations in the presence of a set of working materials for the work in an epidemic focus determine the list of antiepidemic measures on localization of epidemic focus and the sequence of their execution without difficulties. ; С момента выявления в 1976 году вируса в Демократической Республике Конго общее число лиц, пострадавших от вспышки лихорадки Эбола, на февраль 2015 года составляет 24 282 человека, в том числе зафиксировано 9976 летальных случаев. В августе 2014 года генеральным директором Всемирной организации здравоохранения было принято решение объявить вспышку геморрагической лихорадки, вызванной вирусом Эбола, чрезвычайной ситуацией в области общественного здравоохранения, имеющей международное значение. Существующая опасность требует повышения уровня готовности персонала в медицинских организациях области к принятию мер по локализации и ликвидации возможного эпидемического очага заболевания. Несмотря на то, что санитарно-эпидемиологические мероприятия, предусмотренные к исполнению на национальном и региональном уровнях, определены методическими указаниями «Организация и проведение первичных противоэпидемических мероприятий в случаях выявления больного (трупа), подозрительного на заболевания инфекционными болезнями, вызывающими чрезвычайные ситуации в области санитарно-эпидемиологического благополучия населения», медицинские работники высказывают предложения о необходимости их обеспечения алгоритмами проведения первичных противоэпидемических мероприятий. Для повышения готовности персонала к работе в эпидемическом очаге подготовлены алгоритмы проведения противоэпидемических мероприятий в случае выявления больного (трупа) по уровню ответственности медицинского персонала (врач, заведующий отделением, медицинская сестра, старшая медицинская сестра отделения, главный врач, заместитель главного врача по лечебной работе). Разработаны унифицированные формы бланков, используемых в противоэпидемической работе. Определен объем информации, подлежащий передаче руководителю медицинской организации в случае регистрации инфекционного заболевания, вызывающего чрезвычайную ситуацию в области санитарно-эпидемиологического благополучия. Разработанные документы были скомплектованы в единую папку, их хранение организовано в ординаторских, сестринских и на рабочих местах сотрудников административно-хозяйственной службы. Выводы. Последующий контроль показал, что специалисты медицинских организаций при наличии комплекта материалов для работы в эпидемическом очаге без затруднений определяют перечень противоэпидемических мероприятий по локализации эпидемического очага и последовательность их исполнения. ; З моменту виявлення в 1976 році вірусу в Демократичній Республіці Конго загальне число осіб, які постраждали від спалаху лихоманки Ебола, на лютий 2015 р. становить 24 282 особи, у тому числі зафіксовано 9976 летальних випадків. У серпні 2014 р. генеральним директором Всесвітньої організації охорони здоров'я було прийнято рішення оголосити спалах геморагічної лихоманки, викликаної вірусом Ебола, надзвичайною ситуацією у сфері охорони здоров'я, що має міжнародне значення. Існуюча небезпека вимагає підвищення рівня готовності персоналу в медичних організаціях області до вживання заходів щодо локалізації та ліквідації можливого епідемічного вогнища захворювання. Незважаючи на те, що санітарно-епідеміологічні заходи, передбачені до виконання на національному та регіональному рівнях, визначені методичними вказівками «Організація та проведення первинних протиепідемічних заходів у випадках виявлення хворого (трупа), підозрілого на захворювання інфекційними хворобами, що викликають надзвичайні ситуації в галузі санітарно-епідеміологічного благополуччя населення», медичні працівники висловлюють пропозиції щодо необхідності їх забезпечення алгоритмами проведення первинних протиепідемічних заходів. Для підвищення готовності персоналу до роботи в епідемічному вогнищі підготовлені алгоритми проведення протиепідемічних заходів у разі виявлення хворого (трупа) за рівнем відповідальності медичного персоналу (лікар, завідуючий відділенням, медична сестра, старша медична сестра відділення, головний лікар, заступник головного лікаря з лікувальної роботи). Розроблено уніфіковані форми бланків, що використовуються в протиепідемічній роботі. Визначено обсяг інформації, що підлягає передачі керівнику медичної організації в разі реєстрації інфекційного захворювання, що викликає надзвичайну ситуацію в галузі санітарно-епідеміологічного благополуччя. Розроблені документи були скомплектовані в єдину папку, їх зберігання організовано в ординаторських, сестринських і на робочих місцях співробітників адміністративно-господарської служби. Висновки. Наступний контроль показав, що фахівці медичних організацій при наявності комплекту матеріалів для роботи в епідемічному вогнищі без утруднень визначають перелік протиепідемічних заходів щодо локалізації епідемічного вогнища і послідовність їх виконання.

2011 – 2014 was of great importance to the credit institutions working within Lithuania. This period included all kinds of major developments, from suspension of credit institutions, to insolvencies and bankruptcies all of which was put under the magnifying glass by the actively working journalists. These events were actively discussed in Lithuania by both the public and various political figures which gave rise to multiple opinions and never before seen discussions. However, most importantly these actions gave rise to questions related to the supervision and legal regulation of credit institutions based within Lithuania, which is carried out by the Bank of Lithuania. Generally clients who decide to lend their monetary assets to banks or credit unions should be aware that they assume part of the risks of a possible credit institution collapse. However, once the deposit and/or investment is made, a state owned company "Deposit and Investment Insurance" (VĮ "Indėlių ir investicijų draudimas") also becomes responsible for it, if it's equal or less than 100.000 EUR (one hundred thousand euros). Adequate supervision of credit institutions in Lithuania and as a matter of fact – any other country, should result in a much lower risk for the creditor who lent or placed monetary deposits within the credit institution. This supervision should provide adequate protection for the creditors from the risk of credit institution insolvency. Effective supervision of credit institutions should prohibit credit institutions from taking inadequate risks, to prohibit moving away from the classic banking principles and most importantly, this supervision should prohibit violation of laws. These circumstances helps to create a stable financial framework. Legal regulation is the basis of ensuring that financial institutions, which possess a license to engage in acceptance and issue of monetary deposits from non-professional market participants have to be financially secure and reliable. Constant supervision of how credit institutions act in accordance to the legal legislation acts, prompt response to the problems which surface within the scope of activities of the credit institution, protection of depositor and public interest, create assumptions for supervisory authorities to exercise effective supervision of credit institutions. This master's paper indicates the effective supervision of credit institutions regulatory legal concept. Effective supervision of credit institutions regulation and supervisory authority of both the Bank of Lithuania and the European Central Bank (from here onwards - ECB) is analyzed. It should be taken into account that the ECB provides direct supervision to the three primary Lithuanian credit institutions; the ones that fall outside its scope are supervised by the Bank of Lithuania. Aforementioned institutions cooperating together issue and/or cancel authorizations for credit institutions to operate (credit unions are excluded), in addition, they evaluate the 5 acquisition of qualified share packets. It must be noted that supervision of credit institutions performed by the Bank of Lithuania must be done in accordance to the instructions and requirements placed by the ECB. In order to find out whether credit institution supervision legal regulation is effective in Lithuania, this paper provides an analysis of relevant Lithuanian legislation and how this legislation embodies the principles and requirements of effective bank supervision as pointed out by Basel bank supervision committee as well as International Credit Union Regulator's Network and World Council of Credit Unions pointed out supervisory principles and requirements. In addition, this paper compares Lithuanian legislation related to credit institution regulation to legislation used by financially and economically developed states. Furthermore, this paper includes topic related observations provided by the experts of this field. An analysis provided by this master's paper points out an observation that certain shortcomings (limitations) originate from the regulation of supervisory authorities (institutions) responsibility and requirements for credit institution management and application of external audit. This paper points out a list of suggestions and recommendations on how to remove/avoid these shortcomings. It is established within Lithuanian legislation that damages caused by the illegal actions of the Bank of Lithuania or its employee's, which relate to the supervision of financial market, are rewarded if the injured party proves that the Bank of Lithuania or its employees were guilty of damages. Analysis provided in the paper shows that supervision of credit institutions are more efficient when losses/-damages caused by the supervisory authorities or its employees are rewarded only in cases when losses/-damages were caused with dishonest intentions (in bad faith). It should be noted that the findings of the bank audit will become more reliable and helpful to supervisory institutions for purposes of supervision, if Lithuanian legislation would set requirements pursuant to which the auditors responsible for bank audits would be required to possess specialized knowledge and competence. In addition, in order to make credit institution supervision more effective, it is necessary to establish clear-cut requirements for auditors who perform bank audits; these requirements should include a principle of professional skepticism which should be recognizable and visible in the documents provided by the auditor. Criminal liability should be established in Lithuanian legislation for bank executives who make hasty decisions which in turn lead to bank insolvency, bankruptcy – collapse. These legal acts should enable supervisory authorities to carry out effective supervision of credit institutions. Setting the appropriate supervisory requirements for the credit institutions determine the level of effectiveness of its supervision. Since the root of problems within credit unions is the passive participation of the union managing members, it is of utmost importance to establish clearly

