Suchergebnisse

Confidentiality of personal health information is an important value which is protected by The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania and other laws. However, the right to confidentiality is not recognized as absolute in the doctrine of law, legislation and legal cases. When there is the restriction of confidentiality of personal health information, it is necessary to emphasize the principle of necessity to protect a legitimate target which is necessary in a democratic society. It is important to notice that every restriction must be provided at the level of a piece of legislation. In the paper there is analyzed and evaluated the cases of the disclosure of personal health information to third parties, identified violations and made recommendations what legislative measures should be implemented to ensure the patient's right to private life. In the paper there has set the following objectives: to analyze the current situation in Lithuania what there is the regulation of the patient's right to privacy; to present the practice of different countries about patient's right to privacy; to carry out a theoretical analysis by comparing the various scientific researches on the personal health privacy; to determine what is the restrictions for the principle of medical confidentiality; to identify privacy problems while disclosing personal health information; to reveal when information is disclosed in accordance or compliance with the principle of proportionality. In the paper there are formulated two hypotheses. H1 – in the case of Lithuania, disclosing personal health information to insurance companies without the consent of the patient there is violated the patient's right to privacy. H2 – in the case of Lithuania, disclosing information about the student's health to training institutions (schools) there is violated the student's right to privacy. After all researches and analysis both hypotheses are irrefutable. To achieve the purpose of the paper and test hypotheses there is used the following research methods: systematic analysis – investigating the relationship between law and the ethical, moral and policy guidelines; comparative – juxtaposing scientific opinions and experiences of different countries; law (legislation) analysis – introducing with the legal environment, presenting limitation of the scope of medical confidentiality; legal case analysis – explaining the law, giving examples of violating the law; summative – structuring the material, giving insights of the author. There is lots of laws which somehow is connected with right to privacy and disclosure of personal health information. There is some main in this area. The European Convention on Human Rights tries to find balance between respecting the public interest and fundamental rights of the individual. The Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine provides that everyone has the right to respect for private life in relation to information about his or her health. Lithuanian legislator was one of the first in the Europe who regulated the patient's rights by consolidating one legal act – the Law on the Rights of Patients and Compensation of the Damage where is established that all information about the patient being in health care institution, his health status, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment, as well as any other personal information about the patient, should be kept confidential. In Lithuanian law there are described cases when the principle of medical confidentiality may be limited and information about a person's health status may be disclosed without the patient's consent: if disclosure is needed to health care provider for medical purposes; if minor is under 16 years old, health information is disclosed to his parents (but there can be exceptions); if it is needed to contact a relative of an injured; to eliminate or reduce a significant risk of serious bodily harm to another person or the public; for legal representatives; if a court or other public authorities requires to disclose health information; if health care institution gives information about patient's health to its insurance company (author doesn't agree with last regulation). It is not always clear when disclosure is lawful and when unlawful. It also depends on the country and its value system. European Court of Human Rights in a case related to the \"necessity\" or \"restrictive\" terms often applies the margin of appreciation doctrine. It should be noted that in some countries, patient's privacy issues are regulated more strictly, and in some other countries, patient's privacy issues are regulated more softly. The patient's private life is violated not only when information about the health status is disclosed illegally in violation of laws and regulations, but also if the legislature ultra vires passes laws that are contrary to the Constitutions and international agreements. In the paper there is presented proposal to change the Law on the Rights of Patients and Compensation of the Damage and prevent the health care institutions to disclose personal health information to their insurance companies without the consent of the patient. The main argument to support this proposal is the lack of legitimate target (national security; public safety; economic well-being of the country; prevention of disorder or crime; protection of health or morals; protection of the rights and freedoms of others) for this kind of regulation. One more proposal is to change the form of the Child Health Certificate which is approved by the Minister of Health. The main argument to support this proposal is the violation of the principle of proportionality and the excess information of the content. It is not necessary to name the exact disease because teachers are not competent to evaluate this information. It would be enough to write conclusion what child can or cannot do, and recommendations for teacher what first aid measures should be made on the basis of the child's illness (not disclosing exact disease).

The relationship between the citizen and the state in most European states is no longer understood in terms of preservation of states power, but focused on the protection of citizen rights again abuse by the state. In these latter years efforts of society to protect its rights and interests are very appreciable: various non-governmental organizations, activity groups are formed to strive to participate in enactment of decisions in public sector by administrative authorities, to have an opportunity to test the legality and transparency of these decisions and administrative procedures, to appeal the decision and so on. More and more attention is given not only to protection of private person against abuse by administrative authorities, but to protection of public interest – rights and freedoms that are essentially significant, necessary and valuable to the society. Establishment of community organizations or community centers is here a new process, just recently started in Lithuania, but nowadays getting intense – more and more community organizations are formed as in urban, so in the rural territories. There is no one act to regulate basic principles in formatting community organizations as well as carrying on its activities, legal personality, rights and responsibilities and other essential questions, so there comes some obscurities, ambiguities and concepts complexities about community organizations and community. Recognizing community as people, living in certain territory and united by common needs and interests, and community organization as a legal personality, non-governmental organization, established to protect and secure fundamental rights and freedoms as public interest, common not only to concrete community, bus to society as well, it is possible to see a community organization as an instrument to meet wholes communities requirements, but that relation needs separate examination. This work is intended to consider a question, as if community organization is a subject accord the Lithuanian Law on Administrative Proceedings to plead public interests, has it right to initiate judicial review on administration acts if those violates public interest. As to public interests, there is no perfect definition about what this concept involves in a legal sense. As in most states, so in Lithuania, explanation and definition of public interest is left for courts, therefore in every case court has to evaluate – is disputed interest significant, necessary and valuable to the society or just for a one subject. The conception of public interest is very complicated, because it can be considered in several aspects (for example: majority, common interest, benefit, process and other), so courts just set a criteria to evaluate the interest in every case individually and explain, what aspects in concrete situations should be concerned. The Lithuanian Law on Administrative Proceedings provides a list of persons who/which can plead public interests if a statute, regulating specific sector, directly intends him/it that right. In cases rising out of public interests infringements, complainant does not need to meet direct interest test, because direct interest can only originate when administrative decisions directly affect just one individual and his subjective rights or interests protected by rule of law. Seeking to avoid many unreasonable and populist appeals, legislator set restriction, that only persons given right to appeal in the Law's on Administrative Proceedings article 5 section 3 subsection 3 and article 56 section 1, as well as in the special laws, regulating certain fields relating with a certain case, and only in the cases, provided by laws, when public interests infringed. Non-governmental organizations also have a right to appeal public interests infringement provided by the Law on Administrative Proceedings, so community organization, as a non-governmental organization, have that right as well. That conclusion is reached after analyzing relevant jurisprudence, significant statutes and case-law. Relevant United Nations documents and European Union treaties, resolutions and recommendations were analyzed in the scope, relevant to the issue of this work. Summarizing is that as other fundamental rights and freedom, right to effective remedy – judicial review – should be grant to every natural or legal person in respect of administrative acts that directly affect their rights or interests. As to protecting public interests, Council of Europe recommends states members to examine whether access to judicial review should not also be opened to associations or other persons and bodies empowered to protect collective or community interests (Recommendation to member states on judicial review of administrative acts). It should be mentioned, that these international or EU documents sets only rule of law, while leaving procedure questions to states members competence. Council of Europe also set Recommendation to member states on the legal status of non-governmental organizations in Europe, where states basic principals in formatting and managing non-governmental organizations: fundamental characteristics are: non-governmental organizations are self-governing bodies or organizations established to pursue essentially non-profit-making objectives of their founders or members; comes into being through the initiative of individuals or groups of persons; any act or omission by a governmental organ affecting an non-governmental organization should be subject to administrative review and be open to challenge in an independent and impartial court with full jurisdiction and so on. These provisions are relevant, because community organizations in Lithuania are non-governmental organizations, regulated by the Law of Associations, so these principles are and must be followed. Taking into account all said, in seeking to grant effective remedy to citizens against abuse by administrative authorities, Lithuania while setting some criteria to avoid of mass unreasonable populist appeals, should consider to examine possibility to open wider access to judicial review of administrative acts in relation with public interests to associations or other empowered non-governmental organizations and correct statutes and laws regulating public interests sectors by providing non-governmental organizations such right in environment protection, constructional licenses issuance, consumers rights and others public areas.

