Suchergebnisse

The state governance model is established by Constitution. In the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, there is a separate section dedicated to local self-governance and its management, that shows not only the state's recognition of local self-governance, but also the principles of local self-governance mentioned in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania. There are sixty separate territorial administrative units in Lithuania, which are guaranteed the right of self-governance, which is implemented by municipal councils elected during secret elections. After the frst direct elections of mayors held on March 1, 2015, even in sixteen municipalities (Birštonas municipality, Druskininkai municipality, Ignalina district municipality, Jonava district municipality, Kaunas district municipality, Lazdijai district municipality, Marijampolė municipality, Neringa municipality, Pagėgiai municipality, Palanga municipality, Pasvalys district municipality, Rietavas municipality, Šakiai municipality, Šalčininkai municipality, Vilkaviškis district municipality, Vilnius district municipality) one of the political parties or political organizations (movements) in the municipalities and districts of Lithuania won an absolute majority, which further emphasizes the importance of securing the rights of the minority (opposition).The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania has also noted that taking into account the fact that the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania implies the defense of the parliamentary minority, the minimum requirements for the protection of the opposition of the Lithuanian parliament, as well as the fact that the recognition of parliamentary opposition is an essential element of pluralistic democracy. The Statute of the Lithuanian parliament (Seimas) may establish guarantees of opposition activities: certain places and positions in the committee, opposition leader status, initiation of work places and commissions, etc. The systematic appraisal of the provisions of the Law on Local Self-Government of the Republic of Lithuania shows that the obligation to form in each municipality the Control Committee, the Anti-Corruption and Ethics commissions, whose candidacy is delegated by the municipal council's opposition, is one of the ways provided by the legislator to ensure the minority rights recognized in pluralistic democracy in self-governance. As there are 60 separate territorial administrative units (municipalities) in the Republic of Lithuania, in which there is a different demographic and political situation, different regulation of municipal councils, composition of municipal councils, therefore different management traditions are formed in them. In the absence of a suffcient defnition of minority rights of municipal councils, which ensure the possibilities of opposition activities, the medium develops into oligarchic tendencies. The poor control of decisions taken by municipal councils and administrative actions as well as a flawed legislative framework make it possible to form situations in which the democratic values and the protection of individual rights and freedoms are threatened. The abundance of the problems of the legal regulation of municipalities is indicated by the fact that since 1994, the Law on Local Self-Government of the Republic of Lithuania has been amended even 124 times. In the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania (25th October 1992), a separate section is devoted to local selfgovernance and its management. This is understood as the importance given by the state to self-governance, as an independent state of governance, which unconditionally depends on legal regulation. Therefore, this article overviews the gaps in the legal regulation and the political problems that affect the principles of democracy and the system of leverage and balance between the majority of municipal councils and minorities in the local selfgovernance of the Republic of Lithuania. In each municipal council, the presence of an opposition (minority) is not only a normative phenomenon, but also a necessary expression of democracy. In essence, the opposition has two main functions: frstly, this does not allow one party to entrench and curtails government selfshness as well as helps to maintain the constitutional model of governance. Secondly, because the political decisions are not perfect, the opposition points out the mistakes and shortcomings of the governance. Opposition works as an instrument to restrict governance and cultivate social peace. Depending on the subject matter, the aim and objectives of the research paper, the document analysis method was used for data collection and analysis. Data sources are as follows: National legislation, European Union and international legal acts, rulings of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania, current Case law, related scientifc works, and offcial statistical indicators. The method of systematic analysis is applied in complex examination of legal norms and relevant jurisprudence in the aspect of ensuring the rights of minority municipal councils. The monitoring method was used in making proposals for the improvement of the Law on Local Self-Government of the Republic of Lithuania. The author of the article has accumulated practical experience in the area of legal regulation of local selfgovernance of the Republic of Lithuania, starting from 2011 until now as a member of the municipal council. The method of summarizing was used to summarize the collected and analyzed research data and to formulate conclusions and suggestions.

Sivil toplum kavramı uzun yıllardır tartışılan bir kavram olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bakıldığında sivil toplum insanların kendi kendine bir araya gelerek toplumsal fayda üretebilmek adına yapılan çalışmaların bütünüdür. Söz konusu toplumsal fayda devletten bağımsız bir şekilde üretilir. Türkiye'deki sivil toplum tartışmaları her ne kadar çok partili dönem sonrasında başladıysa da sivil toplumun somut örgütlenme biçimlerinin son otuz yılda arttığını görmek mümkündür.Bu tez, sivil toplum kavramını, bu kavramın Batı'da ve Türkiye'deki tartışma biçimleri içerisinde ele almaktadır. Bu tarihsel kabın içerisinde Türkiye'nin tarihsel gelişimini "din" ve "inanç" yönünde toplumsal fayda üreten sivil toplum kuruluşlarının seyri, dönemlerin politik, siyasi, ekonomik ve toplumsal yönüyle tartışılmaya çalışılmıştır. Türk modernleşmesinde inanç tabanlı sivil toplum kuruluşlarının seyri ve hareket alanlarının sınırları, özellikle 1980 sonrasındaki Türkiye'deki hızlı değişim ve dönüşüm ile birlikte inanç tabanlı sivil toplum kuruluşlarının bu değişime nasıl entegre oldukları incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Türkiye'de 1980 sonrası dönemde odaklanılan nokta ekonomik anlamda liberalleşme ile birlikte kamusal alandaki sivil toplum kuruluşlarının hareket alanlarının çoğalması dikkat çekicidir. Özellikle 2002 sonrası siyasi aktörlerinde sunmuş olduğu imkânlarla birlikte inanç tabanlı sivil toplum kuruluşlarının sayılarında ve faaliyet alanlarındaki artış kurumların faaliyet raporları üzerinden görülmektedir. Topluma dönük çalışmaların yoğunlaştığı bir dönem olan 1980 sonrası ve 2002 sonrası İslami kesimin her alanda oldukça etkili olduğu tartışılmaz bir gerçektir. Bu sebeple İslami ve dindar çevrenin sivil toplum kuruluşları bazında topluma yönelik yapmış oldukları çalışmaları incelemek bir zorunluluk halini almıştır. Fakat araştırmanın başında da görüldüğü üzere inanç tabanlı sivil toplum kuruluşları da kendi içerisinde belirli ayrımlara sahiptir. Dinî eğitim odaklı ilerleyen inanç tabanlı sivil toplum kuruluşları mevcut iken bundan farklı olarak cemaat eksenli ilerleyen inanç tabanlı sivil toplum kuruluşları da ülkemizde mevcuttur. Bu anlamda çalışmada, inanç tabanlı sivil toplum kuruluşları kapsamında cemaat ve cemiyet temelli iki ayrı sivil toplum kuruluşu İslam- sivil toplum ekseninde araştırılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu kapsamda cemiyet temelli bir bakış açısına sahip olan İlim Yayma Cemiyeti ile cemaat temelli ve eksenli Hakyol Vakfı adlı iki sivil toplum kuruluşu incelenmiştir. Bu kuruluşların faaliyet alanları, topluma katkıları ve modern dönemdeki dinamizmlerinin analizi yapılmaya çalışılmıştır. Her iki kurumun çalışma ve projeleri incelendiğinde, ulusal ve uluslararası mercekte topluma fayda üretilmesi anlamında olumlu katkılarda bulundukları kanaatine varılmıştır. --- The civil society is a concept that has been discussed for many years. When examined, civil society is the whole of the work done for people to come together and produce social benefits. The social benefit here is produced independently of the state. It is possible to see that the concrete form of organization of civil society in Turkey has increased over the last thirty years although it began after the multiparty era. This thesis deals the concept of civil society as it is addressed in the discussion of this concept forms in the West and Turkey. The course of the non-governmental organizations that produce social benefits in the direction of "religion" and "faith", has been tried to be discussed with the political, economic and social aspects of the periods among the development of Turkey in this historical process. The progress and movement areas' limits of the faith-based NGOs in Turkish modernization; especially with therapid change after 1980 and the integration of faith-based NGOS to the transformation have been tried to analyzed. The focus point is the increase in the fields of action of NGOs among the public area with the economic libelarization after 1980 in Turkey. In particular, the increase in the number of non-governmental organizations based on beliefs and their fields of activity, together with the opportunities offered by political actors after 2002, can be seen in the annual reports of the institutions. It is an indisputable fact that Islamic groups, post-1980 and post-2002 when social studies were increased, were highly effective in every field.For this reason, it is a necessity to examine the activities of the Islamic and religious circles towards the society on the basis of non-governmental organizations. However, as can be seen at the beginning of the research, faith-based non-governmental organizations also have certain distinctions within themselves. While there are advancing faith-based non-governmental organizations focused on religious education, there are also community-based advancing faith-based non-governmental organizations in our country. In this sense, within the scope of faith-based non-governmental organizations, two separate non-governmental organizations based on the community and society were tried to be searched on the axis of Islam-civil society. In this context, two non-governmental organizations, İlim Yayma Society which has a society-based perspective and Hakyol Foundation which has a community-based perspective, have been examined.The activity fields of these organizations, their contributions to society and their dynamism in the modern period have been tried to be analyzed. When the studies and projects of both institutions were examined, it was concluded that they contributed positively in terms of producing benefit to society in national and international lenses.