2011 – 2014 was of great importance to the credit institutions working within Lithuania. This period included all kinds of major developments, from suspension of credit institutions, to insolvencies and bankruptcies all of which was put under the magnifying glass by the actively working journalists. These events were actively discussed in Lithuania by both the public and various political figures which gave rise to multiple opinions and never before seen discussions. However, most importantly these actions gave rise to questions related to the supervision and legal regulation of credit institutions based within Lithuania, which is carried out by the Bank of Lithuania. Generally clients who decide to lend their monetary assets to banks or credit unions should be aware that they assume part of the risks of a possible credit institution collapse. However, once the deposit and/or investment is made, a state owned company "Deposit and Investment Insurance" (VĮ "Indėlių ir investicijų draudimas") also becomes responsible for it, if it's equal or less than 100.000 EUR (one hundred thousand euros). Adequate supervision of credit institutions in Lithuania and as a matter of fact – any other country, should result in a much lower risk for the creditor who lent or placed monetary deposits within the credit institution. This supervision should provide adequate protection for the creditors from the risk of credit institution insolvency. Effective supervision of credit institutions should prohibit credit institutions from taking inadequate risks, to prohibit moving away from the classic banking principles and most importantly, this supervision should prohibit violation of laws. These circumstances helps to create a stable financial framework. Legal regulation is the basis of ensuring that financial institutions, which possess a license to engage in acceptance and issue of monetary deposits from non-professional market participants have to be financially secure and reliable. Constant supervision of how credit institutions act in accordance to the legal legislation acts, prompt response to the problems which surface within the scope of activities of the credit institution, protection of depositor and public interest, create assumptions for supervisory authorities to exercise effective supervision of credit institutions. This master's paper indicates the effective supervision of credit institutions regulatory legal concept. Effective supervision of credit institutions regulation and supervisory authority of both the Bank of Lithuania and the European Central Bank (from here onwards - ECB) is analyzed. It should be taken into account that the ECB provides direct supervision to the three primary Lithuanian credit institutions; the ones that fall outside its scope are supervised by the Bank of Lithuania. Aforementioned institutions cooperating together issue and/or cancel authorizations for credit institutions to operate (credit unions are excluded), in addition, they evaluate the 5 acquisition of qualified share packets. It must be noted that supervision of credit institutions performed by the Bank of Lithuania must be done in accordance to the instructions and requirements placed by the ECB. In order to find out whether credit institution supervision legal regulation is effective in Lithuania, this paper provides an analysis of relevant Lithuanian legislation and how this legislation embodies the principles and requirements of effective bank supervision as pointed out by Basel bank supervision committee as well as International Credit Union Regulator's Network and World Council of Credit Unions pointed out supervisory principles and requirements. In addition, this paper compares Lithuanian legislation related to credit institution regulation to legislation used by financially and economically developed states. Furthermore, this paper includes topic related observations provided by the experts of this field. An analysis provided by this master's paper points out an observation that certain shortcomings (limitations) originate from the regulation of supervisory authorities (institutions) responsibility and requirements for credit institution management and application of external audit. This paper points out a list of suggestions and recommendations on how to remove/avoid these shortcomings. It is established within Lithuanian legislation that damages caused by the illegal actions of the Bank of Lithuania or its employee's, which relate to the supervision of financial market, are rewarded if the injured party proves that the Bank of Lithuania or its employees were guilty of damages. Analysis provided in the paper shows that supervision of credit institutions are more efficient when losses/-damages caused by the supervisory authorities or its employees are rewarded only in cases when losses/-damages were caused with dishonest intentions (in bad faith). It should be noted that the findings of the bank audit will become more reliable and helpful to supervisory institutions for purposes of supervision, if Lithuanian legislation would set requirements pursuant to which the auditors responsible for bank audits would be required to possess specialized knowledge and competence. In addition, in order to make credit institution supervision more effective, it is necessary to establish clear-cut requirements for auditors who perform bank audits; these requirements should include a principle of professional skepticism which should be recognizable and visible in the documents provided by the auditor. Criminal liability should be established in Lithuanian legislation for bank executives who make hasty decisions which in turn lead to bank insolvency, bankruptcy – collapse. These legal acts should enable supervisory authorities to carry out effective supervision of credit institutions. Setting the appropriate supervisory requirements for the credit institutions determine the level of effectiveness of its supervision. Since the root of problems within credit unions is the passive participation of the union managing members, it is of utmost importance to establish clearly

2011 – 2014 was of great importance to the credit institutions working within Lithuania. This period included all kinds of major developments, from suspension of credit institutions, to insolvencies and bankruptcies all of which was put under the magnifying glass by the actively working journalists. These events were actively discussed in Lithuania by both the public and various political figures which gave rise to multiple opinions and never before seen discussions. However, most importantly these actions gave rise to questions related to the supervision and legal regulation of credit institutions based within Lithuania, which is carried out by the Bank of Lithuania. Generally clients who decide to lend their monetary assets to banks or credit unions should be aware that they assume part of the risks of a possible credit institution collapse. However, once the deposit and/or investment is made, a state owned company "Deposit and Investment Insurance" (VĮ "Indėlių ir investicijų draudimas") also becomes responsible for it, if it's equal or less than 100.000 EUR (one hundred thousand euros). Adequate supervision of credit institutions in Lithuania and as a matter of fact – any other country, should result in a much lower risk for the creditor who lent or placed monetary deposits within the credit institution. This supervision should provide adequate protection for the creditors from the risk of credit institution insolvency. Effective supervision of credit institutions should prohibit credit institutions from taking inadequate risks, to prohibit moving away from the classic banking principles and most importantly, this supervision should prohibit violation of laws. These circumstances helps to create a stable financial framework. Legal regulation is the basis of ensuring that financial institutions, which possess a license to engage in acceptance and issue of monetary deposits from non-professional market participants have to be financially secure and reliable. Constant supervision of how credit institutions act in accordance to the legal legislation acts, prompt response to the problems which surface within the scope of activities of the credit institution, protection of depositor and public interest, create assumptions for supervisory authorities to exercise effective supervision of credit institutions. This master's paper indicates the effective supervision of credit institutions regulatory legal concept. Effective supervision of credit institutions regulation and supervisory authority of both the Bank of Lithuania and the European Central Bank (from here onwards - ECB) is analyzed. It should be taken into account that the ECB provides direct supervision to the three primary Lithuanian credit institutions; the ones that fall outside its scope are supervised by the Bank of Lithuania. Aforementioned institutions cooperating together issue and/or cancel authorizations for credit institutions to operate (credit unions are excluded), in addition, they evaluate the 5 acquisition of qualified share packets. It must be noted that supervision of credit institutions performed by the Bank of Lithuania must be done in accordance to the instructions and requirements placed by the ECB. In order to find out whether credit institution supervision legal regulation is effective in Lithuania, this paper provides an analysis of relevant Lithuanian legislation and how this legislation embodies the principles and requirements of effective bank supervision as pointed out by Basel bank supervision committee as well as International Credit Union Regulator's Network and World Council of Credit Unions pointed out supervisory principles and requirements. In addition, this paper compares Lithuanian legislation related to credit institution regulation to legislation used by financially and economically developed states. Furthermore, this paper includes topic related observations provided by the experts of this field. An analysis provided by this master's paper points out an observation that certain shortcomings (limitations) originate from the regulation of supervisory authorities (institutions) responsibility and requirements for credit institution management and application of external audit. This paper points out a list of suggestions and recommendations on how to remove/avoid these shortcomings. It is established within Lithuanian legislation that damages caused by the illegal actions of the Bank of Lithuania or its employee's, which relate to the supervision of financial market, are rewarded if the injured party proves that the Bank of Lithuania or its employees were guilty of damages. Analysis provided in the paper shows that supervision of credit institutions are more efficient when losses/-damages caused by the supervisory authorities or its employees are rewarded only in cases when losses/-damages were caused with dishonest intentions (in bad faith). It should be noted that the findings of the bank audit will become more reliable and helpful to supervisory institutions for purposes of supervision, if Lithuanian legislation would set requirements pursuant to which the auditors responsible for bank audits would be required to possess specialized knowledge and competence. In addition, in order to make credit institution supervision more effective, it is necessary to establish clear-cut requirements for auditors who perform bank audits; these requirements should include a principle of professional skepticism which should be recognizable and visible in the documents provided by the auditor. Criminal liability should be established in Lithuanian legislation for bank executives who make hasty decisions which in turn lead to bank insolvency, bankruptcy – collapse. These legal acts should enable supervisory authorities to carry out effective supervision of credit institutions. Setting the appropriate supervisory requirements for the credit institutions determine the level of effectiveness of its supervision. Since the root of problems within credit unions is the passive participation of the union managing members, it is of utmost importance to establish clearly