The relationship between the citizen and the state in most European states is no longer understood in terms of preservation of states power, but focused on the protection of citizen rights again abuse by the state. In these latter years efforts of society to protect its rights and interests are very appreciable: various non-governmental organizations, activity groups are formed to strive to participate in enactment of decisions in public sector by administrative authorities, to have an opportunity to test the legality and transparency of these decisions and administrative procedures, to appeal the decision and so on. More and more attention is given not only to protection of private person against abuse by administrative authorities, but to protection of public interest – rights and freedoms that are essentially significant, necessary and valuable to the society. Establishment of community organizations or community centers is here a new process, just recently started in Lithuania, but nowadays getting intense – more and more community organizations are formed as in urban, so in the rural territories. There is no one act to regulate basic principles in formatting community organizations as well as carrying on its activities, legal personality, rights and responsibilities and other essential questions, so there comes some obscurities, ambiguities and concepts complexities about community organizations and community. Recognizing community as people, living in certain territory and united by common needs and interests, and community organization as a legal personality, non-governmental organization, established to protect and secure fundamental rights and freedoms as public interest, common not only to concrete community, bus to society as well, it is possible to see a community organization as an instrument to meet wholes communities requirements, but that relation needs separate examination. This work is intended to consider a question, as if community organization is a subject accord the Lithuanian Law on Administrative Proceedings to plead public interests, has it right to initiate judicial review on administration acts if those violates public interest. As to public interests, there is no perfect definition about what this concept involves in a legal sense. As in most states, so in Lithuania, explanation and definition of public interest is left for courts, therefore in every case court has to evaluate – is disputed interest significant, necessary and valuable to the society or just for a one subject. The conception of public interest is very complicated, because it can be considered in several aspects (for example: majority, common interest, benefit, process and other), so courts just set a criteria to evaluate the interest in every case individually and explain, what aspects in concrete situations should be concerned. The Lithuanian Law on Administrative Proceedings provides a list of persons who/which can plead public interests if a statute, regulating specific sector, directly intends him/it that right. In cases rising out of public interests infringements, complainant does not need to meet direct interest test, because direct interest can only originate when administrative decisions directly affect just one individual and his subjective rights or interests protected by rule of law. Seeking to avoid many unreasonable and populist appeals, legislator set restriction, that only persons given right to appeal in the Law's on Administrative Proceedings article 5 section 3 subsection 3 and article 56 section 1, as well as in the special laws, regulating certain fields relating with a certain case, and only in the cases, provided by laws, when public interests infringed. Non-governmental organizations also have a right to appeal public interests infringement provided by the Law on Administrative Proceedings, so community organization, as a non-governmental organization, have that right as well. That conclusion is reached after analyzing relevant jurisprudence, significant statutes and case-law. Relevant United Nations documents and European Union treaties, resolutions and recommendations were analyzed in the scope, relevant to the issue of this work. Summarizing is that as other fundamental rights and freedom, right to effective remedy – judicial review – should be grant to every natural or legal person in respect of administrative acts that directly affect their rights or interests. As to protecting public interests, Council of Europe recommends states members to examine whether access to judicial review should not also be opened to associations or other persons and bodies empowered to protect collective or community interests (Recommendation to member states on judicial review of administrative acts). It should be mentioned, that these international or EU documents sets only rule of law, while leaving procedure questions to states members competence. Council of Europe also set Recommendation to member states on the legal status of non-governmental organizations in Europe, where states basic principals in formatting and managing non-governmental organizations: fundamental characteristics are: non-governmental organizations are self-governing bodies or organizations established to pursue essentially non-profit-making objectives of their founders or members; comes into being through the initiative of individuals or groups of persons; any act or omission by a governmental organ affecting an non-governmental organization should be subject to administrative review and be open to challenge in an independent and impartial court with full jurisdiction and so on. These provisions are relevant, because community organizations in Lithuania are non-governmental organizations, regulated by the Law of Associations, so these principles are and must be followed. Taking into account all said, in seeking to grant effective remedy to citizens against abuse by administrative authorities, Lithuania while setting some criteria to avoid of mass unreasonable populist appeals, should consider to examine possibility to open wider access to judicial review of administrative acts in relation with public interests to associations or other empowered non-governmental organizations and correct statutes and laws regulating public interests sectors by providing non-governmental organizations such right in environment protection, constructional licenses issuance, consumers rights and others public areas.

The relationship between the citizen and the state in most European states is no longer understood in terms of preservation of states power, but focused on the protection of citizen rights again abuse by the state. In these latter years efforts of society to protect its rights and interests are very appreciable: various non-governmental organizations, activity groups are formed to strive to participate in enactment of decisions in public sector by administrative authorities, to have an opportunity to test the legality and transparency of these decisions and administrative procedures, to appeal the decision and so on. More and more attention is given not only to protection of private person against abuse by administrative authorities, but to protection of public interest – rights and freedoms that are essentially significant, necessary and valuable to the society. Establishment of community organizations or community centers is here a new process, just recently started in Lithuania, but nowadays getting intense – more and more community organizations are formed as in urban, so in the rural territories. There is no one act to regulate basic principles in formatting community organizations as well as carrying on its activities, legal personality, rights and responsibilities and other essential questions, so there comes some obscurities, ambiguities and concepts complexities about community organizations and community. Recognizing community as people, living in certain territory and united by common needs and interests, and community organization as a legal personality, non-governmental organization, established to protect and secure fundamental rights and freedoms as public interest, common not only to concrete community, bus to society as well, it is possible to see a community organization as an instrument to meet wholes communities requirements, but that relation needs separate examination. This work is intended to consider a question, as if community organization is a subject accord the Lithuanian Law on Administrative Proceedings to plead public interests, has it right to initiate judicial review on administration acts if those violates public interest. As to public interests, there is no perfect definition about what this concept involves in a legal sense. As in most states, so in Lithuania, explanation and definition of public interest is left for courts, therefore in every case court has to evaluate – is disputed interest significant, necessary and valuable to the society or just for a one subject. The conception of public interest is very complicated, because it can be considered in several aspects (for example: majority, common interest, benefit, process and other), so courts just set a criteria to evaluate the interest in every case individually and explain, what aspects in concrete situations should be concerned. The Lithuanian Law on Administrative Proceedings provides a list of persons who/which can plead public interests if a statute, regulating specific sector, directly intends him/it that right. In cases rising out of public interests infringements, complainant does not need to meet direct interest test, because direct interest can only originate when administrative decisions directly affect just one individual and his subjective rights or interests protected by rule of law. Seeking to avoid many unreasonable and populist appeals, legislator set restriction, that only persons given right to appeal in the Law's on Administrative Proceedings article 5 section 3 subsection 3 and article 56 section 1, as well as in the special laws, regulating certain fields relating with a certain case, and only in the cases, provided by laws, when public interests infringed. Non-governmental organizations also have a right to appeal public interests infringement provided by the Law on Administrative Proceedings, so community organization, as a non-governmental organization, have that right as well. That conclusion is reached after analyzing relevant jurisprudence, significant statutes and case-law. Relevant United Nations documents and European Union treaties, resolutions and recommendations were analyzed in the scope, relevant to the issue of this work. Summarizing is that as other fundamental rights and freedom, right to effective remedy – judicial review – should be grant to every natural or legal person in respect of administrative acts that directly affect their rights or interests. As to protecting public interests, Council of Europe recommends states members to examine whether access to judicial review should not also be opened to associations or other persons and bodies empowered to protect collective or community interests (Recommendation to member states on judicial review of administrative acts). It should be mentioned, that these international or EU documents sets only rule of law, while leaving procedure questions to states members competence. Council of Europe also set Recommendation to member states on the legal status of non-governmental organizations in Europe, where states basic principals in formatting and managing non-governmental organizations: fundamental characteristics are: non-governmental organizations are self-governing bodies or organizations established to pursue essentially non-profit-making objectives of their founders or members; comes into being through the initiative of individuals or groups of persons; any act or omission by a governmental organ affecting an non-governmental organization should be subject to administrative review and be open to challenge in an independent and impartial court with full jurisdiction and so on. These provisions are relevant, because community organizations in Lithuania are non-governmental organizations, regulated by the Law of Associations, so these principles are and must be followed. Taking into account all said, in seeking to grant effective remedy to citizens against abuse by administrative authorities, Lithuania while setting some criteria to avoid of mass unreasonable populist appeals, should consider to examine possibility to open wider access to judicial review of administrative acts in relation with public interests to associations or other empowered non-governmental organizations and correct statutes and laws regulating public interests sectors by providing non-governmental organizations such right in environment protection, constructional licenses issuance, consumers rights and others public areas.