Recently Lithuania decided to reform its regime of ex post evaluation of legislation adapting the national regulatory framework to the OECD recommendations and best practices of other European states. In the context of such initiative and upon request of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Lithuania, the Law Institute of Lithuania and the authors of this research were contracted to set a scientific background for further political discussions on the issue. As a result, the core objective of this study was to search for an ex post evaluation model that would be most suitable for Lithuania and that would be based on OECDcompliant standards. Considering the main objective of the study, the authors set out the following tasks for their research: (i) to analyze the OECD recommendations and other documents in the field of ex post evaluation, as well as best practices in selected jurisdictions (the EU, Estonia, the UK and Germany); (ii) on the basis of international standards developed by the OECD, to define and to substantiate a model ex post evaluation of legal regulation; (iii) to study the situation in Lithuania in the field of ex post evaluation (legal regulation and practice) and to evaluate it; (iv) to formulate recommendations for further development of ex post evaluation regime in the Lithuanian legal system. Working on this research the authors analysed the relevant OECD documents, legislation and practice of other jurisdictions, also referring to the work of other scholars in the area of evaluation of legislation. To get a clearer look of the situation in Lithuania, the authors collected and analysed various documents resulting from ex post evaluations performed by executive bodies. Furthermore, a survey was carried out among the bodies which are assigned with certain tasks in the area of ex post evaluation. The research is structured into three chapters: "I. Model regulation for Ex Post Evaluation", "II. Ex Post Evaluation in Lithuania" and "III. Recommendations". The first chapter "Model Regulation for Ex Post Evaluation" is intended to analyze OECD recommendations in the field of ex post evaluation and to look more closely at selected jurisdictions as regards their regulatory framework and practice in this area. This chapter of the study will be the bedrock for other chapters, as it not only presents the understanding and content of ex post evaluation and the position of other states and the EU towards this institute, but also allows us to take one step further for modelling a corresponding regulation in our country. Part two of the chapter I, "Analysis of Best Practices in the OECD Member States in the Field of Ex post Evaluation" is designed to discuss how the EU and some selected countries regulate ex post evaluation. It seeks to identify and highlight examples of best practices that are relevant for formulation of recommendations. The study examines relevant practices in four jurisdictions - Estonia, the EU, the United Kingdom (UK) and Germany. This choice is based on several complementary arguments. Estonia was chosen for its geographic and cultural proximity to Lithuania. An additional argument was that Estonia several years ago initiated major reforms in this area, which were positively evaluated by the OECD, even though it had not carried out an exemplary ex post evaluation by the time of the research. On the other hand, even without being one of the leaders in the OECD, Estonia is publicly presented as a very strong average (in the field of evaluation of primary legislation, it occupies 10th place, and in the field of evaluation of implementing legislation - 17th out of 35). Comparing its neighbouring countries, Poland occupies respectively 15th and 27th place out of 35, while Latvia has still not fully implemented the system of ex post evaluation. The choice of the EU and the UK is based on their obvious leadership in ex post evaluation, which is reflected in the special political attention given by their parliaments and executive bodies to this issue, as well as in their coherent practice of carrying out ex post evaluations. Germany has been selected for being not only one of the most advanced countries in Europe, but also for having developed and implemented a systematic reform of ex post evaluation. It is also important to note that Germany, the EU and the UK are referred to in the OECD rating as top three ex post evaluation systems in the OECD region. The second chapter of the study "II. The Ex Post Evaluation in Lithuania" examines the current situation in Lithuania in the field under consideration – both the legal framework and the practice. It presents historical development of ex post evaluation in Lithuania and goes in detail through its present regulatory framework and peculiarities. Ex post evaluation in Lithuania is analysed from several perspectives seeking to ensure a consistent and coherent analysis. Finally, the third chapter "Recommendations" provides insights and suggestions for improving Lithuania's regulation in the field of ex post evaluation by modelling possible options and by outlining their key advantages and disadvantages for national legal system.

According to the World Tourism Organization, tourism is becoming increasingly popular around the world and Portugal is one of those popular countries, where 3.7 million of tourists visited in 2016 and it is 3.9% more than in 2015. There is no doubt that tourism has significant economic benefits and usually it is the main economic driver of regions. Algarve region is precisely the place, where abandonment of tourism would make the majority of population unemployed and the region would suffer from an economic downturn, and therefore maintaining and developing tourism is vitally important. Despite economic benefits of tourism, researchers have found that large tourist flows strongly affect ecosystems, destroy natural landscape, cause habitat fragmentation and also have a negative social and cultural impact. The question of the conservation of natural resources, human well-being and the long-term economic viability of communities is of increasing concern. Conservation of natural resources, human well-being and the long-term economic viability of communities are the questions which are of great concern. Unfortunately, tourism growth has not been sufficiently organized, accurately planned and predicted long-term future forecasts. In addition, climate change has a major impact on the coast, and also on tourism and one of the most aggressive consequences is sea level rising, resulting in reduction of sandy beach carrying capacity and intensified coastal erosion. More and more legislation is being issued globally and at European level with countries committing to develop sustainable coastal management aimed at preserving ecosystems and reducing climate change. However, researches have found that there are many barriers to meeting those targets. Portugal is one of those countries where integrated coastal management is not fully implemented due to certain obstacles. In face of negative effects of tourism and the threats of climate change, it is necessary to assess the present quality of the beaches and to identify priorities for sustainable beach management. Objective – to assess the quality of coastal zones and tourism and to identify priorities and measures to improve sustainable tourism management. Object – four different types of beaches in Algarve region, Portugal: urban beach "Praia dos Pescadores", resort "Praia de Santa Eulalia", rural "Praia dos Olhos d'Agua" beach and remote "Praia de Falesia" beach. The methodology for assessing beach quality and management priorities has been compiled and comprised of three methods: initial SWOT analysis, which evaluates the internal strengths, weaknesses and external opportunities, threats. Following BARE (Bath Area Registration and Evalaution) analysis, which evaluates five parameters of each beach (safety, water quality, litter, landscape and facilities). For obtaining quantitive data, 50 questionnaires at each beach are conducted in order to get objective opinion of beach users. A detailed analysis of the scientific literature was carried out, which assessed: the current coastal situation on coasts of Algarve region; an overview of the implementation of sustainable coastal development strategies in Portugal, as well as an overview of the legal acts applicable to coastal protection and the implementation of sustainable development strategies; researches and the most commonly used methodologies for assessing beach quality. SWOT analysis was performed, where overcrowding, increasingly coastal urbanization, ecosystem and dunes degradation, coastal erosion and reduced beach carrying capacity due to sea level rising emerged as main future threats. After followed the evaluation of the beach quality by using Bathing Area Registration and Evaluation framework (BARE), where "Praia dos Pescadores", "Praia de Santa Eulalia" and "Praia dos Olhos d'Agua" obtained three-star ratings and Praia de Falesia site obtained four-star rating. The quantitative research data obtained through administration of 50 questionnaires per beach and respondents expressed the need for public toilets, showers, trails and broadwalks, garbage facilities, renewable energy, clean sand and vegetation health. The average age of respondents was 47,7 years and the majority (85%) were international tourists. After conducting SWOT, BARE and beach user questionnaires, one of conclusions was done that solar panel system need to be installed on beach objects. It was calculated that solar panel system on restaurant in urban beach (with government support (50%)) would cost 11 361 Eur and would pay off within 5 years, while calculations for the restaurant in resort showed that price of solar panel system would be 13 773 Eur and would pay off within 6 years. The paper presents recommendations for beach managers and municipalities: pay more attention to raising public education and awareness, combine beach nourishment with maritime structures, control urbanization on the coast by releasing a minimum distance law, set up wooden stairs and paths for tourists to walk, use solar energy in ships / restaurants, restrict light use during the night, integrate biofilic design into the interior and exterior of buildings, enter beach entry fees and fees for toilets and showers usage, use advertisements for waste prevention, recruite officers of dog control, plant shrubs and trees on beaches / slopes, increase cooperation with stakeholders.