Confidentiality of personal health information is an important value which is protected by The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania and other laws. However, the right to confidentiality is not recognized as absolute in the doctrine of law, legislation and legal cases. When there is the restriction of confidentiality of personal health information, it is necessary to emphasize the principle of necessity to protect a legitimate target which is necessary in a democratic society. It is important to notice that every restriction must be provided at the level of a piece of legislation. In the paper there is analyzed and evaluated the cases of the disclosure of personal health information to third parties, identified violations and made recommendations what legislative measures should be implemented to ensure the patient's right to private life. In the paper there has set the following objectives: to analyze the current situation in Lithuania what there is the regulation of the patient's right to privacy; to present the practice of different countries about patient's right to privacy; to carry out a theoretical analysis by comparing the various scientific researches on the personal health privacy; to determine what is the restrictions for the principle of medical confidentiality; to identify privacy problems while disclosing personal health information; to reveal when information is disclosed in accordance or compliance with the principle of proportionality. In the paper there are formulated two hypotheses. H1 – in the case of Lithuania, disclosing personal health information to insurance companies without the consent of the patient there is violated the patient's right to privacy. H2 – in the case of Lithuania, disclosing information about the student's health to training institutions (schools) there is violated the student's right to privacy. After all researches and analysis both hypotheses are irrefutable. To achieve the purpose of the paper and test hypotheses there is used the following research methods: systematic analysis – investigating the relationship between law and the ethical, moral and policy guidelines; comparative – juxtaposing scientific opinions and experiences of different countries; law (legislation) analysis – introducing with the legal environment, presenting limitation of the scope of medical confidentiality; legal case analysis – explaining the law, giving examples of violating the law; summative – structuring the material, giving insights of the author. There is lots of laws which somehow is connected with right to privacy and disclosure of personal health information. There is some main in this area. The European Convention on Human Rights tries to find balance between respecting the public interest and fundamental rights of the individual. The Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine provides that everyone has the right to respect for private life in relation to information about his or her health. Lithuanian legislator was one of the first in the Europe who regulated the patient's rights by consolidating one legal act – the Law on the Rights of Patients and Compensation of the Damage where is established that all information about the patient being in health care institution, his health status, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment, as well as any other personal information about the patient, should be kept confidential. In Lithuanian law there are described cases when the principle of medical confidentiality may be limited and information about a person's health status may be disclosed without the patient's consent: if disclosure is needed to health care provider for medical purposes; if minor is under 16 years old, health information is disclosed to his parents (but there can be exceptions); if it is needed to contact a relative of an injured; to eliminate or reduce a significant risk of serious bodily harm to another person or the public; for legal representatives; if a court or other public authorities requires to disclose health information; if health care institution gives information about patient's health to its insurance company (author doesn't agree with last regulation). It is not always clear when disclosure is lawful and when unlawful. It also depends on the country and its value system. European Court of Human Rights in a case related to the \"necessity\" or \"restrictive\" terms often applies the margin of appreciation doctrine. It should be noted that in some countries, patient's privacy issues are regulated more strictly, and in some other countries, patient's privacy issues are regulated more softly. The patient's private life is violated not only when information about the health status is disclosed illegally in violation of laws and regulations, but also if the legislature ultra vires passes laws that are contrary to the Constitutions and international agreements. In the paper there is presented proposal to change the Law on the Rights of Patients and Compensation of the Damage and prevent the health care institutions to disclose personal health information to their insurance companies without the consent of the patient. The main argument to support this proposal is the lack of legitimate target (national security; public safety; economic well-being of the country; prevention of disorder or crime; protection of health or morals; protection of the rights and freedoms of others) for this kind of regulation. One more proposal is to change the form of the Child Health Certificate which is approved by the Minister of Health. The main argument to support this proposal is the violation of the principle of proportionality and the excess information of the content. It is not necessary to name the exact disease because teachers are not competent to evaluate this information. It would be enough to write conclusion what child can or cannot do, and recommendations for teacher what first aid measures should be made on the basis of the child's illness (not disclosing exact disease).

The relationship between the citizen and the state in most European states is no longer understood in terms of preservation of states power, but focused on the protection of citizen rights again abuse by the state. In these latter years efforts of society to protect its rights and interests are very appreciable: various non-governmental organizations, activity groups are formed to strive to participate in enactment of decisions in public sector by administrative authorities, to have an opportunity to test the legality and transparency of these decisions and administrative procedures, to appeal the decision and so on. More and more attention is given not only to protection of private person against abuse by administrative authorities, but to protection of public interest – rights and freedoms that are essentially significant, necessary and valuable to the society. Establishment of community organizations or community centers is here a new process, just recently started in Lithuania, but nowadays getting intense – more and more community organizations are formed as in urban, so in the rural territories. There is no one act to regulate basic principles in formatting community organizations as well as carrying on its activities, legal personality, rights and responsibilities and other essential questions, so there comes some obscurities, ambiguities and concepts complexities about community organizations and community. Recognizing community as people, living in certain territory and united by common needs and interests, and community organization as a legal personality, non-governmental organization, established to protect and secure fundamental rights and freedoms as public interest, common not only to concrete community, bus to society as well, it is possible to see a community organization as an instrument to meet wholes communities requirements, but that relation needs separate examination. This work is intended to consider a question, as if community organization is a subject accord the Lithuanian Law on Administrative Proceedings to plead public interests, has it right to initiate judicial review on administration acts if those violates public interest. As to public interests, there is no perfect definition about what this concept involves in a legal sense. As in most states, so in Lithuania, explanation and definition of public interest is left for courts, therefore in every case court has to evaluate – is disputed interest significant, necessary and valuable to the society or just for a one subject. The conception of public interest is very complicated, because it can be considered in several aspects (for example: majority, common interest, benefit, process and other), so courts just set a criteria to evaluate the interest in every case individually and explain, what aspects in concrete situations should be concerned. The Lithuanian Law on Administrative Proceedings provides a list of persons who/which can plead public interests if a statute, regulating specific sector, directly intends him/it that right. In cases rising out of public interests infringements, complainant does not need to meet direct interest test, because direct interest can only originate when administrative decisions directly affect just one individual and his subjective rights or interests protected by rule of law. Seeking to avoid many unreasonable and populist appeals, legislator set restriction, that only persons given right to appeal in the Law's on Administrative Proceedings article 5 section 3 subsection 3 and article 56 section 1, as well as in the special laws, regulating certain fields relating with a certain case, and only in the cases, provided by laws, when public interests infringed. Non-governmental organizations also have a right to appeal public interests infringement provided by the Law on Administrative Proceedings, so community organization, as a non-governmental organization, have that right as well. That conclusion is reached after analyzing relevant jurisprudence, significant statutes and case-law. Relevant United Nations documents and European Union treaties, resolutions and recommendations were analyzed in the scope, relevant to the issue of this work. Summarizing is that as other fundamental rights and freedom, right to effective remedy – judicial review – should be grant to every natural or legal person in respect of administrative acts that directly affect their rights or interests. As to protecting public interests, Council of Europe recommends states members to examine whether access to judicial review should not also be opened to associations or other persons and bodies empowered to protect collective or community interests (Recommendation to member states on judicial review of administrative acts). It should be mentioned, that these international or EU documents sets only rule of law, while leaving procedure questions to states members competence. Council of Europe also set Recommendation to member states on the legal status of non-governmental organizations in Europe, where states basic principals in formatting and managing non-governmental organizations: fundamental characteristics are: non-governmental organizations are self-governing bodies or organizations established to pursue essentially non-profit-making objectives of their founders or members; comes into being through the initiative of individuals or groups of persons; any act or omission by a governmental organ affecting an non-governmental organization should be subject to administrative review and be open to challenge in an independent and impartial court with full jurisdiction and so on. These provisions are relevant, because community organizations in Lithuania are non-governmental organizations, regulated by the Law of Associations, so these principles are and must be followed. Taking into account all said, in seeking to grant effective remedy to citizens against abuse by administrative authorities, Lithuania while setting some criteria to avoid of mass unreasonable populist appeals, should consider to examine possibility to open wider access to judicial review of administrative acts in relation with public interests to associations or other empowered non-governmental organizations and correct statutes and laws regulating public interests sectors by providing non-governmental organizations such right in environment protection, constructional licenses issuance, consumers rights and others public areas.