Relevance of the research The 20th century challenged the perception of the natural stages of life, ending in old age, which is normatively determined in connection with weakness and death. Modern demographic shift to population ageing and economic challenges to individuals, their families and states dictate the need to revise what are considered as the norms of age and to reinterpret the concepts of 'old age' and 'ageing'. Since the category of old age is not strictly biological, it is directly dependent on the meanings attached to this concept by society, while demographic, economic, political and other factors influence the public discourses and the very essence of ageing. At a time of astounding demographic change, social research and in particular discourse analysis are increasingly important in uncovering profound understanding of social processes and challenging areas. Researchers note that the structure of the global population has never changed so quickly in the history of mankind, especially in developed countries (Harper, 2014; Bloom, Mitgang & Osher, 2016). Significant quality changes in the life of a modern person allow them to retire full of energy and having financial opportunities to continue their life path and engage in their desired activities. These changes made it possible to identify a special concept for this reinterpreted period of life: the 'third age' (Laslett, 1989, p. 3) and even 'fourth age' (Higgs and Gilleard 2021). An optimistic view on the changed realities and mature age encourages many initiatives at the international and regional level to activate older people and ensure their full social inclusion. Furthermore, the 'activation' of older people is on the agenda of national and regional authorities, along with the task of studying the needs of the older population and possible barriers to social inclusion (Johnson & Falkingham, 1992; Lloyd-Sherlock, 2010; Stirling, 2010; WHO, 2010). The needs, as well as the issues and challenges of older people have become the object of rethinking for researchers and policy-makers of prosperous countries (WHO, 1982; UN, 2002, 2020); however, the increasing burden on the economies of states pushes politicians to consider this issue through the lens of the needs of a society in general and state budgets in particular. This is especially true in countries where demographic trends keep up with those of developed countries, but economic and political development is noticeably lagging behind (Martin & Kinsella, 1994; Mason, 2005; Mason & Lee, 2006). Policy incentives are adapted to extending working lives and to decrease early withdrawal from the labour market by offering additional bonuses for deferred pensions or even by raising the retirement age. Such changes are accompanied by rhetoric of usefulness for society and the individual: 'Active ageing is about helping older people to stay in work and share their experience. It is about them continuing to play an active role in society and living as healthy, independent and fulfilling lives as possible' (Eurofond, 2012). However, global Covid-19 pandemic showed the highest rate of death has been reported among old age people, and by this it highlights peculiar vulnerability of older citizens, their special needs and the relevance of discussions about old age as a category: 'later life has become a more actively constructed social space' (Higgs & Gilleard, 2021). Even before the Covid-19 pandemic, critical opinions about the concept of 'active ageing' were widening in sociological science; this did not prevent policymakers from continuing to actively promote and popularise it, shaping local social policies towards older people and causing changes in the perception of old age people and old age in society. Since the borrowing of such concepts by politicians and economists often occurs without attention to critical discourse and academic discussion, local discourse tends to neglect the variability of interpretations and considers only a part of the spectrum, setting the tone and securing a convenient interpretation. The very verbalisation of discrepancies and contradictions is the first step towards their further research with the help of large-scale quantitative sociological studies, as well as to the search for the solutions. Therefore, it seems extremely important in the current Belarusian socio-political situation the idea of studying discourse to discover crucial current and potential social issues. The concept of 'active ageing' was developed in Europe before the very first World Assembly on Ageing in Vienna in 1982, nevertheless the spread of 'active ageing'2 discourse in modern Belarusian realities is not accidental: negative economic and demographic trends (a decrease in the share of the working-age population and in revenues to the pension fund with a simultaneous decrease in GDP and an increase in inflation) in the region are becoming increasingly challenging for the state. The share of older people in the Belarusian population is growing, and the problem of the nation's ageing is becoming more and more obvious. Current UN forecasts (UN, 2019) suggest that while the population of Belarus will decrease, the old-age dependency ratio (the number of people over 65 per 100 working-age people) will almost double from 43 in 2015 to 82 in 2050 (Lisenkova & Bornukova, 2017). Striving to maintain its economy, Belarus is currently reforming the pension system. It was during this period that officials introduced and popularised the concept of 'active ageing', whose exact definition, however, has not yet been proposed. It was stated that the concept had to be developed by the end of 2019 along with 'The National Strategy for Senior Citizens' (its original name was 'The National Strategy for Active Longevity'). However, the concept of 'active ageing' is used in discussions about the need to rethink the concept of 'old age' in modern Belarusian discourse. The justification was based on economic factors, but no large-scale sociological research or analysis of public opinion had been conducted prior to the reform, neither had a broad public discussion been organised on this topic.

Relevance of the research The 20th century challenged the perception of the natural stages of life, ending in old age, which is normatively determined in connection with weakness and death. Modern demographic shift to population ageing and economic challenges to individuals, their families and states dictate the need to revise what are considered as the norms of age and to reinterpret the concepts of 'old age' and 'ageing'. Since the category of old age is not strictly biological, it is directly dependent on the meanings attached to this concept by society, while demographic, economic, political and other factors influence the public discourses and the very essence of ageing. At a time of astounding demographic change, social research and in particular discourse analysis are increasingly important in uncovering profound understanding of social processes and challenging areas. Researchers note that the structure of the global population has never changed so quickly in the history of mankind, especially in developed countries (Harper, 2014; Bloom, Mitgang & Osher, 2016). Significant quality changes in the life of a modern person allow them to retire full of energy and having financial opportunities to continue their life path and engage in their desired activities. These changes made it possible to identify a special concept for this reinterpreted period of life: the 'third age' (Laslett, 1989, p. 3) and even 'fourth age' (Higgs and Gilleard 2021). An optimistic view on the changed realities and mature age encourages many initiatives at the international and regional level to activate older people and ensure their full social inclusion. Furthermore, the 'activation' of older people is on the agenda of national and regional authorities, along with the task of studying the needs of the older population and possible barriers to social inclusion (Johnson & Falkingham, 1992; Lloyd-Sherlock, 2010; Stirling, 2010; WHO, 2010). The needs, as well as the issues and challenges of older people have become the object of rethinking for researchers and policy-makers of prosperous countries (WHO, 1982; UN, 2002, 2020); however, the increasing burden on the economies of states pushes politicians to consider this issue through the lens of the needs of a society in general and state budgets in particular. This is especially true in countries where demographic trends keep up with those of developed countries, but economic and political development is noticeably lagging behind (Martin & Kinsella, 1994; Mason, 2005; Mason & Lee, 2006). Policy incentives are adapted to extending working lives and to decrease early withdrawal from the labour market by offering additional bonuses for deferred pensions or even by raising the retirement age. Such changes are accompanied by rhetoric of usefulness for society and the individual: 'Active ageing is about helping older people to stay in work and share their experience. It is about them continuing to play an active role in society and living as healthy, independent and fulfilling lives as possible' (Eurofond, 2012). However, global Covid-19 pandemic showed the highest rate of death has been reported among old age people, and by this it highlights peculiar vulnerability of older citizens, their special needs and the relevance of discussions about old age as a category: 'later life has become a more actively constructed social space' (Higgs & Gilleard, 2021). Even before the Covid-19 pandemic, critical opinions about the concept of 'active ageing' were widening in sociological science; this did not prevent policymakers from continuing to actively promote and popularise it, shaping local social policies towards older people and causing changes in the perception of old age people and old age in society. Since the borrowing of such concepts by politicians and economists often occurs without attention to critical discourse and academic discussion, local discourse tends to neglect the variability of interpretations and considers only a part of the spectrum, setting the tone and securing a convenient interpretation. The very verbalisation of discrepancies and contradictions is the first step towards their further research with the help of large-scale quantitative sociological studies, as well as to the search for the solutions. Therefore, it seems extremely important in the current Belarusian socio-political situation the idea of studying discourse to discover crucial current and potential social issues. The concept of 'active ageing' was developed in Europe before the very first World Assembly on Ageing in Vienna in 1982, nevertheless the spread of 'active ageing'2 discourse in modern Belarusian realities is not accidental: negative economic and demographic trends (a decrease in the share of the working-age population and in revenues to the pension fund with a simultaneous decrease in GDP and an increase in inflation) in the region are becoming increasingly challenging for the state. The share of older people in the Belarusian population is growing, and the problem of the nation's ageing is becoming more and more obvious. Current UN forecasts (UN, 2019) suggest that while the population of Belarus will decrease, the old-age dependency ratio (the number of people over 65 per 100 working-age people) will almost double from 43 in 2015 to 82 in 2050 (Lisenkova & Bornukova, 2017). Striving to maintain its economy, Belarus is currently reforming the pension system. It was during this period that officials introduced and popularised the concept of 'active ageing', whose exact definition, however, has not yet been proposed. It was stated that the concept had to be developed by the end of 2019 along with 'The National Strategy for Senior Citizens' (its original name was 'The National Strategy for Active Longevity'). However, the concept of 'active ageing' is used in discussions about the need to rethink the concept of 'old age' in modern Belarusian discourse. The justification was based on economic factors, but no large-scale sociological research or analysis of public opinion had been conducted prior to the reform, neither had a broad public discussion been organised on this topic.