According to the World Tourism Organization, tourism is becoming increasingly popular around the world and Portugal is one of those popular countries, where 3.7 million of tourists visited in 2016 and it is 3.9% more than in 2015. There is no doubt that tourism has significant economic benefits and usually it is the main economic driver of regions. Algarve region is precisely the place, where abandonment of tourism would make the majority of population unemployed and the region would suffer from an economic downturn, and therefore maintaining and developing tourism is vitally important. Despite economic benefits of tourism, researchers have found that large tourist flows strongly affect ecosystems, destroy natural landscape, cause habitat fragmentation and also have a negative social and cultural impact. The question of the conservation of natural resources, human well-being and the long-term economic viability of communities is of increasing concern. Conservation of natural resources, human well-being and the long-term economic viability of communities are the questions which are of great concern. Unfortunately, tourism growth has not been sufficiently organized, accurately planned and predicted long-term future forecasts. In addition, climate change has a major impact on the coast, and also on tourism and one of the most aggressive consequences is sea level rising, resulting in reduction of sandy beach carrying capacity and intensified coastal erosion. More and more legislation is being issued globally and at European level with countries committing to develop sustainable coastal management aimed at preserving ecosystems and reducing climate change. However, researches have found that there are many barriers to meeting those targets. Portugal is one of those countries where integrated coastal management is not fully implemented due to certain obstacles. In face of negative effects of tourism and the threats of climate change, it is necessary to assess the present quality of the beaches and to identify priorities for sustainable beach management. Objective – to assess the quality of coastal zones and tourism and to identify priorities and measures to improve sustainable tourism management. Object – four different types of beaches in Algarve region, Portugal: urban beach "Praia dos Pescadores", resort "Praia de Santa Eulalia", rural "Praia dos Olhos d'Agua" beach and remote "Praia de Falesia" beach. The methodology for assessing beach quality and management priorities has been compiled and comprised of three methods: initial SWOT analysis, which evaluates the internal strengths, weaknesses and external opportunities, threats. Following BARE (Bath Area Registration and Evalaution) analysis, which evaluates five parameters of each beach (safety, water quality, litter, landscape and facilities). For obtaining quantitive data, 50 questionnaires at each beach are conducted in order to get objective opinion of beach users. A detailed analysis of the scientific literature was carried out, which assessed: the current coastal situation on coasts of Algarve region; an overview of the implementation of sustainable coastal development strategies in Portugal, as well as an overview of the legal acts applicable to coastal protection and the implementation of sustainable development strategies; researches and the most commonly used methodologies for assessing beach quality. SWOT analysis was performed, where overcrowding, increasingly coastal urbanization, ecosystem and dunes degradation, coastal erosion and reduced beach carrying capacity due to sea level rising emerged as main future threats. After followed the evaluation of the beach quality by using Bathing Area Registration and Evaluation framework (BARE), where "Praia dos Pescadores", "Praia de Santa Eulalia" and "Praia dos Olhos d'Agua" obtained three-star ratings and Praia de Falesia site obtained four-star rating. The quantitative research data obtained through administration of 50 questionnaires per beach and respondents expressed the need for public toilets, showers, trails and broadwalks, garbage facilities, renewable energy, clean sand and vegetation health. The average age of respondents was 47,7 years and the majority (85%) were international tourists. After conducting SWOT, BARE and beach user questionnaires, one of conclusions was done that solar panel system need to be installed on beach objects. It was calculated that solar panel system on restaurant in urban beach (with government support (50%)) would cost 11 361 Eur and would pay off within 5 years, while calculations for the restaurant in resort showed that price of solar panel system would be 13 773 Eur and would pay off within 6 years. The paper presents recommendations for beach managers and municipalities: pay more attention to raising public education and awareness, combine beach nourishment with maritime structures, control urbanization on the coast by releasing a minimum distance law, set up wooden stairs and paths for tourists to walk, use solar energy in ships / restaurants, restrict light use during the night, integrate biofilic design into the interior and exterior of buildings, enter beach entry fees and fees for toilets and showers usage, use advertisements for waste prevention, recruite officers of dog control, plant shrubs and trees on beaches / slopes, increase cooperation with stakeholders.