The relationship between the citizen and the state in most European states is no longer understood in terms of preservation of states power, but focused on the protection of citizen rights again abuse by the state. In these latter years efforts of society to protect its rights and interests are very appreciable: various non-governmental organizations, activity groups are formed to strive to participate in enactment of decisions in public sector by administrative authorities, to have an opportunity to test the legality and transparency of these decisions and administrative procedures, to appeal the decision and so on. More and more attention is given not only to protection of private person against abuse by administrative authorities, but to protection of public interest – rights and freedoms that are essentially significant, necessary and valuable to the society. Establishment of community organizations or community centers is here a new process, just recently started in Lithuania, but nowadays getting intense – more and more community organizations are formed as in urban, so in the rural territories. There is no one act to regulate basic principles in formatting community organizations as well as carrying on its activities, legal personality, rights and responsibilities and other essential questions, so there comes some obscurities, ambiguities and concepts complexities about community organizations and community. Recognizing community as people, living in certain territory and united by common needs and interests, and community organization as a legal personality, non-governmental organization, established to protect and secure fundamental rights and freedoms as public interest, common not only to concrete community, bus to society as well, it is possible to see a community organization as an instrument to meet wholes communities requirements, but that relation needs separate examination. This work is intended to consider a question, as if community organization is a subject accord the Lithuanian Law on Administrative Proceedings to plead public interests, has it right to initiate judicial review on administration acts if those violates public interest. As to public interests, there is no perfect definition about what this concept involves in a legal sense. As in most states, so in Lithuania, explanation and definition of public interest is left for courts, therefore in every case court has to evaluate – is disputed interest significant, necessary and valuable to the society or just for a one subject. The conception of public interest is very complicated, because it can be considered in several aspects (for example: majority, common interest, benefit, process and other), so courts just set a criteria to evaluate the interest in every case individually and explain, what aspects in concrete situations should be concerned. The Lithuanian Law on Administrative Proceedings provides a list of persons who/which can plead public interests if a statute, regulating specific sector, directly intends him/it that right. In cases rising out of public interests infringements, complainant does not need to meet direct interest test, because direct interest can only originate when administrative decisions directly affect just one individual and his subjective rights or interests protected by rule of law. Seeking to avoid many unreasonable and populist appeals, legislator set restriction, that only persons given right to appeal in the Law's on Administrative Proceedings article 5 section 3 subsection 3 and article 56 section 1, as well as in the special laws, regulating certain fields relating with a certain case, and only in the cases, provided by laws, when public interests infringed. Non-governmental organizations also have a right to appeal public interests infringement provided by the Law on Administrative Proceedings, so community organization, as a non-governmental organization, have that right as well. That conclusion is reached after analyzing relevant jurisprudence, significant statutes and case-law. Relevant United Nations documents and European Union treaties, resolutions and recommendations were analyzed in the scope, relevant to the issue of this work. Summarizing is that as other fundamental rights and freedom, right to effective remedy – judicial review – should be grant to every natural or legal person in respect of administrative acts that directly affect their rights or interests. As to protecting public interests, Council of Europe recommends states members to examine whether access to judicial review should not also be opened to associations or other persons and bodies empowered to protect collective or community interests (Recommendation to member states on judicial review of administrative acts). It should be mentioned, that these international or EU documents sets only rule of law, while leaving procedure questions to states members competence. Council of Europe also set Recommendation to member states on the legal status of non-governmental organizations in Europe, where states basic principals in formatting and managing non-governmental organizations: fundamental characteristics are: non-governmental organizations are self-governing bodies or organizations established to pursue essentially non-profit-making objectives of their founders or members; comes into being through the initiative of individuals or groups of persons; any act or omission by a governmental organ affecting an non-governmental organization should be subject to administrative review and be open to challenge in an independent and impartial court with full jurisdiction and so on. These provisions are relevant, because community organizations in Lithuania are non-governmental organizations, regulated by the Law of Associations, so these principles are and must be followed. Taking into account all said, in seeking to grant effective remedy to citizens against abuse by administrative authorities, Lithuania while setting some criteria to avoid of mass unreasonable populist appeals, should consider to examine possibility to open wider access to judicial review of administrative acts in relation with public interests to associations or other empowered non-governmental organizations and correct statutes and laws regulating public interests sectors by providing non-governmental organizations such right in environment protection, constructional licenses issuance, consumers rights and others public areas.