Factoring is a fairly new way for Russia to finance the accounts payable and receivable of business structures by specialized companies or credit institutions and their divisions (Factors) against the assignment of claims against one of the parties (buyer or seller) of a sale and purchase transaction of products or property to a third party (Factor) is currently developing at a high pace. On average, according to sample data for 2011 -2019 the annual growth rate of the volumes of financing of accounts payable and receivable of companies in Russia due to factoring operations increased by 20%, which in absolute terms amounted to 303.3 billion rubles, and reached by 2019 - 3.5 trillion rubles.However, there is still no established definition of this economic category in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. In the scientific and educational foreign and domestic literature there are somewhat contradictory interpretations of the classifications of the types of factoring, there is no legislatively established system of statistical indicators characterizing this segment of the financial intermediation services market. The lack of a developed regulatory framework for regulating relations in this market segment slows down its development, necessitates improving both Russian legislation and methodological support for a comprehensive statistical analysis of the state and development of this market segment. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to develop a methodology for a comprehensive statistical analysis of the market segment of financial intermediation services, to determine the prevailing sectoral, territorial and types of proportions related to the scale of business of the parties to the factoring agreement in this market segment using the statistical methodology for analyzing the series of dynamics and attributive groupings of the main indicators characterizing the state and development of the Russian factoring market. Based on the theoretical analysis, the author's interpretation of the content of the economic category "factoring" is given, a system of indicators is proposed that characterizes factoring as a type of financial intermediation services (object of research), based on the development of the Association of factoring companies, Rosstat, expert agencies (for example, "Expert RA"); the features of the formation of statistical groupings (series: attributive, variation, dynamics) for various purposes of analyzing the market of factoring services are revealed, the author's method of complex statistical analysis of any segment of the financial intermediation services market, which is the subject of research, is presented. The results of approbation of the methodology for a comprehensive statistical analysis of the Russian factoring market based on sample data for 2011 – 2019 are presented, conclusions are drawn about the dynamics of the main indicators of the factoring market development, structural shifts and changes in proportions in this market segment, a forecast of expected changes in the Russian factoring market for 2021 is made, incl. and influenced by the Covid-19 pandemic.The results of this study are aimed at developing a methodology for a comprehensive statistical analysis of factoring as a segment of the financial intermediation services market, including for the purposes of international comparisons of indicators of the state and development of the Factors and their clients.They can be useful to the professional community of factoring companies (Factors), business structures - consumers of factoring services, and also be used in educational activities in the preparation of financial specialists in economic universities of the country. ; Факторинг достаточно новый для России способ финансирования специализированными компаниями или кредитными учреждениями и их подразделениями (Факторами) кредиторской и дебиторской задолженностей бизнес-структур под уступку ими прав требований к одной из сторон (покупатель или продавец) сделки «купли-продажи» продукции или имущества третьей стороне (Фактору) развивается в настоящее время высокими темпами. В среднем по выборочным данным за 2011–2019 гг. ежегодный темп прироста объемов финансирования кредиторских и дебиторских задолженностей компаний в России за счет факторинговых операций возрастал на 20%, что в абсолютном выражении составляло 303,3млрд руб., и достиг к 2019 году 3,5 трлн руб.Однако, до сих пор в Гражданском кодексе РФ нет сложившегося определения данной экономической категории. В научной и учебной иностранной и отечественной литературе есть несколько противоречивые толкования классификаций видов факторинга, нет законодательно установленной системы статистических показателей, характеризующей данный сегмент рынка услуг финансового посредничества. Отсутствие развитой нормативно-правовой базы регулирования отношений на данном сегменте рынка тормозит его развитие, вызывает необходимость совершенствования и российского законодательства, и методологического обеспечения комплексного статистического анализа состояния и развития данного сегмента рынка.В связи с этим целью настоящего исследования является разработка методики комплексного статистического анализа сегмента рынка услуг финансового посредничества, определение сложившихся видовых, отраслевых, территориальных, связанных с масштабом бизнеса участников договора факторинга пропорций на данном сегменте рынка с помощью статистической методологии анализа рядов динамики и атрибутивных группировок основных показателей, характеризующих состояние и развитие российского рынка факторинга. На основании проведенного теоретического анализа дана авторская трактовка содержания экономической категории «факторинг», предложена система показателей, характеризующих факторинг как вид услуг финансового посредничества (объект исследования), опирающаяся на разработки Ассоциации факторинговых компаний, Росстата, экспертных агентств (например, «Эксперт РА»); выявлены особенности формирования статистических группировок (рядов: атрибутивных, вариационных, динамики) для различных целей анализа рынка услуг факторинга, представлена авторская методика комплексного статистического анализа любого сегмента рынка услуг финансового посредничества, составляющая предмет исследования. Приведены результаты апробации методики комплексного статистического анализа российского рынка факторинга по выборочным данным за 2011–2019 гг., сделаны выводы о динамике основных показателей развития рынка факторинга, о структурных сдвигах и изменениях пропорций на данном сегменте рынка, построен прогноз ожидаемых изменений на рынке факторинга России на 2021 год, в т.ч. и под влиянием пандемии Covid-19. Результаты данного исследования направлены на разработку методологии комплексного статистического анализа факторинга как сегмента рынка услуг финансового посредничества, в т. ч. и для целей международных сопоставлений показателей состояния и развития деятельности Факторов и их клиентов.Они могут быть полезны профессиональному сообществу факторинговых компаний (Факторов), бизнес-структурам – потребителям услуг факторинга, а также использоваться в образовательной деятельности при подготовке специалистов финансового профиля в экономических вузах страны.

Relevance of the research The 20th century challenged the perception of the natural stages of life, ending in old age, which is normatively determined in connection with weakness and death. Modern demographic shift to population ageing and economic challenges to individuals, their families and states dictate the need to revise what are considered as the norms of age and to reinterpret the concepts of 'old age' and 'ageing'. Since the category of old age is not strictly biological, it is directly dependent on the meanings attached to this concept by society, while demographic, economic, political and other factors influence the public discourses and the very essence of ageing. At a time of astounding demographic change, social research and in particular discourse analysis are increasingly important in uncovering profound understanding of social processes and challenging areas. Researchers note that the structure of the global population has never changed so quickly in the history of mankind, especially in developed countries (Harper, 2014; Bloom, Mitgang & Osher, 2016). Significant quality changes in the life of a modern person allow them to retire full of energy and having financial opportunities to continue their life path and engage in their desired activities. These changes made it possible to identify a special concept for this reinterpreted period of life: the 'third age' (Laslett, 1989, p. 3) and even 'fourth age' (Higgs and Gilleard 2021). An optimistic view on the changed realities and mature age encourages many initiatives at the international and regional level to activate older people and ensure their full social inclusion. Furthermore, the 'activation' of older people is on the agenda of national and regional authorities, along with the task of studying the needs of the older population and possible barriers to social inclusion (Johnson & Falkingham, 1992; Lloyd-Sherlock, 2010; Stirling, 2010; WHO, 2010). The needs, as well as the issues and challenges of older people have become the object of rethinking for researchers and policy-makers of prosperous countries (WHO, 1982; UN, 2002, 2020); however, the increasing burden on the economies of states pushes politicians to consider this issue through the lens of the needs of a society in general and state budgets in particular. This is especially true in countries where demographic trends keep up with those of developed countries, but economic and political development is noticeably lagging behind (Martin & Kinsella, 1994; Mason, 2005; Mason & Lee, 2006). Policy incentives are adapted to extending working lives and to decrease early withdrawal from the labour market by offering additional bonuses for deferred pensions or even by raising the retirement age. Such changes are accompanied by rhetoric of usefulness for society and the individual: 'Active ageing is about helping older people to stay in work and share their experience. It is about them continuing to play an active role in society and living as healthy, independent and fulfilling lives as possible' (Eurofond, 2012). However, global Covid-19 pandemic showed the highest rate of death has been reported among old age people, and by this it highlights peculiar vulnerability of older citizens, their special needs and the relevance of discussions about old age as a category: 'later life has become a more actively constructed social space' (Higgs & Gilleard, 2021). Even before the Covid-19 pandemic, critical opinions about the concept of 'active ageing' were widening in sociological science; this did not prevent policymakers from continuing to actively promote and popularise it, shaping local social policies towards older people and causing changes in the perception of old age people and old age in society. Since the borrowing of such concepts by politicians and economists often occurs without attention to critical discourse and academic discussion, local discourse tends to neglect the variability of interpretations and considers only a part of the spectrum, setting the tone and securing a convenient interpretation. The very verbalisation of discrepancies and contradictions is the first step towards their further research with the help of large-scale quantitative sociological studies, as well as to the search for the solutions. Therefore, it seems extremely important in the current Belarusian socio-political situation the idea of studying discourse to discover crucial current and potential social issues. The concept of 'active ageing' was developed in Europe before the very first World Assembly on Ageing in Vienna in 1982, nevertheless the spread of 'active ageing'2 discourse in modern Belarusian realities is not accidental: negative economic and demographic trends (a decrease in the share of the working-age population and in revenues to the pension fund with a simultaneous decrease in GDP and an increase in inflation) in the region are becoming increasingly challenging for the state. The share of older people in the Belarusian population is growing, and the problem of the nation's ageing is becoming more and more obvious. Current UN forecasts (UN, 2019) suggest that while the population of Belarus will decrease, the old-age dependency ratio (the number of people over 65 per 100 working-age people) will almost double from 43 in 2015 to 82 in 2050 (Lisenkova & Bornukova, 2017). Striving to maintain its economy, Belarus is currently reforming the pension system. It was during this period that officials introduced and popularised the concept of 'active ageing', whose exact definition, however, has not yet been proposed. It was stated that the concept had to be developed by the end of 2019 along with 'The National Strategy for Senior Citizens' (its original name was 'The National Strategy for Active Longevity'). However, the concept of 'active ageing' is used in discussions about the need to rethink the concept of 'old age' in modern Belarusian discourse. The justification was based on economic factors, but no large-scale sociological research or analysis of public opinion had been conducted prior to the reform, neither had a broad public discussion been organised on this topic.