Recently Lithuania decided to reform its regime of ex post evaluation of legislation adapting the national regulatory framework to the OECD recommendations and best practices of other European states. In the context of such initiative and upon request of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Lithuania, the Law Institute of Lithuania and the authors of this research were contracted to set a scientific background for further political discussions on the issue. As a result, the core objective of this study was to search for an ex post evaluation model that would be most suitable for Lithuania and that would be based on OECDcompliant standards. Considering the main objective of the study, the authors set out the following tasks for their research: (i) to analyze the OECD recommendations and other documents in the field of ex post evaluation, as well as best practices in selected jurisdictions (the EU, Estonia, the UK and Germany); (ii) on the basis of international standards developed by the OECD, to define and to substantiate a model ex post evaluation of legal regulation; (iii) to study the situation in Lithuania in the field of ex post evaluation (legal regulation and practice) and to evaluate it; (iv) to formulate recommendations for further development of ex post evaluation regime in the Lithuanian legal system. Working on this research the authors analysed the relevant OECD documents, legislation and practice of other jurisdictions, also referring to the work of other scholars in the area of evaluation of legislation. To get a clearer look of the situation in Lithuania, the authors collected and analysed various documents resulting from ex post evaluations performed by executive bodies. Furthermore, a survey was carried out among the bodies which are assigned with certain tasks in the area of ex post evaluation. The research is structured into three chapters: "I. Model regulation for Ex Post Evaluation", "II. Ex Post Evaluation in Lithuania" and "III. Recommendations". The first chapter "Model Regulation for Ex Post Evaluation" is intended to analyze OECD recommendations in the field of ex post evaluation and to look more closely at selected jurisdictions as regards their regulatory framework and practice in this area. This chapter of the study will be the bedrock for other chapters, as it not only presents the understanding and content of ex post evaluation and the position of other states and the EU towards this institute, but also allows us to take one step further for modelling a corresponding regulation in our country. Part two of the chapter I, "Analysis of Best Practices in the OECD Member States in the Field of Ex post Evaluation" is designed to discuss how the EU and some selected countries regulate ex post evaluation. It seeks to identify and highlight examples of best practices that are relevant for formulation of recommendations. The study examines relevant practices in four jurisdictions - Estonia, the EU, the United Kingdom (UK) and Germany. This choice is based on several complementary arguments. Estonia was chosen for its geographic and cultural proximity to Lithuania. An additional argument was that Estonia several years ago initiated major reforms in this area, which were positively evaluated by the OECD, even though it had not carried out an exemplary ex post evaluation by the time of the research. On the other hand, even without being one of the leaders in the OECD, Estonia is publicly presented as a very strong average (in the field of evaluation of primary legislation, it occupies 10th place, and in the field of evaluation of implementing legislation - 17th out of 35). Comparing its neighbouring countries, Poland occupies respectively 15th and 27th place out of 35, while Latvia has still not fully implemented the system of ex post evaluation. The choice of the EU and the UK is based on their obvious leadership in ex post evaluation, which is reflected in the special political attention given by their parliaments and executive bodies to this issue, as well as in their coherent practice of carrying out ex post evaluations. Germany has been selected for being not only one of the most advanced countries in Europe, but also for having developed and implemented a systematic reform of ex post evaluation. It is also important to note that Germany, the EU and the UK are referred to in the OECD rating as top three ex post evaluation systems in the OECD region. The second chapter of the study "II. The Ex Post Evaluation in Lithuania" examines the current situation in Lithuania in the field under consideration – both the legal framework and the practice. It presents historical development of ex post evaluation in Lithuania and goes in detail through its present regulatory framework and peculiarities. Ex post evaluation in Lithuania is analysed from several perspectives seeking to ensure a consistent and coherent analysis. Finally, the third chapter "Recommendations" provides insights and suggestions for improving Lithuania's regulation in the field of ex post evaluation by modelling possible options and by outlining their key advantages and disadvantages for national legal system.

According to the World Tourism Organization, tourism is becoming increasingly popular around the world and Portugal is one of those popular countries, where 3.7 million of tourists visited in 2016 and it is 3.9% more than in 2015. There is no doubt that tourism has significant economic benefits and usually it is the main economic driver of regions. Algarve region is precisely the place, where abandonment of tourism would make the majority of population unemployed and the region would suffer from an economic downturn, and therefore maintaining and developing tourism is vitally important. Despite economic benefits of tourism, researchers have found that large tourist flows strongly affect ecosystems, destroy natural landscape, cause habitat fragmentation and also have a negative social and cultural impact. The question of the conservation of natural resources, human well-being and the long-term economic viability of communities is of increasing concern. Conservation of natural resources, human well-being and the long-term economic viability of communities are the questions which are of great concern. Unfortunately, tourism growth has not been sufficiently organized, accurately planned and predicted long-term future forecasts. In addition, climate change has a major impact on the coast, and also on tourism and one of the most aggressive consequences is sea level rising, resulting in reduction of sandy beach carrying capacity and intensified coastal erosion. More and more legislation is being issued globally and at European level with countries committing to develop sustainable coastal management aimed at preserving ecosystems and reducing climate change. However, researches have found that there are many barriers to meeting those targets. Portugal is one of those countries where integrated coastal management is not fully implemented due to certain obstacles. In face of negative effects of tourism and the threats of climate change, it is necessary to assess the present quality of the beaches and to identify priorities for sustainable beach management. Objective – to assess the quality of coastal zones and tourism and to identify priorities and measures to improve sustainable tourism management. Object – four different types of beaches in Algarve region, Portugal: urban beach "Praia dos Pescadores", resort "Praia de Santa Eulalia", rural "Praia dos Olhos d'Agua" beach and remote "Praia de Falesia" beach. The methodology for assessing beach quality and management priorities has been compiled and comprised of three methods: initial SWOT analysis, which evaluates the internal strengths, weaknesses and external opportunities, threats. Following BARE (Bath Area Registration and Evalaution) analysis, which evaluates five parameters of each beach (safety, water quality, litter, landscape and facilities). For obtaining quantitive data, 50 questionnaires at each beach are conducted in order to get objective opinion of beach users. A detailed analysis of the scientific literature was carried out, which assessed: the current coastal situation on coasts of Algarve region; an overview of the implementation of sustainable coastal development strategies in Portugal, as well as an overview of the legal acts applicable to coastal protection and the implementation of sustainable development strategies; researches and the most commonly used methodologies for assessing beach quality. SWOT analysis was performed, where overcrowding, increasingly coastal urbanization, ecosystem and dunes degradation, coastal erosion and reduced beach carrying capacity due to sea level rising emerged as main future threats. After followed the evaluation of the beach quality by using Bathing Area Registration and Evaluation framework (BARE), where "Praia dos Pescadores", "Praia de Santa Eulalia" and "Praia dos Olhos d'Agua" obtained three-star ratings and Praia de Falesia site obtained four-star rating. The quantitative research data obtained through administration of 50 questionnaires per beach and respondents expressed the need for public toilets, showers, trails and broadwalks, garbage facilities, renewable energy, clean sand and vegetation health. The average age of respondents was 47,7 years and the majority (85%) were international tourists. After conducting SWOT, BARE and beach user questionnaires, one of conclusions was done that solar panel system need to be installed on beach objects. It was calculated that solar panel system on restaurant in urban beach (with government support (50%)) would cost 11 361 Eur and would pay off within 5 years, while calculations for the restaurant in resort showed that price of solar panel system would be 13 773 Eur and would pay off within 6 years. The paper presents recommendations for beach managers and municipalities: pay more attention to raising public education and awareness, combine beach nourishment with maritime structures, control urbanization on the coast by releasing a minimum distance law, set up wooden stairs and paths for tourists to walk, use solar energy in ships / restaurants, restrict light use during the night, integrate biofilic design into the interior and exterior of buildings, enter beach entry fees and fees for toilets and showers usage, use advertisements for waste prevention, recruite officers of dog control, plant shrubs and trees on beaches / slopes, increase cooperation with stakeholders.