The relationship between the citizen and the state in most European states is no longer understood in terms of preservation of states power, but focused on the protection of citizen rights again abuse by the state. In these latter years efforts of society to protect its rights and interests are very appreciable: various non-governmental organizations, activity groups are formed to strive to participate in enactment of decisions in public sector by administrative authorities, to have an opportunity to test the legality and transparency of these decisions and administrative procedures, to appeal the decision and so on. More and more attention is given not only to protection of private person against abuse by administrative authorities, but to protection of public interest – rights and freedoms that are essentially significant, necessary and valuable to the society. Establishment of community organizations or community centers is here a new process, just recently started in Lithuania, but nowadays getting intense – more and more community organizations are formed as in urban, so in the rural territories. There is no one act to regulate basic principles in formatting community organizations as well as carrying on its activities, legal personality, rights and responsibilities and other essential questions, so there comes some obscurities, ambiguities and concepts complexities about community organizations and community. Recognizing community as people, living in certain territory and united by common needs and interests, and community organization as a legal personality, non-governmental organization, established to protect and secure fundamental rights and freedoms as public interest, common not only to concrete community, bus to society as well, it is possible to see a community organization as an instrument to meet wholes communities requirements, but that relation needs separate examination. This work is intended to consider a question, as if community organization is a subject accord the Lithuanian Law on Administrative Proceedings to plead public interests, has it right to initiate judicial review on administration acts if those violates public interest. As to public interests, there is no perfect definition about what this concept involves in a legal sense. As in most states, so in Lithuania, explanation and definition of public interest is left for courts, therefore in every case court has to evaluate – is disputed interest significant, necessary and valuable to the society or just for a one subject. The conception of public interest is very complicated, because it can be considered in several aspects (for example: majority, common interest, benefit, process and other), so courts just set a criteria to evaluate the interest in every case individually and explain, what aspects in concrete situations should be concerned. The Lithuanian Law on Administrative Proceedings provides a list of persons who/which can plead public interests if a statute, regulating specific sector, directly intends him/it that right. In cases rising out of public interests infringements, complainant does not need to meet direct interest test, because direct interest can only originate when administrative decisions directly affect just one individual and his subjective rights or interests protected by rule of law. Seeking to avoid many unreasonable and populist appeals, legislator set restriction, that only persons given right to appeal in the Law's on Administrative Proceedings article 5 section 3 subsection 3 and article 56 section 1, as well as in the special laws, regulating certain fields relating with a certain case, and only in the cases, provided by laws, when public interests infringed. Non-governmental organizations also have a right to appeal public interests infringement provided by the Law on Administrative Proceedings, so community organization, as a non-governmental organization, have that right as well. That conclusion is reached after analyzing relevant jurisprudence, significant statutes and case-law. Relevant United Nations documents and European Union treaties, resolutions and recommendations were analyzed in the scope, relevant to the issue of this work. Summarizing is that as other fundamental rights and freedom, right to effective remedy – judicial review – should be grant to every natural or legal person in respect of administrative acts that directly affect their rights or interests. As to protecting public interests, Council of Europe recommends states members to examine whether access to judicial review should not also be opened to associations or other persons and bodies empowered to protect collective or community interests (Recommendation to member states on judicial review of administrative acts). It should be mentioned, that these international or EU documents sets only rule of law, while leaving procedure questions to states members competence. Council of Europe also set Recommendation to member states on the legal status of non-governmental organizations in Europe, where states basic principals in formatting and managing non-governmental organizations: fundamental characteristics are: non-governmental organizations are self-governing bodies or organizations established to pursue essentially non-profit-making objectives of their founders or members; comes into being through the initiative of individuals or groups of persons; any act or omission by a governmental organ affecting an non-governmental organization should be subject to administrative review and be open to challenge in an independent and impartial court with full jurisdiction and so on. These provisions are relevant, because community organizations in Lithuania are non-governmental organizations, regulated by the Law of Associations, so these principles are and must be followed. Taking into account all said, in seeking to grant effective remedy to citizens against abuse by administrative authorities, Lithuania while setting some criteria to avoid of mass unreasonable populist appeals, should consider to examine possibility to open wider access to judicial review of administrative acts in relation with public interests to associations or other empowered non-governmental organizations and correct statutes and laws regulating public interests sectors by providing non-governmental organizations such right in environment protection, constructional licenses issuance, consumers rights and others public areas.

Relevance of the research The 20th century challenged the perception of the natural stages of life, ending in old age, which is normatively determined in connection with weakness and death. Modern demographic shift to population ageing and economic challenges to individuals, their families and states dictate the need to revise what are considered as the norms of age and to reinterpret the concepts of 'old age' and 'ageing'. Since the category of old age is not strictly biological, it is directly dependent on the meanings attached to this concept by society, while demographic, economic, political and other factors influence the public discourses and the very essence of ageing. At a time of astounding demographic change, social research and in particular discourse analysis are increasingly important in uncovering profound understanding of social processes and challenging areas. Researchers note that the structure of the global population has never changed so quickly in the history of mankind, especially in developed countries (Harper, 2014; Bloom, Mitgang & Osher, 2016). Significant quality changes in the life of a modern person allow them to retire full of energy and having financial opportunities to continue their life path and engage in their desired activities. These changes made it possible to identify a special concept for this reinterpreted period of life: the 'third age' (Laslett, 1989, p. 3) and even 'fourth age' (Higgs and Gilleard 2021). An optimistic view on the changed realities and mature age encourages many initiatives at the international and regional level to activate older people and ensure their full social inclusion. Furthermore, the 'activation' of older people is on the agenda of national and regional authorities, along with the task of studying the needs of the older population and possible barriers to social inclusion (Johnson & Falkingham, 1992; Lloyd-Sherlock, 2010; Stirling, 2010; WHO, 2010). The needs, as well as the issues and challenges of older people have become the object of rethinking for researchers and policy-makers of prosperous countries (WHO, 1982; UN, 2002, 2020); however, the increasing burden on the economies of states pushes politicians to consider this issue through the lens of the needs of a society in general and state budgets in particular. This is especially true in countries where demographic trends keep up with those of developed countries, but economic and political development is noticeably lagging behind (Martin & Kinsella, 1994; Mason, 2005; Mason & Lee, 2006). Policy incentives are adapted to extending working lives and to decrease early withdrawal from the labour market by offering additional bonuses for deferred pensions or even by raising the retirement age. Such changes are accompanied by rhetoric of usefulness for society and the individual: 'Active ageing is about helping older people to stay in work and share their experience. It is about them continuing to play an active role in society and living as healthy, independent and fulfilling lives as possible' (Eurofond, 2012). However, global Covid-19 pandemic showed the highest rate of death has been reported among old age people, and by this it highlights peculiar vulnerability of older citizens, their special needs and the relevance of discussions about old age as a category: 'later life has become a more actively constructed social space' (Higgs & Gilleard, 2021). Even before the Covid-19 pandemic, critical opinions about the concept of 'active ageing' were widening in sociological science; this did not prevent policymakers from continuing to actively promote and popularise it, shaping local social policies towards older people and causing changes in the perception of old age people and old age in society. Since the borrowing of such concepts by politicians and economists often occurs without attention to critical discourse and academic discussion, local discourse tends to neglect the variability of interpretations and considers only a part of the spectrum, setting the tone and securing a convenient interpretation. The very verbalisation of discrepancies and contradictions is the first step towards their further research with the help of large-scale quantitative sociological studies, as well as to the search for the solutions. Therefore, it seems extremely important in the current Belarusian socio-political situation the idea of studying discourse to discover crucial current and potential social issues. The concept of 'active ageing' was developed in Europe before the very first World Assembly on Ageing in Vienna in 1982, nevertheless the spread of 'active ageing'2 discourse in modern Belarusian realities is not accidental: negative economic and demographic trends (a decrease in the share of the working-age population and in revenues to the pension fund with a simultaneous decrease in GDP and an increase in inflation) in the region are becoming increasingly challenging for the state. The share of older people in the Belarusian population is growing, and the problem of the nation's ageing is becoming more and more obvious. Current UN forecasts (UN, 2019) suggest that while the population of Belarus will decrease, the old-age dependency ratio (the number of people over 65 per 100 working-age people) will almost double from 43 in 2015 to 82 in 2050 (Lisenkova & Bornukova, 2017). Striving to maintain its economy, Belarus is currently reforming the pension system. It was during this period that officials introduced and popularised the concept of 'active ageing', whose exact definition, however, has not yet been proposed. It was stated that the concept had to be developed by the end of 2019 along with 'The National Strategy for Senior Citizens' (its original name was 'The National Strategy for Active Longevity'). However, the concept of 'active ageing' is used in discussions about the need to rethink the concept of 'old age' in modern Belarusian discourse. The justification was based on economic factors, but no large-scale sociological research or analysis of public opinion had been conducted prior to the reform, neither had a broad public discussion been organised on this topic.