Relevance of the research The 20th century challenged the perception of the natural stages of life, ending in old age, which is normatively determined in connection with weakness and death. Modern demographic shift to population ageing and economic challenges to individuals, their families and states dictate the need to revise what are considered as the norms of age and to reinterpret the concepts of 'old age' and 'ageing'. Since the category of old age is not strictly biological, it is directly dependent on the meanings attached to this concept by society, while demographic, economic, political and other factors influence the public discourses and the very essence of ageing. At a time of astounding demographic change, social research and in particular discourse analysis are increasingly important in uncovering profound understanding of social processes and challenging areas. Researchers note that the structure of the global population has never changed so quickly in the history of mankind, especially in developed countries (Harper, 2014; Bloom, Mitgang & Osher, 2016). Significant quality changes in the life of a modern person allow them to retire full of energy and having financial opportunities to continue their life path and engage in their desired activities. These changes made it possible to identify a special concept for this reinterpreted period of life: the 'third age' (Laslett, 1989, p. 3) and even 'fourth age' (Higgs and Gilleard 2021). An optimistic view on the changed realities and mature age encourages many initiatives at the international and regional level to activate older people and ensure their full social inclusion. Furthermore, the 'activation' of older people is on the agenda of national and regional authorities, along with the task of studying the needs of the older population and possible barriers to social inclusion (Johnson & Falkingham, 1992; Lloyd-Sherlock, 2010; Stirling, 2010; WHO, 2010). The needs, as well as the issues and challenges of older people have become the object of rethinking for researchers and policy-makers of prosperous countries (WHO, 1982; UN, 2002, 2020); however, the increasing burden on the economies of states pushes politicians to consider this issue through the lens of the needs of a society in general and state budgets in particular. This is especially true in countries where demographic trends keep up with those of developed countries, but economic and political development is noticeably lagging behind (Martin & Kinsella, 1994; Mason, 2005; Mason & Lee, 2006). Policy incentives are adapted to extending working lives and to decrease early withdrawal from the labour market by offering additional bonuses for deferred pensions or even by raising the retirement age. Such changes are accompanied by rhetoric of usefulness for society and the individual: 'Active ageing is about helping older people to stay in work and share their experience. It is about them continuing to play an active role in society and living as healthy, independent and fulfilling lives as possible' (Eurofond, 2012). However, global Covid-19 pandemic showed the highest rate of death has been reported among old age people, and by this it highlights peculiar vulnerability of older citizens, their special needs and the relevance of discussions about old age as a category: 'later life has become a more actively constructed social space' (Higgs & Gilleard, 2021). Even before the Covid-19 pandemic, critical opinions about the concept of 'active ageing' were widening in sociological science; this did not prevent policymakers from continuing to actively promote and popularise it, shaping local social policies towards older people and causing changes in the perception of old age people and old age in society. Since the borrowing of such concepts by politicians and economists often occurs without attention to critical discourse and academic discussion, local discourse tends to neglect the variability of interpretations and considers only a part of the spectrum, setting the tone and securing a convenient interpretation. The very verbalisation of discrepancies and contradictions is the first step towards their further research with the help of large-scale quantitative sociological studies, as well as to the search for the solutions. Therefore, it seems extremely important in the current Belarusian socio-political situation the idea of studying discourse to discover crucial current and potential social issues. The concept of 'active ageing' was developed in Europe before the very first World Assembly on Ageing in Vienna in 1982, nevertheless the spread of 'active ageing'2 discourse in modern Belarusian realities is not accidental: negative economic and demographic trends (a decrease in the share of the working-age population and in revenues to the pension fund with a simultaneous decrease in GDP and an increase in inflation) in the region are becoming increasingly challenging for the state. The share of older people in the Belarusian population is growing, and the problem of the nation's ageing is becoming more and more obvious. Current UN forecasts (UN, 2019) suggest that while the population of Belarus will decrease, the old-age dependency ratio (the number of people over 65 per 100 working-age people) will almost double from 43 in 2015 to 82 in 2050 (Lisenkova & Bornukova, 2017). Striving to maintain its economy, Belarus is currently reforming the pension system. It was during this period that officials introduced and popularised the concept of 'active ageing', whose exact definition, however, has not yet been proposed. It was stated that the concept had to be developed by the end of 2019 along with 'The National Strategy for Senior Citizens' (its original name was 'The National Strategy for Active Longevity'). However, the concept of 'active ageing' is used in discussions about the need to rethink the concept of 'old age' in modern Belarusian discourse. The justification was based on economic factors, but no large-scale sociological research or analysis of public opinion had been conducted prior to the reform, neither had a broad public discussion been organised on this topic.

Taking into account the improvement of various forms and methods of copyright infringement in modern high-tech conditions of the development of society, which tends to globalize and taking into account the ineffective system of counteracting this negative process in Ukraine, the problem under consideration today acquires additional relevance for our state. In Ukraine, in recent years, unfortunately, there has been a tendency toward an increase in the number and variety of copyright violations, in particular piracy and plagiarism. Also, it has not been declining for many years and remains one of the highest in the world the level of copyright infringement in the Internet. In accordance with the latest report of the International Intellectual Property Alliance, Ukraine continues to "export piracy, especially digital, to EU countries, as well as other neighboring countries in the region". The article is devoted to the study of problems in the implementation of copyright protection in the Internet. The author highlighted the changes in the current legislation of Ukraine on this issue, and also briefly described the shortcomings in the procedure for resolving disputes and complaints of the author, whose rights were violated, in the system of participants providing Internet resources and in court. In accordance with the legislation of Ukraine, for copyright infringement, criminal liability is provided along with civil and administrative. It was established that the government and relevant institutions are taking certain steps to improve work in this direction, which, unfortunately, remain ineffective. For example, the legislator for some reason did not seize the opportunity to eliminate other errors in the wording of Art. 176 of the Criminal Code, which Koval A.M. is considering in his work on criminal liability for violations of copyright and related rights. Although, at the same time, the articles of the Criminal Code, Code of Civil Procedure, Code of Commercial Procedure made significant amendments and additions that positively affect copyright protection. It should be understood that increasing the efficiency of resolving the complex problem of copyright infringement in Ukraine depends on the development and implementation of a unified state strategy, within the framework of which a combination of systemic and coordinated efforts of specialists in the legislative, scientific, intellectual, law enforcement and public administration spheres should occur. ; Принимая во внимание улучшение разнообразных форм и способов нарушения авторского права в современных высокотехнологических условиях развития общества, что имеет тенденцию к глобализации, и учитывая малоэффективную систему противодействия этому негативному процессу в Украине, рассматриваемая проблема сегодня приобретает для нашего государства дополнительную актуальность. В Украине в последние годы, к сожалению, имеет место тенденция роста количества и разнообразия нарушений авторского права, в частности пиратство и плагиат. Также не снижается уже на протяжении многих лет и остается одним из наиболее высоких в мире уровень нарушения имущественных авторских прав в сети Интернет. В соответствии с последним отчетом Международного альянса интеллектуальной собственности Украина продолжает «экспортировать пиратство, особенно цифровое, в страны ЕС, а также другие соседние страны в регионе». Статья посвящена изучению проблем при осуществлении защиты авторских прав в сети Интернет. Автор осветил изменения в действующем законодательстве Украины по этому вопросу, а также кратко охарактеризовал недостатки в процедуре рассмотрения споров и жалоб автора, чьи права были нарушены, в системе участников предоставления интернет-ресурсов и в судебном порядке. В соответствии с законодательством Украины за нарушение авторского права предусмотрена наряду с гражданско-правовой и административной также уголовная ответственность. Установлено, что правительством и соответствующими институтами предпринимаются определённые шаги по улучшению работы в этом направлении, которые, к сожалению, остаются малоэффективными. Так, законодатель почему-то не воспользовался представившейся возможностью для устранения других погрешностей в формулировке ст. 176 УК, которые рассматривает А.М. Коваль в своей работе об уголовной ответственности за нарушения авторских и смежных с ним прав. Хотя при этом в статьи УК, ГПК, ХПК внесены существенные дополнения и изменения, которые позитивно влияют на защиту авторских прав. При этом следует понимать, что повышение эффективности разрешения сложной проблемы нарушений авторских прав в Украине зависит от разработки и внедрения единой государственной стратегии, в рамках которой должно произойти объединение системных и скоординированных усилий специалистов законодательной, научно-интеллектуальной, правоохранительной и государственно-управленческой сферы. ; Беручи до уваги поліпшення різноманітних форм і способів порушення авторського права в сучасних високотехнологічних умовах розвитку суспільства, що має тенденцію до глобалізації, та враховуючи малоефективну систему протидії цьому негативному процесу в Україні, ця проблема набуває для нашої держави нині набуває додаткової актуальності. Останніми роками в Україні, на жаль, має місце тенденція зростання кількості і різноманітності порушень авторського права, зокрема піратства та плагіату. Також не знижується і залишається одним із найбільш високих у світі рівень порушення майнових авторських прав у мережі Інтернет. Відповідно до останнього звіту Міжнародного альянсу інтелектуальної власності Україна продовжує «експортувати піратство, особливо цифрове, до країн ЄС, а також інших сусідніх країн у регіоні». Стаття присвячена вивченню проблем при здійсненні захисту авторських прав в мережі Інтернет. Автор висвітлив зміни в чинному законодавстві України з цього питання, а також коротко охарактеризував недоліки в процедурі розгляду спорів і скарг автора, чиї права були порушені, в системі учасників надання інтернет-ресурсів і в судовому порядку. Відповідно до законодавства України за порушення авторського права передбачена поряд із цивільно-правовою та адміністративною також кримінальна відповідальність. Встановлено, що урядом і відповідними інститутами робляться певні кроки щодо поліпшення роботи в цьому напрямі які, на жаль, залишаються малоефективними. Так, законодавець чомусь не скористався наданою можливістю для усунення інших похибок у формулюванні ст. 176 КК, які розглядає А.М. Коваль у своїй роботі про кримінальну відповідальність за порушення авторських та суміжних з ним прав. Хоча при цьому в статті КК, ЦПК, ГПК внесені суттєві доповнення та зміни, які позитивно впливають на захист авторських прав. При цьому слід розуміти, що підвищення ефективності вирішення складної проблеми порушень авторських прав в Україні залежить від розробки та впровадження єдиної державної стратегії, в рамках якої має відбутися об'єднання системних і скоординованих зусиль фахівців законодавчої, науково-інтелектуальної, правоохоронної та державно-управлінської сфер.