According to the World Tourism Organization, tourism is becoming increasingly popular around the world and Portugal is one of those popular countries, where 3.7 million of tourists visited in 2016 and it is 3.9% more than in 2015. There is no doubt that tourism has significant economic benefits and usually it is the main economic driver of regions. Algarve region is precisely the place, where abandonment of tourism would make the majority of population unemployed and the region would suffer from an economic downturn, and therefore maintaining and developing tourism is vitally important. Despite economic benefits of tourism, researchers have found that large tourist flows strongly affect ecosystems, destroy natural landscape, cause habitat fragmentation and also have a negative social and cultural impact. The question of the conservation of natural resources, human well-being and the long-term economic viability of communities is of increasing concern. Conservation of natural resources, human well-being and the long-term economic viability of communities are the questions which are of great concern. Unfortunately, tourism growth has not been sufficiently organized, accurately planned and predicted long-term future forecasts. In addition, climate change has a major impact on the coast, and also on tourism and one of the most aggressive consequences is sea level rising, resulting in reduction of sandy beach carrying capacity and intensified coastal erosion. More and more legislation is being issued globally and at European level with countries committing to develop sustainable coastal management aimed at preserving ecosystems and reducing climate change. However, researches have found that there are many barriers to meeting those targets. Portugal is one of those countries where integrated coastal management is not fully implemented due to certain obstacles. In face of negative effects of tourism and the threats of climate change, it is necessary to assess the present quality of the beaches and to identify priorities for sustainable beach management. Objective – to assess the quality of coastal zones and tourism and to identify priorities and measures to improve sustainable tourism management. Object – four different types of beaches in Algarve region, Portugal: urban beach "Praia dos Pescadores", resort "Praia de Santa Eulalia", rural "Praia dos Olhos d'Agua" beach and remote "Praia de Falesia" beach. The methodology for assessing beach quality and management priorities has been compiled and comprised of three methods: initial SWOT analysis, which evaluates the internal strengths, weaknesses and external opportunities, threats. Following BARE (Bath Area Registration and Evalaution) analysis, which evaluates five parameters of each beach (safety, water quality, litter, landscape and facilities). For obtaining quantitive data, 50 questionnaires at each beach are conducted in order to get objective opinion of beach users. A detailed analysis of the scientific literature was carried out, which assessed: the current coastal situation on coasts of Algarve region; an overview of the implementation of sustainable coastal development strategies in Portugal, as well as an overview of the legal acts applicable to coastal protection and the implementation of sustainable development strategies; researches and the most commonly used methodologies for assessing beach quality. SWOT analysis was performed, where overcrowding, increasingly coastal urbanization, ecosystem and dunes degradation, coastal erosion and reduced beach carrying capacity due to sea level rising emerged as main future threats. After followed the evaluation of the beach quality by using Bathing Area Registration and Evaluation framework (BARE), where "Praia dos Pescadores", "Praia de Santa Eulalia" and "Praia dos Olhos d'Agua" obtained three-star ratings and Praia de Falesia site obtained four-star rating. The quantitative research data obtained through administration of 50 questionnaires per beach and respondents expressed the need for public toilets, showers, trails and broadwalks, garbage facilities, renewable energy, clean sand and vegetation health. The average age of respondents was 47,7 years and the majority (85%) were international tourists. After conducting SWOT, BARE and beach user questionnaires, one of conclusions was done that solar panel system need to be installed on beach objects. It was calculated that solar panel system on restaurant in urban beach (with government support (50%)) would cost 11 361 Eur and would pay off within 5 years, while calculations for the restaurant in resort showed that price of solar panel system would be 13 773 Eur and would pay off within 6 years. The paper presents recommendations for beach managers and municipalities: pay more attention to raising public education and awareness, combine beach nourishment with maritime structures, control urbanization on the coast by releasing a minimum distance law, set up wooden stairs and paths for tourists to walk, use solar energy in ships / restaurants, restrict light use during the night, integrate biofilic design into the interior and exterior of buildings, enter beach entry fees and fees for toilets and showers usage, use advertisements for waste prevention, recruite officers of dog control, plant shrubs and trees on beaches / slopes, increase cooperation with stakeholders.

Attorney is a person who defends human rights and freedoms, goes between law and clients interests. Not only the law, but also the public matter, provides the requirements of legal profession. According to the legal acts, one of the main requirements of becoming a qualified and trusted attorney is excellent reputation. Nowadays, in the modern society of the 21st century, people are surrounded by social networks and public mass media information, which develops the opinion of general public. All kinds of information are reachable within a matter of time. Because of this reason, the reputation of a lawyer is valued not only by laws and governments, but also by the clients who care about their future. Impeccable reputation is something that cannot be touched or easily deleted, but can make a significant impact on attorney's legal career. On the 1st of May, 2004 Lithuania became a member of the European Union (EU), which lead to ratification of legal acts and legislations as well as acceptance of the main EU's democracy principles. Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights provides a right to respect for one's private and family life. It states that a person has a right to choose his own profession and occupation. After Lithuania became a member of the EU, the political changes also made an impact on the legislature. The requirements of joining the Lithuanian Bar Association were reduced to follow the politics of the Union. Despite the fact that attorney's functions are highly valued in the norms of society, the new members of Lithuanian Bar Association are expected to meet the minimum requirements. The Supreme Court of Lithuania has stated that: "…there are no offences that would be as serious to unconditionally prevent an attorney to apply for a right to resume doing lawyer activity…". For this reason, even a disreputable person who has been convicted of a criminal offence, can become an attorney. The goal of this thesis is to answer the main question: Does the deletion of attorney's previous conviction mean, ipso facto, the recovery of excellent reputation? In order to achieve the goal of the thesis, following tasks are raised: 1. To examine the historical development of the Bar; 2. To define the lawyer's role in society and legislative framework; 3. To describe the concept of an impeccable reputation in the legal and moral contexts; 4. To analyze lawyer's conviction problem and the opportunities of vocational rehabilitation in both public morality and law contexts. The topic has been examined in contexts of both legal and moral norms. Conviction of someone of an important position in the society may cause negative public discussions. It goes without saying, that it is extremely difficult to gain excellent reputation. However, it can be ruined by one simple mistake. It has been concluded, that a formal deletion of lawyer's criminal records does not bring back the status of an exemplary attorney; in relation to not only the laws, but also the overall public moral principles. Despite the fact, that occupation of an attorney is protected by the law, the attorneys themselves are responsible for their actions which might end up in court. For an attorney that has had legal offenses, it is required by the law to complete some sort of rehabilitation. By the time, there is no accurate system in place that would define further steps for the lawyer. Furthermore, the term of rehabilitation is far from being clear; regarding the way it should run, the intensity, the operation period, etc. For that reason, the conditions might be made favorable for the attorneys who tend to carry out criminal acts. Because of the idea that a lawyer is a representative of a client, all the questions concerning his reputation should be critically valued by the society. Nevertheless, at the moment, the future of an attorney that has been convicted depends on a legislator and not on the client, which is the main reason the whole profession exists itself. Therefore, a lawyer with criminal records discredits the image of the Lithuanian Bar Association as well as causing a decrease of people's trust. According to social surveys, in recent years the rate of the trust in the Lithuanian Bar Association is dropping. The main criteria based on which lawyers are being chosen by the clients are: recommendations and the reputation of an attorney. In order to increase people's trust, the legislator should consider taking account of not only the international acts of law. The reputation and rehabilitation should be regulated by the public demands, while taking into consideration the seriousness of the offense. Regarding all these aspects, the hypothesis that a deletion of lawyer's criminal offenses does not mean that they retrieve their excellent reputation – was approved.

Attorney is a person who defends human rights and freedoms, goes between law and clients interests. Not only the law, but also the public matter, provides the requirements of legal profession. According to the legal acts, one of the main requirements of becoming a qualified and trusted attorney is excellent reputation. Nowadays, in the modern society of the 21st century, people are surrounded by social networks and public mass media information, which develops the opinion of general public. All kinds of information are reachable within a matter of time. Because of this reason, the reputation of a lawyer is valued not only by laws and governments, but also by the clients who care about their future. Impeccable reputation is something that cannot be touched or easily deleted, but can make a significant impact on attorney's legal career. On the 1st of May, 2004 Lithuania became a member of the European Union (EU), which lead to ratification of legal acts and legislations as well as acceptance of the main EU's democracy principles. Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights provides a right to respect for one's private and family life. It states that a person has a right to choose his own profession and occupation. After Lithuania became a member of the EU, the political changes also made an impact on the legislature. The requirements of joining the Lithuanian Bar Association were reduced to follow the politics of the Union. Despite the fact that attorney's functions are highly valued in the norms of society, the new members of Lithuanian Bar Association are expected to meet the minimum requirements. The Supreme Court of Lithuania has stated that: "…there are no offences that would be as serious to unconditionally prevent an attorney to apply for a right to resume doing lawyer activity…". For this reason, even a disreputable person who has been convicted of a criminal offence, can become an attorney. The goal of this thesis is to answer the main question: Does the deletion of attorney's previous conviction mean, ipso facto, the recovery of excellent reputation? In order to achieve the goal of the thesis, following tasks are raised: 1. To examine the historical development of the Bar; 2. To define the lawyer's role in society and legislative framework; 3. To describe the concept of an impeccable reputation in the legal and moral contexts; 4. To analyze lawyer's conviction problem and the opportunities of vocational rehabilitation in both public morality and law contexts. The topic has been examined in contexts of both legal and moral norms. Conviction of someone of an important position in the society may cause negative public discussions. It goes without saying, that it is extremely difficult to gain excellent reputation. However, it can be ruined by one simple mistake. It has been concluded, that a formal deletion of lawyer's criminal records does not bring back the status of an exemplary attorney; in relation to not only the laws, but also the overall public moral principles. Despite the fact, that occupation of an attorney is protected by the law, the attorneys themselves are responsible for their actions which might end up in court. For an attorney that has had legal offenses, it is required by the law to complete some sort of rehabilitation. By the time, there is no accurate system in place that would define further steps for the lawyer. Furthermore, the term of rehabilitation is far from being clear; regarding the way it should run, the intensity, the operation period, etc. For that reason, the conditions might be made favorable for the attorneys who tend to carry out criminal acts. Because of the idea that a lawyer is a representative of a client, all the questions concerning his reputation should be critically valued by the society. Nevertheless, at the moment, the future of an attorney that has been convicted depends on a legislator and not on the client, which is the main reason the whole profession exists itself. Therefore, a lawyer with criminal records discredits the image of the Lithuanian Bar Association as well as causing a decrease of people's trust. According to social surveys, in recent years the rate of the trust in the Lithuanian Bar Association is dropping. The main criteria based on which lawyers are being chosen by the clients are: recommendations and the reputation of an attorney. In order to increase people's trust, the legislator should consider taking account of not only the international acts of law. The reputation and rehabilitation should be regulated by the public demands, while taking into consideration the seriousness of the offense. Regarding all these aspects, the hypothesis that a deletion of lawyer's criminal offenses does not mean that they retrieve their excellent reputation – was approved.