Relevance of the research The 20th century challenged the perception of the natural stages of life, ending in old age, which is normatively determined in connection with weakness and death. Modern demographic shift to population ageing and economic challenges to individuals, their families and states dictate the need to revise what are considered as the norms of age and to reinterpret the concepts of 'old age' and 'ageing'. Since the category of old age is not strictly biological, it is directly dependent on the meanings attached to this concept by society, while demographic, economic, political and other factors influence the public discourses and the very essence of ageing. At a time of astounding demographic change, social research and in particular discourse analysis are increasingly important in uncovering profound understanding of social processes and challenging areas. Researchers note that the structure of the global population has never changed so quickly in the history of mankind, especially in developed countries (Harper, 2014; Bloom, Mitgang & Osher, 2016). Significant quality changes in the life of a modern person allow them to retire full of energy and having financial opportunities to continue their life path and engage in their desired activities. These changes made it possible to identify a special concept for this reinterpreted period of life: the 'third age' (Laslett, 1989, p. 3) and even 'fourth age' (Higgs and Gilleard 2021). An optimistic view on the changed realities and mature age encourages many initiatives at the international and regional level to activate older people and ensure their full social inclusion. Furthermore, the 'activation' of older people is on the agenda of national and regional authorities, along with the task of studying the needs of the older population and possible barriers to social inclusion (Johnson & Falkingham, 1992; Lloyd-Sherlock, 2010; Stirling, 2010; WHO, 2010). The needs, as well as the issues and challenges of older people have become the object of rethinking for researchers and policy-makers of prosperous countries (WHO, 1982; UN, 2002, 2020); however, the increasing burden on the economies of states pushes politicians to consider this issue through the lens of the needs of a society in general and state budgets in particular. This is especially true in countries where demographic trends keep up with those of developed countries, but economic and political development is noticeably lagging behind (Martin & Kinsella, 1994; Mason, 2005; Mason & Lee, 2006). Policy incentives are adapted to extending working lives and to decrease early withdrawal from the labour market by offering additional bonuses for deferred pensions or even by raising the retirement age. Such changes are accompanied by rhetoric of usefulness for society and the individual: 'Active ageing is about helping older people to stay in work and share their experience. It is about them continuing to play an active role in society and living as healthy, independent and fulfilling lives as possible' (Eurofond, 2012). However, global Covid-19 pandemic showed the highest rate of death has been reported among old age people, and by this it highlights peculiar vulnerability of older citizens, their special needs and the relevance of discussions about old age as a category: 'later life has become a more actively constructed social space' (Higgs & Gilleard, 2021). Even before the Covid-19 pandemic, critical opinions about the concept of 'active ageing' were widening in sociological science; this did not prevent policymakers from continuing to actively promote and popularise it, shaping local social policies towards older people and causing changes in the perception of old age people and old age in society. Since the borrowing of such concepts by politicians and economists often occurs without attention to critical discourse and academic discussion, local discourse tends to neglect the variability of interpretations and considers only a part of the spectrum, setting the tone and securing a convenient interpretation. The very verbalisation of discrepancies and contradictions is the first step towards their further research with the help of large-scale quantitative sociological studies, as well as to the search for the solutions. Therefore, it seems extremely important in the current Belarusian socio-political situation the idea of studying discourse to discover crucial current and potential social issues. The concept of 'active ageing' was developed in Europe before the very first World Assembly on Ageing in Vienna in 1982, nevertheless the spread of 'active ageing'2 discourse in modern Belarusian realities is not accidental: negative economic and demographic trends (a decrease in the share of the working-age population and in revenues to the pension fund with a simultaneous decrease in GDP and an increase in inflation) in the region are becoming increasingly challenging for the state. The share of older people in the Belarusian population is growing, and the problem of the nation's ageing is becoming more and more obvious. Current UN forecasts (UN, 2019) suggest that while the population of Belarus will decrease, the old-age dependency ratio (the number of people over 65 per 100 working-age people) will almost double from 43 in 2015 to 82 in 2050 (Lisenkova & Bornukova, 2017). Striving to maintain its economy, Belarus is currently reforming the pension system. It was during this period that officials introduced and popularised the concept of 'active ageing', whose exact definition, however, has not yet been proposed. It was stated that the concept had to be developed by the end of 2019 along with 'The National Strategy for Senior Citizens' (its original name was 'The National Strategy for Active Longevity'). However, the concept of 'active ageing' is used in discussions about the need to rethink the concept of 'old age' in modern Belarusian discourse. The justification was based on economic factors, but no large-scale sociological research or analysis of public opinion had been conducted prior to the reform, neither had a broad public discussion been organised on this topic.

Factoring is a fairly new way for Russia to finance the accounts payable and receivable of business structures by specialized companies or credit institutions and their divisions (Factors) against the assignment of claims against one of the parties (buyer or seller) of a sale and purchase transaction of products or property to a third party (Factor) is currently developing at a high pace. On average, according to sample data for 2011 -2019 the annual growth rate of the volumes of financing of accounts payable and receivable of companies in Russia due to factoring operations increased by 20%, which in absolute terms amounted to 303.3 billion rubles, and reached by 2019 - 3.5 trillion rubles.However, there is still no established definition of this economic category in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. In the scientific and educational foreign and domestic literature there are somewhat contradictory interpretations of the classifications of the types of factoring, there is no legislatively established system of statistical indicators characterizing this segment of the financial intermediation services market. The lack of a developed regulatory framework for regulating relations in this market segment slows down its development, necessitates improving both Russian legislation and methodological support for a comprehensive statistical analysis of the state and development of this market segment. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to develop a methodology for a comprehensive statistical analysis of the market segment of financial intermediation services, to determine the prevailing sectoral, territorial and types of proportions related to the scale of business of the parties to the factoring agreement in this market segment using the statistical methodology for analyzing the series of dynamics and attributive groupings of the main indicators characterizing the state and development of the Russian factoring market. Based on the theoretical analysis, the author's interpretation of the content of the economic category "factoring" is given, a system of indicators is proposed that characterizes factoring as a type of financial intermediation services (object of research), based on the development of the Association of factoring companies, Rosstat, expert agencies (for example, "Expert RA"); the features of the formation of statistical groupings (series: attributive, variation, dynamics) for various purposes of analyzing the market of factoring services are revealed, the author's method of complex statistical analysis of any segment of the financial intermediation services market, which is the subject of research, is presented. The results of approbation of the methodology for a comprehensive statistical analysis of the Russian factoring market based on sample data for 2011 – 2019 are presented, conclusions are drawn about the dynamics of the main indicators of the factoring market development, structural shifts and changes in proportions in this market segment, a forecast of expected changes in the Russian factoring market for 2021 is made, incl. and influenced by the Covid-19 pandemic.The results of this study are aimed at developing a methodology for a comprehensive statistical analysis of factoring as a segment of the financial intermediation services market, including for the purposes of international comparisons of indicators of the state and development of the Factors and their clients.They can be useful to the professional community of factoring companies (Factors), business structures - consumers of factoring services, and also be used in educational activities in the preparation of financial specialists in economic universities of the country. ; Факторинг достаточно новый для России способ финансирования специализированными компаниями или кредитными учреждениями и их подразделениями (Факторами) кредиторской и дебиторской задолженностей бизнес-структур под уступку ими прав требований к одной из сторон (покупатель или продавец) сделки «купли-продажи» продукции или имущества третьей стороне (Фактору) развивается в настоящее время высокими темпами. В среднем по выборочным данным за 2011–2019 гг. ежегодный темп прироста объемов финансирования кредиторских и дебиторских задолженностей компаний в России за счет факторинговых операций возрастал на 20%, что в абсолютном выражении составляло 303,3млрд руб., и достиг к 2019 году 3,5 трлн руб.Однако, до сих пор в Гражданском кодексе РФ нет сложившегося определения данной экономической категории. В научной и учебной иностранной и отечественной литературе есть несколько противоречивые толкования классификаций видов факторинга, нет законодательно установленной системы статистических показателей, характеризующей данный сегмент рынка услуг финансового посредничества. Отсутствие развитой нормативно-правовой базы регулирования отношений на данном сегменте рынка тормозит его развитие, вызывает необходимость совершенствования и российского законодательства, и методологического обеспечения комплексного статистического анализа состояния и развития данного сегмента рынка.В связи с этим целью настоящего исследования является разработка методики комплексного статистического анализа сегмента рынка услуг финансового посредничества, определение сложившихся видовых, отраслевых, территориальных, связанных с масштабом бизнеса участников договора факторинга пропорций на данном сегменте рынка с помощью статистической методологии анализа рядов динамики и атрибутивных группировок основных показателей, характеризующих состояние и развитие российского рынка факторинга. На основании проведенного теоретического анализа дана авторская трактовка содержания экономической категории «факторинг», предложена система показателей, характеризующих факторинг как вид услуг финансового посредничества (объект исследования), опирающаяся на разработки Ассоциации факторинговых компаний, Росстата, экспертных агентств (например, «Эксперт РА»); выявлены особенности формирования статистических группировок (рядов: атрибутивных, вариационных, динамики) для различных целей анализа рынка услуг факторинга, представлена авторская методика комплексного статистического анализа любого сегмента рынка услуг финансового посредничества, составляющая предмет исследования. Приведены результаты апробации методики комплексного статистического анализа российского рынка факторинга по выборочным данным за 2011–2019 гг., сделаны выводы о динамике основных показателей развития рынка факторинга, о структурных сдвигах и изменениях пропорций на данном сегменте рынка, построен прогноз ожидаемых изменений на рынке факторинга России на 2021 год, в т.ч. и под влиянием пандемии Covid-19. Результаты данного исследования направлены на разработку методологии комплексного статистического анализа факторинга как сегмента рынка услуг финансового посредничества, в т. ч. и для целей международных сопоставлений показателей состояния и развития деятельности Факторов и их клиентов.Они могут быть полезны профессиональному сообществу факторинговых компаний (Факторов), бизнес-структурам – потребителям услуг факторинга, а также использоваться в образовательной деятельности при подготовке специалистов финансового профиля в экономических вузах страны.