The article considers the updated European requirements for the introduction into circulation and or operation of agricultural and forestry vehicles, as well as the feasibility of their implementation in the legislation of Ukraine. The purpose of the work is to research the functional, technical and environmental safety requirements that are used in the evaluation and confirmation of the conformity of tractors, trailers and trailer machines in accordance with the relevant modern European Union technical legislation, on the basis of which the legal acts of Ukraine are developed, as well as defining the main provisions and peculiarities of such requirements.Research methods consisted of analyzing the requirements for functional and technical safety of agricultural and forestry vehicles.The main features of the updated European technical safety requirements for agricultural and forestry vehicles are their presentation in the direction of the «New Approach» Directives, clear systematization and additions, improvement of test methods, application of international rules and standards.The results of the work. The list of regulatory legal acts of the European Union, establishing technical requirements and functional safety requirements for agricultural and forestry vehicles; the nomenclature of components and characteristics was formed, to which the safety requirements of these vehicles were established and the ways of implementing the updated European requirements into the technical legislation of Ukraine were determined.Conclusion. In order to improve the safety of agricultural and forestry vehicles, it is necessary to develop and implement regulatory acts in Ukraine based on updated European requirements that determine road safety and the safety of the work of the personnel, which will minimize the risk of injury to people during traffic and during work on or with vehicles. The development and implementation of the updated regulatory framework for requirements and conformity assessment will allow: to introduce in Ukraine systematic requirements for agricultural and forestry vehicles regarding their functional and technical safety, common test methods, identical to modern European standards; to increase the competitiveness of the indicated domestic products and to create conditions for the elimination of technical barriers to trade. The results of the research will be used in the future to adapt the national legislation to the new European norms and create conditions for the removal of technical barriers to trade. ; В статье рассмотрены обновленные европейские требования по введению в обращение и/или эксплуатацию сельскохозяйственных и лесохозяйственных транспортных средств, а также целесообразность их имплементации в законодательство Украины.Цель работы заключается в исследовании требований по функциональной, технической и экологической безопасности, применяемых при оценке и подтверждению соответствия тракторов, прицепов и прицепных машин согласно соответствующим современным техническим законодательством Европейского Союза, на основе которых разрабатываются нормативно-правовые акты Украины, а также в определении основных положений и особенностей таких требований.Методы исследования заключались в анализе требований по функциональной и технической безопасности сельскохозяйственных и лесохозяйственных транспортных средств.Основными особенностями обновленных европейских технических требований безопасности сельскохозяйственных и лесохозяйственных транспортных средств, является их изложение в направлении директив «Нового подхода», четкая систематизация и дополнение, совершенствование методов испытаний, применение международных правил и стандартов.Результаты работы. Определен перечень нормативно-правовых актов Европейского Союза, устанавливающие технические требования и требования функциональной безопасности сельскохозяйственных и лесохозяйственных транспортных средств; сформировано номенклатуру составных частей и характеристик, к которым установлены требования безопасности этих транспортных средств и определены пути имплементации обновленных европейских требований в техническое законодательство Украины.Вывод. Для повышения уровня безопасности сельскохозяйственных и лесохозяйственных транспортных средств необходимо разработать и внедрить в Украине нормативно-правовые акты на основании обновленных европейских требований, которые определяют безопасность дорожного движения и безопасность работы обслуживающего персонала, что позволит минимизировать риски травмирования людей во время дорожного движения, и при работы на транспортных средствах или с ними. Разработка и введение в действие обновленной нормативно-правовой системы по установлению требований и подтверждения соответствия позволит: ввести в Украине систематизированные требования к сельскохозяйственным и лесохозяйственных транспортным средствам по их функциональной и технической безопасности, единые методы испытаний, идентичные современным европейским нормам; повысить конкурентоспособность указанной отечественной продукции и создать условия для устранения технических барьеров в торговле. Результаты проведенных исследований будут использованы в дальнейшем для адаптации национального законодательства к новым европейским нормам и создание условий для устранения технических барьеров в торговле. ; У статті розглянуто оновлені європейські вимоги щодо введення в обіг та/або експлуатацію сільськогосподарських та лісогосподарських транспортних засобів, а також доцільність їх імплементації в законодавство України.Мета роботи полягає в дослідженні вимог щодо функційної, технічної та екологічної безпеки, які застосовуються під час оцінки і підтвердження відповідності тракторів, причепів та причіпних машин згідно з відповідним сучасним технічним законодавством Європейського Союзу, на основі яких розробляються нормативно-правові акти України, а також у визначенні основних положень та особливостей таких вимог. Методи дослідження полягали в аналізуванні вимог щодо функційної та технічної безпеки сільськогосподарських і лісогосподарських транспортних засобів.Основними особливостями оновлених європейських технічних вимог безпеки сільськогосподарських та лісогосподарських транспортних засобів, є їх викладення в напрямку Директив «Нового підходу», чітка систематизація та доповнення, вдосконалення методів випробувань, застосування міжнародних правил і стандартів. Результати роботи. Визначено перелік нормативно-правових актів Європейського Союзу, які встановлюють технічні вимоги та вимоги функційної безпеки сільськогосподарських і лісогосподарських транспортних засобів; сформовано номенклатуру складових частин та характеристик, до яких встановлені вимоги безпеки цих транспортних засобів та визначено шляхи імплементації оновлених європейських вимог в технічне законодавство України.Висновок. Для підвищення рівня безпеки сільськогосподарських та лісогосподарських транспортних засобів необхідно розробити та впровадити в Україні нормативно-правові акти на основі оновлених європейських вимог, які визначають безпеку дорожнього руху та безпеку роботи персоналу, що дасть змогу мінімізувати ризики травмування людей під час дорожнього руху та під час роботи на транспортних засобах або з ними. Розроблення та введення в дію оновленої нормативно-правової системи щодо встановлення вимог та підтвердження відповідності дасть змогу запровадити в Україні систематизовані вимоги до сільськогосподарських та лісогосподарських транспортних засобів щодо їхньої функційної та технічної безпеки, єдині методи випробувань, ідентичні сучасним європейським нормам, підвищити конкурентоспроможність зазначеної вітчизняної продукції та створити умови для усунення технічних бар'єрів у торгівлі. Результати проведених досліджень будуть використані надалі для адаптації національного законодавства до нових європейських норм та створення умов для усунення технічних бар'єрів у торгівлі.

The article considers the updated European requirements for the introduction into circulation and or operation of agricultural and forestry vehicles, as well as the feasibility of their implementation in the legislation of Ukraine. The purpose of the work is to research the functional, technical and environmental safety requirements that are used in the evaluation and confirmation of the conformity of tractors, trailers and trailer machines in accordance with the relevant modern European Union technical legislation, on the basis of which the legal acts of Ukraine are developed, as well as defining the main provisions and peculiarities of such requirements.Research methods consisted of analyzing the requirements for functional and technical safety of agricultural and forestry vehicles.The main features of the updated European technical safety requirements for agricultural and forestry vehicles are their presentation in the direction of the «New Approach» Directives, clear systematization and additions, improvement of test methods, application of international rules and standards.The results of the work. The list of regulatory legal acts of the European Union, establishing technical requirements and functional safety requirements for agricultural and forestry vehicles; the nomenclature of components and characteristics was formed, to which the safety requirements of these vehicles were established and the ways of implementing the updated European requirements into the technical legislation of Ukraine were determined.Conclusion. In order to improve the safety of agricultural and forestry vehicles, it is necessary to develop and implement regulatory acts in Ukraine based on updated European requirements that determine road safety and the safety of the work of the personnel, which will minimize the risk of injury to people during traffic and during work on or with vehicles. The development and implementation of the updated regulatory framework for requirements and conformity assessment will allow: to introduce in Ukraine systematic requirements for agricultural and forestry vehicles regarding their functional and technical safety, common test methods, identical to modern European standards; to increase the competitiveness of the indicated domestic products and to create conditions for the elimination of technical barriers to trade. The results of the research will be used in the future to adapt the national legislation to the new European norms and create conditions for the removal of technical barriers to trade. ; В статье рассмотрены обновленные европейские требования по введению в обращение и/или эксплуатацию сельскохозяйственных и лесохозяйственных транспортных средств, а также целесообразность их имплементации в законодательство Украины.Цель работы заключается в исследовании требований по функциональной, технической и экологической безопасности, применяемых при оценке и подтверждению соответствия тракторов, прицепов и прицепных машин согласно соответствующим современным техническим законодательством Европейского Союза, на основе которых разрабатываются нормативно-правовые акты Украины, а также в определении основных положений и особенностей таких требований.Методы исследования заключались в анализе требований по функциональной и технической безопасности сельскохозяйственных и лесохозяйственных транспортных средств.Основными особенностями обновленных европейских технических требований безопасности сельскохозяйственных и лесохозяйственных транспортных средств, является их изложение в направлении директив «Нового подхода», четкая систематизация и дополнение, совершенствование методов испытаний, применение международных правил и стандартов.Результаты работы. Определен перечень нормативно-правовых актов Европейского Союза, устанавливающие технические требования и требования функциональной безопасности сельскохозяйственных и лесохозяйственных транспортных средств; сформировано номенклатуру составных частей и характеристик, к которым установлены требования безопасности этих транспортных средств и определены пути имплементации обновленных европейских требований в техническое законодательство Украины.Вывод. Для повышения уровня безопасности сельскохозяйственных и лесохозяйственных транспортных средств необходимо разработать и внедрить в Украине нормативно-правовые акты на основании обновленных европейских требований, которые определяют безопасность дорожного движения и безопасность работы обслуживающего персонала, что позволит минимизировать риски травмирования людей во время дорожного движения, и при работы на транспортных средствах или с ними. Разработка и введение в действие обновленной нормативно-правовой системы по установлению требований и подтверждения соответствия позволит: ввести в Украине систематизированные требования к сельскохозяйственным и лесохозяйственных транспортным средствам по их функциональной и технической безопасности, единые методы испытаний, идентичные современным европейским нормам; повысить конкурентоспособность указанной отечественной продукции и создать условия для устранения технических барьеров в торговле. Результаты проведенных исследований будут использованы в дальнейшем для адаптации национального законодательства к новым европейским нормам и создание условий для устранения технических барьеров в торговле. ; У статті розглянуто оновлені європейські вимоги щодо введення в обіг та/або експлуатацію сільськогосподарських та лісогосподарських транспортних засобів, а також доцільність їх імплементації в законодавство України.Мета роботи полягає в дослідженні вимог щодо функційної, технічної та екологічної безпеки, які застосовуються під час оцінки і підтвердження відповідності тракторів, причепів та причіпних машин згідно з відповідним сучасним технічним законодавством Європейського Союзу, на основі яких розробляються нормативно-правові акти України, а також у визначенні основних положень та особливостей таких вимог. Методи дослідження полягали в аналізуванні вимог щодо функційної та технічної безпеки сільськогосподарських і лісогосподарських транспортних засобів.Основними особливостями оновлених європейських технічних вимог безпеки сільськогосподарських та лісогосподарських транспортних засобів, є їх викладення в напрямку Директив «Нового підходу», чітка систематизація та доповнення, вдосконалення методів випробувань, застосування міжнародних правил і стандартів. Результати роботи. Визначено перелік нормативно-правових актів Європейського Союзу, які встановлюють технічні вимоги та вимоги функційної безпеки сільськогосподарських і лісогосподарських транспортних засобів; сформовано номенклатуру складових частин та характеристик, до яких встановлені вимоги безпеки цих транспортних засобів та визначено шляхи імплементації оновлених європейських вимог в технічне законодавство України.Висновок. Для підвищення рівня безпеки сільськогосподарських та лісогосподарських транспортних засобів необхідно розробити та впровадити в Україні нормативно-правові акти на основі оновлених європейських вимог, які визначають безпеку дорожнього руху та безпеку роботи персоналу, що дасть змогу мінімізувати ризики травмування людей під час дорожнього руху та під час роботи на транспортних засобах або з ними. Розроблення та введення в дію оновленої нормативно-правової системи щодо встановлення вимог та підтвердження відповідності дасть змогу запровадити в Україні систематизовані вимоги до сільськогосподарських та лісогосподарських транспортних засобів щодо їхньої функційної та технічної безпеки, єдині методи випробувань, ідентичні сучасним європейським нормам, підвищити конкурентоспроможність зазначеної вітчизняної продукції та створити умови для усунення технічних бар'єрів у торгівлі. Результати проведених досліджень будуть використані надалі для адаптації національного законодавства до нових європейських норм та створення умов для усунення технічних бар'єрів у торгівлі.