Attorney is a person who defends human rights and freedoms, goes between law and clients interests. Not only the law, but also the public matter, provides the requirements of legal profession. According to the legal acts, one of the main requirements of becoming a qualified and trusted attorney is excellent reputation. Nowadays, in the modern society of the 21st century, people are surrounded by social networks and public mass media information, which develops the opinion of general public. All kinds of information are reachable within a matter of time. Because of this reason, the reputation of a lawyer is valued not only by laws and governments, but also by the clients who care about their future. Impeccable reputation is something that cannot be touched or easily deleted, but can make a significant impact on attorney's legal career. On the 1st of May, 2004 Lithuania became a member of the European Union (EU), which lead to ratification of legal acts and legislations as well as acceptance of the main EU's democracy principles. Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights provides a right to respect for one's private and family life. It states that a person has a right to choose his own profession and occupation. After Lithuania became a member of the EU, the political changes also made an impact on the legislature. The requirements of joining the Lithuanian Bar Association were reduced to follow the politics of the Union. Despite the fact that attorney's functions are highly valued in the norms of society, the new members of Lithuanian Bar Association are expected to meet the minimum requirements. The Supreme Court of Lithuania has stated that: "…there are no offences that would be as serious to unconditionally prevent an attorney to apply for a right to resume doing lawyer activity…". For this reason, even a disreputable person who has been convicted of a criminal offence, can become an attorney. The goal of this thesis is to answer the main question: Does the deletion of attorney's previous conviction mean, ipso facto, the recovery of excellent reputation? In order to achieve the goal of the thesis, following tasks are raised: 1. To examine the historical development of the Bar; 2. To define the lawyer's role in society and legislative framework; 3. To describe the concept of an impeccable reputation in the legal and moral contexts; 4. To analyze lawyer's conviction problem and the opportunities of vocational rehabilitation in both public morality and law contexts. The topic has been examined in contexts of both legal and moral norms. Conviction of someone of an important position in the society may cause negative public discussions. It goes without saying, that it is extremely difficult to gain excellent reputation. However, it can be ruined by one simple mistake. It has been concluded, that a formal deletion of lawyer's criminal records does not bring back the status of an exemplary attorney; in relation to not only the laws, but also the overall public moral principles. Despite the fact, that occupation of an attorney is protected by the law, the attorneys themselves are responsible for their actions which might end up in court. For an attorney that has had legal offenses, it is required by the law to complete some sort of rehabilitation. By the time, there is no accurate system in place that would define further steps for the lawyer. Furthermore, the term of rehabilitation is far from being clear; regarding the way it should run, the intensity, the operation period, etc. For that reason, the conditions might be made favorable for the attorneys who tend to carry out criminal acts. Because of the idea that a lawyer is a representative of a client, all the questions concerning his reputation should be critically valued by the society. Nevertheless, at the moment, the future of an attorney that has been convicted depends on a legislator and not on the client, which is the main reason the whole profession exists itself. Therefore, a lawyer with criminal records discredits the image of the Lithuanian Bar Association as well as causing a decrease of people's trust. According to social surveys, in recent years the rate of the trust in the Lithuanian Bar Association is dropping. The main criteria based on which lawyers are being chosen by the clients are: recommendations and the reputation of an attorney. In order to increase people's trust, the legislator should consider taking account of not only the international acts of law. The reputation and rehabilitation should be regulated by the public demands, while taking into consideration the seriousness of the offense. Regarding all these aspects, the hypothesis that a deletion of lawyer's criminal offenses does not mean that they retrieve their excellent reputation – was approved.