Relevance of the research The 20th century challenged the perception of the natural stages of life, ending in old age, which is normatively determined in connection with weakness and death. Modern demographic shift to population ageing and economic challenges to individuals, their families and states dictate the need to revise what are considered as the norms of age and to reinterpret the concepts of 'old age' and 'ageing'. Since the category of old age is not strictly biological, it is directly dependent on the meanings attached to this concept by society, while demographic, economic, political and other factors influence the public discourses and the very essence of ageing. At a time of astounding demographic change, social research and in particular discourse analysis are increasingly important in uncovering profound understanding of social processes and challenging areas. Researchers note that the structure of the global population has never changed so quickly in the history of mankind, especially in developed countries (Harper, 2014; Bloom, Mitgang & Osher, 2016). Significant quality changes in the life of a modern person allow them to retire full of energy and having financial opportunities to continue their life path and engage in their desired activities. These changes made it possible to identify a special concept for this reinterpreted period of life: the 'third age' (Laslett, 1989, p. 3) and even 'fourth age' (Higgs and Gilleard 2021). An optimistic view on the changed realities and mature age encourages many initiatives at the international and regional level to activate older people and ensure their full social inclusion. Furthermore, the 'activation' of older people is on the agenda of national and regional authorities, along with the task of studying the needs of the older population and possible barriers to social inclusion (Johnson & Falkingham, 1992; Lloyd-Sherlock, 2010; Stirling, 2010; WHO, 2010). The needs, as well as the issues and challenges of older people have become the object of rethinking for researchers and policy-makers of prosperous countries (WHO, 1982; UN, 2002, 2020); however, the increasing burden on the economies of states pushes politicians to consider this issue through the lens of the needs of a society in general and state budgets in particular. This is especially true in countries where demographic trends keep up with those of developed countries, but economic and political development is noticeably lagging behind (Martin & Kinsella, 1994; Mason, 2005; Mason & Lee, 2006). Policy incentives are adapted to extending working lives and to decrease early withdrawal from the labour market by offering additional bonuses for deferred pensions or even by raising the retirement age. Such changes are accompanied by rhetoric of usefulness for society and the individual: 'Active ageing is about helping older people to stay in work and share their experience. It is about them continuing to play an active role in society and living as healthy, independent and fulfilling lives as possible' (Eurofond, 2012). However, global Covid-19 pandemic showed the highest rate of death has been reported among old age people, and by this it highlights peculiar vulnerability of older citizens, their special needs and the relevance of discussions about old age as a category: 'later life has become a more actively constructed social space' (Higgs & Gilleard, 2021). Even before the Covid-19 pandemic, critical opinions about the concept of 'active ageing' were widening in sociological science; this did not prevent policymakers from continuing to actively promote and popularise it, shaping local social policies towards older people and causing changes in the perception of old age people and old age in society. Since the borrowing of such concepts by politicians and economists often occurs without attention to critical discourse and academic discussion, local discourse tends to neglect the variability of interpretations and considers only a part of the spectrum, setting the tone and securing a convenient interpretation. The very verbalisation of discrepancies and contradictions is the first step towards their further research with the help of large-scale quantitative sociological studies, as well as to the search for the solutions. Therefore, it seems extremely important in the current Belarusian socio-political situation the idea of studying discourse to discover crucial current and potential social issues. The concept of 'active ageing' was developed in Europe before the very first World Assembly on Ageing in Vienna in 1982, nevertheless the spread of 'active ageing'2 discourse in modern Belarusian realities is not accidental: negative economic and demographic trends (a decrease in the share of the working-age population and in revenues to the pension fund with a simultaneous decrease in GDP and an increase in inflation) in the region are becoming increasingly challenging for the state. The share of older people in the Belarusian population is growing, and the problem of the nation's ageing is becoming more and more obvious. Current UN forecasts (UN, 2019) suggest that while the population of Belarus will decrease, the old-age dependency ratio (the number of people over 65 per 100 working-age people) will almost double from 43 in 2015 to 82 in 2050 (Lisenkova & Bornukova, 2017). Striving to maintain its economy, Belarus is currently reforming the pension system. It was during this period that officials introduced and popularised the concept of 'active ageing', whose exact definition, however, has not yet been proposed. It was stated that the concept had to be developed by the end of 2019 along with 'The National Strategy for Senior Citizens' (its original name was 'The National Strategy for Active Longevity'). However, the concept of 'active ageing' is used in discussions about the need to rethink the concept of 'old age' in modern Belarusian discourse. The justification was based on economic factors, but no large-scale sociological research or analysis of public opinion had been conducted prior to the reform, neither had a broad public discussion been organised on this topic.

Relevance of the research The 20th century challenged the perception of the natural stages of life, ending in old age, which is normatively determined in connection with weakness and death. Modern demographic shift to population ageing and economic challenges to individuals, their families and states dictate the need to revise what are considered as the norms of age and to reinterpret the concepts of 'old age' and 'ageing'. Since the category of old age is not strictly biological, it is directly dependent on the meanings attached to this concept by society, while demographic, economic, political and other factors influence the public discourses and the very essence of ageing. At a time of astounding demographic change, social research and in particular discourse analysis are increasingly important in uncovering profound understanding of social processes and challenging areas. Researchers note that the structure of the global population has never changed so quickly in the history of mankind, especially in developed countries (Harper, 2014; Bloom, Mitgang & Osher, 2016). Significant quality changes in the life of a modern person allow them to retire full of energy and having financial opportunities to continue their life path and engage in their desired activities. These changes made it possible to identify a special concept for this reinterpreted period of life: the 'third age' (Laslett, 1989, p. 3) and even 'fourth age' (Higgs and Gilleard 2021). An optimistic view on the changed realities and mature age encourages many initiatives at the international and regional level to activate older people and ensure their full social inclusion. Furthermore, the 'activation' of older people is on the agenda of national and regional authorities, along with the task of studying the needs of the older population and possible barriers to social inclusion (Johnson & Falkingham, 1992; Lloyd-Sherlock, 2010; Stirling, 2010; WHO, 2010). The needs, as well as the issues and challenges of older people have become the object of rethinking for researchers and policy-makers of prosperous countries (WHO, 1982; UN, 2002, 2020); however, the increasing burden on the economies of states pushes politicians to consider this issue through the lens of the needs of a society in general and state budgets in particular. This is especially true in countries where demographic trends keep up with those of developed countries, but economic and political development is noticeably lagging behind (Martin & Kinsella, 1994; Mason, 2005; Mason & Lee, 2006). Policy incentives are adapted to extending working lives and to decrease early withdrawal from the labour market by offering additional bonuses for deferred pensions or even by raising the retirement age. Such changes are accompanied by rhetoric of usefulness for society and the individual: 'Active ageing is about helping older people to stay in work and share their experience. It is about them continuing to play an active role in society and living as healthy, independent and fulfilling lives as possible' (Eurofond, 2012). However, global Covid-19 pandemic showed the highest rate of death has been reported among old age people, and by this it highlights peculiar vulnerability of older citizens, their special needs and the relevance of discussions about old age as a category: 'later life has become a more actively constructed social space' (Higgs & Gilleard, 2021). Even before the Covid-19 pandemic, critical opinions about the concept of 'active ageing' were widening in sociological science; this did not prevent policymakers from continuing to actively promote and popularise it, shaping local social policies towards older people and causing changes in the perception of old age people and old age in society. Since the borrowing of such concepts by politicians and economists often occurs without attention to critical discourse and academic discussion, local discourse tends to neglect the variability of interpretations and considers only a part of the spectrum, setting the tone and securing a convenient interpretation. The very verbalisation of discrepancies and contradictions is the first step towards their further research with the help of large-scale quantitative sociological studies, as well as to the search for the solutions. Therefore, it seems extremely important in the current Belarusian socio-political situation the idea of studying discourse to discover crucial current and potential social issues. The concept of 'active ageing' was developed in Europe before the very first World Assembly on Ageing in Vienna in 1982, nevertheless the spread of 'active ageing'2 discourse in modern Belarusian realities is not accidental: negative economic and demographic trends (a decrease in the share of the working-age population and in revenues to the pension fund with a simultaneous decrease in GDP and an increase in inflation) in the region are becoming increasingly challenging for the state. The share of older people in the Belarusian population is growing, and the problem of the nation's ageing is becoming more and more obvious. Current UN forecasts (UN, 2019) suggest that while the population of Belarus will decrease, the old-age dependency ratio (the number of people over 65 per 100 working-age people) will almost double from 43 in 2015 to 82 in 2050 (Lisenkova & Bornukova, 2017). Striving to maintain its economy, Belarus is currently reforming the pension system. It was during this period that officials introduced and popularised the concept of 'active ageing', whose exact definition, however, has not yet been proposed. It was stated that the concept had to be developed by the end of 2019 along with 'The National Strategy for Senior Citizens' (its original name was 'The National Strategy for Active Longevity'). However, the concept of 'active ageing' is used in discussions about the need to rethink the concept of 'old age' in modern Belarusian discourse. The justification was based on economic factors, but no large-scale sociological research or analysis of public opinion had been conducted prior to the reform, neither had a broad public discussion been organised on this topic.