Актуальность. Основной целью государственной политики в области здравоохранения и демографии любого государства является снижение смертности и увеличение продолжительности жизни за счет повышения ее качества. Особое значение для достижения этой цели заключается в проблеме сохранения и укрепления здоровья населения и особенно подрастающего поколения, поскольку «хорошее здоровье населения является важным условием обеспечения экономического и социального прогресса любой страны». Целью настоящей работы является обобщение опыта ФЗОЖ в Республике Молдова и выявление основных тенденций в состоянии здоровья подрастающего поколения и возможности продвижения европейского опыта в сфере укрепления здоровья. Материалы и методы. Было проведено описательное исследование, которое включает анализ международной и национальной законодательной базы в области формирования здорового образа жизни, опыт экономически развитых государств по укреплению здоровья населения и обзор научных исследований в данной области. Результаты. Представлена характеристика проблем и достижений в области формирования здорового образа жизни (ФЗОЖ) у подрастающего поколения Республики Молдова на современном этапе. Выявлены приоритеты и ключевые принципы политики здравоохранения, фундаментальные стратегии формирования здорового образа жизни, элементы и главные задачи этой деятельности. Приведена законодательная база Республики Молдова, в которой отражены цель, задачи, необходимые меры по формированию ЗОЖ. К сожалению, формирование ЗОЖ еще не полностью осознана как приоритетная деятельность центральными и местными административными органами. Поэтому необходимы важные и настойчивые действия по созданию и внедрению решений Правительства и Программ ЗОЖ на всех уровнях. Выводы. Социально-экономические преобразования, которые произошли в Республике Молдова с момента объявления независимости, отрицательно сказывались на показателях здоровья населения в целом, в том числе подрастающего поколения. В Республике Молдова принимаются важные, но неполные меры по реализации европейских приоритетов в области формирования здорового образа жизни. Тем не менее, необходимо не только разработка, но и реализация всех правительственных решений и учебных программ в области ФЗОЖ на всех уровнях. Необходимо мобилизовать все заинтересованные стороны для действий по ФЗОЖ на индивидуальном, семейном, административном уровнях. ; Актуальність. Основною метою державної політики в галузі охорони здоров'я та демографії будь-якої держави є зниження смертності та збільшення тривалості життя за рахунок підвищення її якості. Особливе значення для досягнення цієї мети полягає в проблемі збереження і зміцнення здоров'я населення і особливо підростаючого покоління, оскільки «гарне здоров'я населення є важливою умовою забезпечення економічного і соціального прогресу будь-якої країни». Метою цієї роботи є узагальнення досвіду ФЗОЖ в Республіці Молдова і виявлення основних тенденцій в стані здоров'я підростаючого покоління і можливості просування європейського досвіду в сфері зміцнення здоров'я. Матеріали та методи. Було проведено описову дослідження, яке включає аналіз міжнародної та національної законодавчої бази в області формування здорового способу життя, досвід економічно розвинених держав по зміцненню здоров'я населення і огляд наукових досліджень в даній області. Результати. Представлена характеристика проблем та досягнень в області формування здорового способу життя (ФЗСЖ) у підростаючого покоління Республіки Молдова на сучасному етапі. Виявлено пріоритети і ключові принципи політики охорони здоров'я, фундаментальні стратегії формування здорового способу життя, елементи і головні завдання цієї діяльності. Наведено законодавча база Республіки Молдова, в якій відображені мета, завдання, необхідні заходи по ФЗСЖ. На жаль, ФЗСЖ ще не повністю усвідомлена як пріоритетна діяльність центральними і місцевими адміністративними органами. Тому необхідні важливі і наполегливі дії по створенню і впровадженню рішень Уряду та Програм ФЗСЖ на всіх рівнях. Висновки. Соціально-економічні перетворення, які відбулися в Республіці Молдова з моменту оголошення незалежності, негативно позначалися на показниках здоров'я населення в цілому, в тому числі підростаючого покоління. У Республіці Молдова приймаються важливі, але неповні заходи по реалізації європейських пріоритетів в області формування здорового способу життя. Проте, необхідно не тільки розробка, а й реалізація всіх урядових рішень і навчальних програм в області ФЗСЖ на всіх рівнях. Необхідно мобілізувати всі зацікавлені сторони для дій по ФЗСЖ на індивідуальному, сімейному, адміністративному рівнях. ; Background. The main goal of state policy in the field of health and demography of any state is to reduce mortality and increase life expectancy by improving its quality. Of particular importance for achieving this goal is the problem of preserving and strengthening the health of the population and especially the younger generation, since "the good health of the population is an important condition for ensuring the economic and social progress of any country." The purpose of this work is to summarize the experience of healthy lifestyle development in the Republic of Moldova and to identify the main trends in the health of the younger generation and the possibility of promoting the European experience in health promotion. The purpose of this work is to summarize the experience of healthy lifestyle development in the Republic of Moldova and to identify the main trends in the health of the younger generation and the possibility of promoting the European experience in health promotion. Materials and methods. A descriptive study was carried out, which includes an analysis of the international and national legal framework in the area of healthy lifestyle development, the experience of economically developed countries in improving public health and a review of scientific research in this area. Results. A description of the problems and achievements in the field of healthy lifestyle development in the younger generation of the Republic of Moldova at the present stage is presented. The priorities and key principles of health policy, the fundamental strategies of healthy lifestyle development, the elements and main objectives of this activity are identified. The legislative base of the Republic of Moldova is given, which reflects the goal, objectives, necessary measures for healthy lifestyle development. Unfortunately, the formation of healthy lifestyles is not yet fully understood as a priority activity by central and local administrative authorities. Therefore, important and persistent actions are needed to create and implement decisions of the Government and healthy lifestyle development programs at all levels. Conclusions. Socio-economic transformations that have occurred in the Republic of Moldova since the declaration of independence. In the Republic of Moldova, important but incomplete measures are being taken to implement European priorities in the area of promoting a healthy lifestyle. Everything is not only the development, but also the implementation of all government decisions. It is necessary to mobilize all interested parties for actions on HLMF at the individual, family, and administrative levels.