ÖZETII. Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra çok sayıda işbirliği hareketinin meydana geldiği görülmektedir. Bu hareketlerin gelişmesinde, Avrupa Topluluğu'nun başarısı ve 1980'li yıllardaki büyük değişimler etkili olmuştur. Sovyet Birliği ve Doğu Avrupa ülkelerinde ekonomik, politik, sosyal ve kültürel alanlardaki köklü değişmeler, gelişmiş ülkelerin sanayi ve teknoloji toplumundan bilgi toplumuna yönelmeleri, savaştan sonraki dengeleri değiştirmiş ve dünyada yeniden yapılanma süreci başlamıştır. Değişen dünya düzenindeki yeni oluşumların dışında kalmamak için Türkiye, kendi girişimi ile 1990 yılı Ocak ayında Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Bölgesi Projesi'ni ortaya atmıştır. 3 Şubat 1992 tarihinde Türkiye, Romanya, Bulgaristan, Azerbaycan, Gürcistan, Ermenistan, Moldova, Ukrayna ve Rusya Federasyonu olmak üzere dokuz ülkenin katılımı ile parafe edilen KEİB Anlaşması, 25 Haziran 1992'de Yunanistan ve Arnavutluk'unda kurucu üye olarak katılımlarıyla on bir ülkenin devlet ve hükümet başkanları düzeyinde imzalanarak yürürlüğe girmiştir. Uluslararası bir ekonomik bütünleşme girişimi olan KEİB, Türkiye'yi bölgede önemli bir konuma getirmiş ve özel bir sorumluluk yüklemiştir. KEİB Projesi ile üye ülkelerin coğrafi yakınlıklarından ve ekonomilerinin birbirlerini tamamlayıcı özelliğinden yararlanarak, aralarındaki ticari, ekonomik, bilimsel ve teknolojik işbirliğini geliştirmeleri ve bölgenin barış ve refah bölgesi haline gelmesi öngörülmektedir. Bu temel ilke doğrultusunda KEİB'nin amacı; kısa dönemde bölge ülkelerinin işbirliğine gidebilmeleri için uygun ortamın yaratılması ve taraflar arasında mal ve hizmet ticaretinin arttırılması, uzun dönemde ise, üye ülkeler arasında ekonomik ilişkileri daha fazla geliştirebilmek maksadıyla kişilerin, malların, sermayenin ve hizmetlerin serbestçe dolaşımını sağlayarak, aşamalı olarak bir serbest ticaret bölgesi kurulmasıdır. KEİB Projesi'nin, üye ülkelerin üretim, tüketim, istihdam ve yatırım düzeylerinin olumlu yönde değişmesine ve kalkınma çabalarına büyük katkısı olacaktır. Bölgedeki ekonomik potansiyelin harekete geçirilmesiyle, ülkeler arasındaki ticari ve ekonomik işbirliği artabileceği gibi, Batı açısından da önemli bir pazar ortaya çıkacaktır. Ayrıca, bölgede ekonomik ve sosyal patlamaları önleyerek barış ve güvenliğin oluşturulmasına katkı sağlayabilir. Ancak, üye ülkelerin içinde bulundukları koşullar itibarı ile kısa zamanda giderilmesi gereken birçok sorunlarla karşı karşıya bulunulduğu unutulmamalıdır. KEİB'nin gelişmesi ve başarılı bir bütünleşme modeli oluşturulması her şeyden önce üye ülkelerin girişime inanmaları, geçici olarak bakmamaları ve mevcut sorunların çözümlenmesine bağlıdır. Sonuç olarak, KEİB'nin sadece Türkiye için değil tüm üye ülkeler için yeni bir ufuk açarak dünya ülkeleriyle entegrasyonu kolaylaştırıcı nitelikte bölgesel bir işbirliği hareketi olduğu söylenebilir. ABSTRACTIt can be observed that numerous cooperation movements occured after the World War II. In the development of such movements the success of the European Community and the big changes in the 1980's played an important role. Radical changes in economical, political, social and cultural areas in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, and the trend of developed countries from an industrial and technological community towards an information community changed the post-war balances; thus a re¬structuring process launched on the World. Turkey introduced the Black Sea Economical Cooperation Project, in January 1990 with its own efforts, in order to catch the new changes in the changing world order. The BSEC Agreement was initialed by nine participant countries including Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Moldavia, Ukraine and Russian Federation in 3 February 1992, and was signed by Presidents and Prime-ministers of eleven member countries, with the participation of Greece and Albania as founding members, and came into force in 25 June 1992. BSEC, as an international integration enterprise, brought Turkey to an important situation in the Area, and gave it a special responsibility. It is planned by the BSEC Project, to develop the commercial, economical, scientific and technological cooperation between member states and to create a region of wealth in the Area, by making use of their geographical relationship and the integrational feature of their economies. The main objective of BSEC, considering this essential principle is; in short term to create an appropriate climate for cooperation among member states and to increase the volume of goods and service trade among them, and in long term to build a free trade region, by providing free circulation of people, goods, capital and services, in order to develop the economical relation among these countries. The BSEC Project will play an important role in development efforts and provide a positive change in the production, consumption, employment and investment levels of the member states. By stimulating the economical potential of the region, an important market will come into existence for the West, as well as an increase in the commercial and economical cooperation among countries. The BSEC can also contribute the peace and security in the region, by preventing economical and social explosions. However, it has to be taken into consideration that the member states are faced with many problems, which have to be solved in the shortest time, because of the conditions. The development of BSEC and the creation of an integration model depends first on the belief of the states in this subject, on consideration of the project as a long term project and solving the present problems. As a result, the BSEC can be observed as a regional cooperation movement, facilitating the integration with other countries, by creating a new horizon for all members, including Turkey.

In the Master Paper, the implementation of the principle of stability of labour relations in cases of transfer of an enterprise/business or parts hereof is discussed upon. The Article 138 of the Labour Code of Republic of Lithuania foresees only a partial protection of the employees and a succession of the labour relations in case of a transfer of the enterprise/business or a part hereof, i.e. a transfer can be considered a lawful reason for terminating the labour relations. A process of transfer often does not take place not for prospectlessness of the business or dishonesty of the employer, but because of a complex character of the process itself as well as the related legal and bureaucratic problems. Not only the assignee and the assignor, but also employees of the enterprise take an interest in a transfer of the enterprise/business or parts hereof, in particular the consequences of such a transfer. In case of a transfer of an enterprise/business or parts hereof, an employee suffers mostly: the settlement with the employees often is made non-timely and sometimes is not made at all, employees are discharged groundlessly, losing their jobs and the key means of their subsistence. Frequently, employers delay or fail providing to employees information in writing on their intention to transfer the enterprise/business or a part hereof; on the day of transfer, the planned actions, the causes of the transfer, its phases as well as the economical and social consequences that can impact the employee; on the changes of the conditions, including related to the work, remuneration for work and requalification. To make the process smooth and to minimize the social and economical consequences, it is important to establish procedures and rules applicable in a case of a transfer of the enterprise/business or a part hereof that would ensure a proper implementation of the principle of the stability of labour relations and execution of the duties of the parties of the labour relations. In the Master Paper, the formulated provisions are based on the international labour standards, scientific references as well as the results of an analysis of the practice of investigation of civil cases at the Supreme Court of Lithuania and European Court of Justice; they should be useful for improving the norms of labour law related to the principle of stability of labour relations and the restrictions on termination of labour relations and reorganizing an enterprise (in a case of a transfer of the enterprise/business or a part hereof) as well as for a protection of the rights of employees. The specific concepts singled out in the Paper should be taken into consideration on developing and improving the norms of the Labour Code and other legal norms for regulating the legal status and reorganization of enterprises as well as labour relations. To ensure a succession of employment contracts or labour relations as well as a protection of the rights of employees in a case of a transfer of the enterprise/business or a part hereof, Lithuania should harmonize the structure of its labour law with the law of the European Community, in particular with the Directive No. 2001/23/EC. Operation and implementing of legal norms is predetermined by their transparency. A transfer of the enterprise/business or a part hereof is bound with application of several legal norms, so confusion and violations of laws are unavoidable. This sphere is sensible both in the social and economic respect, so the legal norms for its regulation should be coordinated and clear both for an employer and an employee as well as an owner of a business. Upon the growing dynamism of business, the presumption that a transfer of the enterprise/business should be regulated by a special norm in future cannot be ignored. The results of the investigation should help to a person engaged in applying legal norms to assess the goals and the criteria of implementing of the relevant norms, to avoid errors in ensuring a protection of the rights of employees in a case of a transfer of the enterprise/business or a part hereof. The provided recommendations can be usable for supervision and control of implementing the labour laws, execution of scientific works on a similar subject and teaching students in the programme of law. In addition, the recommendations can be usable by professionals involved in harmonizing legal norms of Republic of Lithuania with the law of European Union. Using these materials, an employer or an owner of business will be able to carry out a transfer of the enterprise/business in a more rational way and thus avoid disputes bound with labour relations.