Taking into account the improvement of various forms and methods of copyright infringement in modern high-tech conditions of the development of society, which tends to globalize and taking into account the ineffective system of counteracting this negative process in Ukraine, the problem under consideration today acquires additional relevance for our state. In Ukraine, in recent years, unfortunately, there has been a tendency toward an increase in the number and variety of copyright violations, in particular piracy and plagiarism. Also, it has not been declining for many years and remains one of the highest in the world the level of copyright infringement in the Internet. In accordance with the latest report of the International Intellectual Property Alliance, Ukraine continues to "export piracy, especially digital, to EU countries, as well as other neighboring countries in the region". The article is devoted to the study of problems in the implementation of copyright protection in the Internet. The author highlighted the changes in the current legislation of Ukraine on this issue, and also briefly described the shortcomings in the procedure for resolving disputes and complaints of the author, whose rights were violated, in the system of participants providing Internet resources and in court. In accordance with the legislation of Ukraine, for copyright infringement, criminal liability is provided along with civil and administrative. It was established that the government and relevant institutions are taking certain steps to improve work in this direction, which, unfortunately, remain ineffective. For example, the legislator for some reason did not seize the opportunity to eliminate other errors in the wording of Art. 176 of the Criminal Code, which Koval A.M. is considering in his work on criminal liability for violations of copyright and related rights. Although, at the same time, the articles of the Criminal Code, Code of Civil Procedure, Code of Commercial Procedure made significant amendments and additions that positively affect copyright protection. It should be understood that increasing the efficiency of resolving the complex problem of copyright infringement in Ukraine depends on the development and implementation of a unified state strategy, within the framework of which a combination of systemic and coordinated efforts of specialists in the legislative, scientific, intellectual, law enforcement and public administration spheres should occur. ; Принимая во внимание улучшение разнообразных форм и способов нарушения авторского права в современных высокотехнологических условиях развития общества, что имеет тенденцию к глобализации, и учитывая малоэффективную систему противодействия этому негативному процессу в Украине, рассматриваемая проблема сегодня приобретает для нашего государства дополнительную актуальность. В Украине в последние годы, к сожалению, имеет место тенденция роста количества и разнообразия нарушений авторского права, в частности пиратство и плагиат. Также не снижается уже на протяжении многих лет и остается одним из наиболее высоких в мире уровень нарушения имущественных авторских прав в сети Интернет. В соответствии с последним отчетом Международного альянса интеллектуальной собственности Украина продолжает «экспортировать пиратство, особенно цифровое, в страны ЕС, а также другие соседние страны в регионе». Статья посвящена изучению проблем при осуществлении защиты авторских прав в сети Интернет. Автор осветил изменения в действующем законодательстве Украины по этому вопросу, а также кратко охарактеризовал недостатки в процедуре рассмотрения споров и жалоб автора, чьи права были нарушены, в системе участников предоставления интернет-ресурсов и в судебном порядке. В соответствии с законодательством Украины за нарушение авторского права предусмотрена наряду с гражданско-правовой и административной также уголовная ответственность. Установлено, что правительством и соответствующими институтами предпринимаются определённые шаги по улучшению работы в этом направлении, которые, к сожалению, остаются малоэффективными. Так, законодатель почему-то не воспользовался представившейся возможностью для устранения других погрешностей в формулировке ст. 176 УК, которые рассматривает А.М. Коваль в своей работе об уголовной ответственности за нарушения авторских и смежных с ним прав. Хотя при этом в статьи УК, ГПК, ХПК внесены существенные дополнения и изменения, которые позитивно влияют на защиту авторских прав. При этом следует понимать, что повышение эффективности разрешения сложной проблемы нарушений авторских прав в Украине зависит от разработки и внедрения единой государственной стратегии, в рамках которой должно произойти объединение системных и скоординированных усилий специалистов законодательной, научно-интеллектуальной, правоохранительной и государственно-управленческой сферы. ; Беручи до уваги поліпшення різноманітних форм і способів порушення авторського права в сучасних високотехнологічних умовах розвитку суспільства, що має тенденцію до глобалізації, та враховуючи малоефективну систему протидії цьому негативному процесу в Україні, ця проблема набуває для нашої держави нині набуває додаткової актуальності. Останніми роками в Україні, на жаль, має місце тенденція зростання кількості і різноманітності порушень авторського права, зокрема піратства та плагіату. Також не знижується і залишається одним із найбільш високих у світі рівень порушення майнових авторських прав у мережі Інтернет. Відповідно до останнього звіту Міжнародного альянсу інтелектуальної власності Україна продовжує «експортувати піратство, особливо цифрове, до країн ЄС, а також інших сусідніх країн у регіоні». Стаття присвячена вивченню проблем при здійсненні захисту авторських прав в мережі Інтернет. Автор висвітлив зміни в чинному законодавстві України з цього питання, а також коротко охарактеризував недоліки в процедурі розгляду спорів і скарг автора, чиї права були порушені, в системі учасників надання інтернет-ресурсів і в судовому порядку. Відповідно до законодавства України за порушення авторського права передбачена поряд із цивільно-правовою та адміністративною також кримінальна відповідальність. Встановлено, що урядом і відповідними інститутами робляться певні кроки щодо поліпшення роботи в цьому напрямі які, на жаль, залишаються малоефективними. Так, законодавець чомусь не скористався наданою можливістю для усунення інших похибок у формулюванні ст. 176 КК, які розглядає А.М. Коваль у своїй роботі про кримінальну відповідальність за порушення авторських та суміжних з ним прав. Хоча при цьому в статті КК, ЦПК, ГПК внесені суттєві доповнення та зміни, які позитивно впливають на захист авторських прав. При цьому слід розуміти, що підвищення ефективності вирішення складної проблеми порушень авторських прав в Україні залежить від розробки та впровадження єдиної державної стратегії, в рамках якої має відбутися об'єднання системних і скоординованих зусиль фахівців законодавчої, науково-інтелектуальної, правоохоронної та державно-управлінської сфер.