International audience ; "I order the suspension of the parliamentary, administrative and supervisory functions of the Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation. The Constitution. and legislation. will remain in force to the extent that they do not conflict with this Decree". Moscow, Kremlin, 21 September 1993, 8pm, Presidential Decree (Ukaz) n° 1400.Presented by some as a way out of the intractable conflict which had opposed the President and Parliament for months, denounced by others as a coup, Boris Yeltsin's decree provoked a crisis which would last fourteen days, during which political conflict turned into violent confrontation. From 21 September to 4 October 1993, Russia experienced a major political crisis. In response to Yeltsin's Ukaz, Members of Parliament supported by General Rutskoi, Russian Vice-President, met in extraordinary session, refused to comply with the presidential decision, occupied Parliament (the White House) and held out against the security forces. Protests were organised in the city: Yeltsin's supporters gathered near the Moscow Soviet (Mossovet), those supporting the deputies assembled near the White House. The political confrontation ended with the storming of Parliament by the army on 4 October, under the orders of the President, and the arrests of the rebel deputies and their supporters. The toll: more than 150 dead and 400 injured.Twenty years after October 1993, this Conference aims to propose a sociological analysis of this crucial but neglected political crisis. To this end, it seeks to question the official version of the event, which was principally the work of the victors, who imposed their vision of the confrontation and its consequences, in particular concerning the institutional outcomes. The Conference also restores the place of alternative accounts and memories. It analyses the diverse individual and collective trajectories of actors of the period. Focussing on the period prior to the conflict, its development and its consequences, the Conference explores both the winners and the losers of the conflict, its active participants and its observers. Particular attention is paid to the issue of the explosion of violence, its effects on the crisis and its outcome. ; « Je décrète la suspension des fonctions législatives, administratives et de contrôle du Congrès des députés du peuple et du Soviet suprême de la Fédération de Russie. (…) La Constitution (…) et la législation (…) restent en vigueur dans la mesure où elles ne contredisent pas le présent Décret ». Moscou, Kremlin, 21 septembre 1993, 20 heures, Ukaz du Président n° 1400.Présenté par les uns comme un moyen de sortir du conflit insoluble qui oppose le Président au Parlement depuis des mois, dénoncé par les autres comme un coup de force, ce décret de B. Eltsine ouvre la voie à une crise qui durera quatorze jours au cours desquels le conflit politique basculera dans l'affrontement violent. Du 21 septembre au 4 octobre 1993, la Russie connaît une crise politique majeure. En réponse à l'ukaz de B. Eltsine, les députés soutenus par le général Routskoï, Vice-président de la Russie, se réunissent en session extraordinaire, refusent de se soumettre à la décision présidentielle, s'enferment au Parlement (Maison Blanche) et tiennent le siège contre les forces de l'ordre. Des manifestations sont organisées dans la ville : les partisans d'Eltsine se réunissent près du Soviet de Moscou (Mossovet), ceux des députés près de la Maison Blanche. L'affrontement politique se conclut par le bombardement du Parlement par l'armée le 4 octobre sur ordre du Président et par l'arrestation des députés insoumis et de leurs partisans. Bilan : plus de 150 morts et 400 blessés.Vingt ans après octobre 1993, le colloque a pour objectif de proposer une sociologie de cette crise politique cruciale mais aujourd'hui négligée. Dans cette perspective, il vise à interroger le récit officiel de l'événement, œuvre avant tout des vainqueurs dont la vision de l'affrontement et de ses conséquences, notamment institutionnelles, s'est imposée. Le colloque souhaite redonner place à des récits et des souvenirs alternatifs. Il entend analyser dans leur diversité les trajectoires individuelles et collectives des acteurs de l'époque. Portant sur la période précédant le conflit, sur son déroulement puis sur ses conséquences, il s'intéresse tant aux vainqueurs qu'aux perdants du conflit, à ses participants engagés et à ses observateurs. Une attention particulière est accordée à la question du surgissement de la violence et de ses effets sur la crise et son dénouement. ; «… Постановляю прервать осуществление законодательной, распорядительной и контрольной функций Съездом народных депутатов Российской Федерации и Верховным Советом Российской Федерации. (…) Конституция (…), законодательство (…) продолжают действовать в части, не противоречащей настоящему Указу». Москва, Кремль, 21 сентября 1993 г., 20.00, Указ Президента, № 1400.Этот указ Бориса Ельцина, который одни представляют как единственный способ выйти из многомесячного неразрешимого конфликта между президентом и парламентом, а другие обличают как акт насилия, спровоцировал продлившийся 14 дней кризис, в ходе которого политическое противостояние переросло в вооруженный конфликт. С 21 сентября по 4 октября 1993 г. Россия пребывала в состоянии острейшего политического кризиса. В ответ на указ Ельцина депутаты, поддержанные вице-президентом России генералом Руцким, собрались на экстренное заседание, отказались подчиняться президентскому решению, забаррикадировались в Белом Доме и оказались в осаде. В городе начались демонстрации: сторонники Ельцина стали собираться у Моссовета, сторонники Парламента – у Белого Дома. Политическое противостояние закончилось 4 октября обстрелом Парламента силами армии, действовавшей по приказу президента, и арестом мятежных депутатов и их сторонников. Итоги: более 150 погибших и 400 раненых. Спустя двадцать лет после октября 1993 г. организаторы конференции предлагают провести социологический анализ этого важнейшего политического кризиса, о котором сегодня вспоминают так редко. Цель встречи – рассмотреть официальную версию событий, созданную победителями, которые смогли утвердить свое видение сути и последствий (прежде всего, в институциональной сфере) октябрьских событий. Поэтому на конференции прозвучали также и альтернативные воспоминания и интерпретации. Ее участники анализируют все разнообразие личных и коллективных траекторий политических акторов эпохи, рассматривают период, предшествовавший конфликту, сам его ход и последствия. В центре внимания стоят как победители, так и побежденные, как вовлеченные участники, так и наблюдатели. Особое внимание уделяется переходу к насилию и его влиянию на развертывание кризиса, а потом на его разрешение.

Summary In the Master's final thesis "Does Lithuania violate human rights by refusing to provide treatment for people free of charge?" are analyzed the obligation of the State, set by Article 53 of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania and problems in the health system. The right to free of charge treatment belongs to the group of social human rights. The implementation of this group of human rights usually depends on the economic situation of the state and, in particular, right to free charge treatment depends on the health protection policy of the state. Health care systems are criticized around a world. By reason of expensive medical technologies and medicine as such, require huge sums of money, which is scare. Patient's needs and expectations for health care, health and quality of life are growing. Patients become more aware and demanding on health care. In these conditions health care quality helps to save resources and better meets patient's needs and expectations. Globalization and privatization processes determine expansion of health care services and patient's market. The Constitution was adopted by referendum on the 25th of October 1992. Since these days continues a period of biggest changes: a new system of social, economical, political relations was settled. The right of to free of charge health protection is established in Article 53 of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, which determines that the state shall take care of people's health and have to guarantee medical aid and services in the event of sickness. The procedure for providing medical aid to citizens free of charge at state health care institutions shall be established by law. The Constitution shall be an integral and directly applicable statute. Every person may defend his or her rights on the basis of the Constitution. Also there are more documents which define the existence of the free of charge treatment such as the Law of Health Care institutions of the Republic of Lithuania, Law of Health system of the Republic of Lithuania, Law of Public Health of Republic of Lithuania. After all, the coming of the Constitution was preconditioned by the need to protect human rights and freedoms from the possible state abuse with power. The idea of the Constitution is the limitation of power that guarantees the individual's rights and freedoms. This study consists of three chapters. The first part of the study entitled "The concept of the right to health care" presents conception of health care definition, objectives and their development, also patient's rights and responsibilities. There are various definitions of the term "health", as well as health assessment indicators are analyzed in detail. This chapter presents strategic aspects of health care quality: health care quality better meets human requirements and expectations for health care. Health care quality is a systemic, universal, continuous process oriented to the patients needs. The point of health care quality is not only to seek for better health of patients, but also approvingly effect their quality of life. Health care quality is based on continuous learning of health professionals and patients, health care quality helps to economize resources and make reinvestments. This chapter deals with health care quality and quality improvement problems and basic principles. The second chapter of the study is entitled "Constitutional right to free of charge treatment" includes three different sections. Part one "The Constitutional right to free of charge treatment at the international level" presents the aspect of Australia, Canada, Germany and Poland health care system, quality management, steady progress, patient's view, government regulation. Part two "The right to free of charge treatment is firmed in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania" defines major social factors of the state: government budget, social health protection. Moreover, presents the obligation to guarantee medical aid and services in the event of sickness. Part three is analyzing the obligation of the State, set by Article 53 of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania. Right to free of charge treatment consists of five related aspects – health care system, government funding, compulsory health insurance and patient's rights. Chapter free "Right to health protection" presents health care situation in Lithuania and in other countries. Health protection system is the main social target of suitable development. This system, for public health care aims to ensure adequate health care and the improvement in population's health status. This chapter involves three sections. The first section is about right to health protection. Citizens have a right to health protection which was consolidated in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and was adopted in early December 2000. The second is about compulsory health insurance. Compulsory health insurance is a national population for the costs of health care and usually is instituted as a program of health care reform. It is enforced by law. This chapter dilates on analyses compulsory health care insurance advantages and disadvantages. Besides chapter three includes empirical analysis – layers and medic interview – has been made. The results of analysis confirmed the hypothesis, that due to unprovided treatment free of charge, the human rights are partially violated. Statistics shows that 19, 5 % of Lithuanian people say that free of charge treatment doesn't exist in Lithuania. More and more people disappoint of situation in Lithuania. Other 7, 4 % claim that free of charge treatment exists. This thesis is analyzing the establishment of the right to free of charge treatment in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania and other laws. The aim of this study is to determine a situation of medical care and free of charge treatment in Lithuania. The study analyses the nature of the obligations of states under Article 53 of the Constitution. In the end of the work an empirical analyses – layers and medic interview. The results of analyses confirmed the hypothesis that human rights are partly violated in Lithuania. There is no political awareness of human rights violations.