In the Master Paper, the implementation of the principle of stability of labour relations in cases of transfer of an enterprise/business or parts hereof is discussed upon. The Article 138 of the Labour Code of Republic of Lithuania foresees only a partial protection of the employees and a succession of the labour relations in case of a transfer of the enterprise/business or a part hereof, i.e. a transfer can be considered a lawful reason for terminating the labour relations. A process of transfer often does not take place not for prospectlessness of the business or dishonesty of the employer, but because of a complex character of the process itself as well as the related legal and bureaucratic problems. Not only the assignee and the assignor, but also employees of the enterprise take an interest in a transfer of the enterprise/business or parts hereof, in particular the consequences of such a transfer. In case of a transfer of an enterprise/business or parts hereof, an employee suffers mostly: the settlement with the employees often is made non-timely and sometimes is not made at all, employees are discharged groundlessly, losing their jobs and the key means of their subsistence. Frequently, employers delay or fail providing to employees information in writing on their intention to transfer the enterprise/business or a part hereof; on the day of transfer, the planned actions, the causes of the transfer, its phases as well as the economical and social consequences that can impact the employee; on the changes of the conditions, including related to the work, remuneration for work and requalification. To make the process smooth and to minimize the social and economical consequences, it is important to establish procedures and rules applicable in a case of a transfer of the enterprise/business or a part hereof that would ensure a proper implementation of the principle of the stability of labour relations and execution of the duties of the parties of the labour relations. In the Master Paper, the formulated provisions are based on the international labour standards, scientific references as well as the results of an analysis of the practice of investigation of civil cases at the Supreme Court of Lithuania and European Court of Justice; they should be useful for improving the norms of labour law related to the principle of stability of labour relations and the restrictions on termination of labour relations and reorganizing an enterprise (in a case of a transfer of the enterprise/business or a part hereof) as well as for a protection of the rights of employees. The specific concepts singled out in the Paper should be taken into consideration on developing and improving the norms of the Labour Code and other legal norms for regulating the legal status and reorganization of enterprises as well as labour relations. To ensure a succession of employment contracts or labour relations as well as a protection of the rights of employees in a case of a transfer of the enterprise/business or a part hereof, Lithuania should harmonize the structure of its labour law with the law of the European Community, in particular with the Directive No. 2001/23/EC. Operation and implementing of legal norms is predetermined by their transparency. A transfer of the enterprise/business or a part hereof is bound with application of several legal norms, so confusion and violations of laws are unavoidable. This sphere is sensible both in the social and economic respect, so the legal norms for its regulation should be coordinated and clear both for an employer and an employee as well as an owner of a business. Upon the growing dynamism of business, the presumption that a transfer of the enterprise/business should be regulated by a special norm in future cannot be ignored. The results of the investigation should help to a person engaged in applying legal norms to assess the goals and the criteria of implementing of the relevant norms, to avoid errors in ensuring a protection of the rights of employees in a case of a transfer of the enterprise/business or a part hereof. The provided recommendations can be usable for supervision and control of implementing the labour laws, execution of scientific works on a similar subject and teaching students in the programme of law. In addition, the recommendations can be usable by professionals involved in harmonizing legal norms of Republic of Lithuania with the law of European Union. Using these materials, an employer or an owner of business will be able to carry out a transfer of the enterprise/business in a more rational way and thus avoid disputes bound with labour relations.

ÖZETOrtadoğu, ortak din, ortak tarih ve kültüre sahip olduğumuz, köklü bir medeniyetin beşiğidir. Osmanlı bakiyesi olan Türkiye Orta Doğu politikalarında edilgen bir strateji uygulamakla tarihi, kültürel ve dini geleneğinden doğan ağırlığını hissetirememektedir. Kuşkusuz Orta Doğu'yu konu alacak bir çalışmanın her şeyden önce önüne açılan geniş alan ve sayısız yollardan birini tercih etmesi, alanını özelleştirmesi gerekiyor. Orta Doğu hakkında, tarihsel bir yaklaşımla çalışmaya karar verirken, genel bir çalışmadan veya dokümantasyondan ziyade Orta Doğu ile Türkiye arasındaki ilişkilere yön vermiş olan belli bir dönem üzerinde yoğunlaşmanın daha doğru olacağını düşündüm.Bu bağlamda, hem Türkiye'de önemli değişimlerin yaşanmasının işaretlerini vermesi açısından hem de 12 Eylül askeri yönetiminin hakim olması bakımından bu dönem tez çalışması yapmak için bana oldukça uygun gelmiştir. . Tabii bu dönem üzerinde çalışmak bu dönemden önceki uluslararası konjonktürün Türkiye'nin Orta Doğu ülkeleriyle ilişkilerine etkilerini de değerlendirmeye dahil etmeyi gerektiriyordu. Çünkü şu bir gerçek ki, her iki tarafın ilişkileri dünya sisteminin güçlü temsilcilerinden bağımsız gelişmemektedir. Arapları birleştirici bir rol oynadığı görüntüsü veren İsrail sorunu ise bölge ülkelerinin ilişkilerini daha da karmaşıklaştırmaktadır. 1980-1983 dönemi özellikle kendisinden sonraki dönemlerin dış politika araç ve parametrelerini belirlemesi açısından ne kadar önemli olduğu günümüzdeki gelişmelerden de anlaşılmaktadır. Örneğin bu dönemde İKÖ'yle girilen yakın ilişkiler ve bölge devletleriyle olan yakınlaşmalar 80'ler boyunca Türk Dış Politikasına yön verdiği gibi 90'ların iç politik ortam ve tartışmalarını hazırlamıştır. Kısaca belirtmek gerekirse Camp David barış antlaşması ve İsrail ile Arap ülkelerinin ilişkileri bu evrede yeni bir sürece girmiştir. S.S.C.B' nin Afganistan'ı işgali bu dönemde meydana geldi. Bu da Orta Doğu ülkelerinin S.S.C.B.'ye bakışlarını etkiledi. İran'daki İslam Devrimi, Orta Doğu ülkelerinin hakim rejimlerini korku ve tedirginliğe sevketmiş; bu dönemde başlatılan İran-Irak savaşı da bölge ülkelerinde farklı kaygı ve beklentiler doğurmuştur. Gene bu dönemde İsrail, Kudüs'ün Arap kesimini ilhak edecek ve bu da yeni bir gerginliğe neden olacaktır. Türkiye'de bir darbe olması, Enver Sedat'ın öldürülmesi gibi ilk elde sayabileceğimiz pek çok önemli olay meydana gelmiştir. Bütün bu saymaya çalıştığımız olaylar hem Türkiye'nin hem de bölge ülkelerinin dış ve iç politikalarını etkilemiştir. Yukarıda anlatmaya çalıştığım gibi o dönemi hem dış politika hem de iç politikaya etkileri açısından değerlendirmeye çalışırken; aynı zamanda bu etkilerin sonraki dönemlere uzanan sonuçlarını da değerlendirmeye çalışacağım. Bu bağlamda, devlet politikası olarak o döneme ne tür eleştirel yaklaşımlar sergilenmiş olduğunu da tahlil etmeye çalışacağım.ABSTRACTTURKEY'S FOREIGN POLICY AND THE MIDDLE EAST BETWEEN 1980 AND 1983Middle East is a kind of cradle which shares and accommodates common cultural and historical values with Turkey. Turkey, unfortunately, carry out more passive political strategies in the region whereas it is a country with a past of Ottoman Empire which was the central political, cultural and social actor of the region along centuries. But Turkey can not take the advantage of his rich experiences.In this thesis, the concentration point is the coup of September 12th in 1980. This military intervention is, at the same time, a turning point of Turkey's social and political life. Working on this period necessitates developing a different perspective through the near past of this area and the multilateral relations of regional actors. Indeed, it is a fact that Turkey and his regional partners' acts and operations in the region can not be independent from the real actors and representatives of world system. Even some critical events, like the problem of Israel, seemingly lead to the convergence of Arab countries, but in reality, confuse the relations of related countries in the region. Especially the period of 1980-1983 is a very important phase in terms of defining the political preferences and the directions of following years. For example, in that period, Turkey developed close relations with Organization of Islamic Conference and the countries of the region. These relations also affected the intra-political agenda of Turkey. On the one side, Turkish foreign policy (along 1980s), and the on the other side, intra-political agenda and discussions (specifically after1990s) have been shaped by these interactions with other Middle Eastern countries. If it is mentioned briefly, in this period, the process the Peace of Camp David and the relations between Arab countries and Israel have evolved towards new dimensions. The occupation of Afghanistan by USSR has happened at the same time and this new situation reshaped the views of Arab countries over the communist regime and USSR. Another radical event in the region was Iran-Islamic Revolution and this development also leads the regional countries to alarm and anxiety about the future of their prosperities. Additionally, at the same time again, Israel has occupied the Arabian side of the Jerusalem and caused a new international and regional tension. These years have also witnessed the assassination of Enver Sedat, the president of Egypt and military intervention in Turkey. All of these developments have influenced both of foreign and domestic policies of Turkey and other countries in the region. This thesis tries to analysis the state policies of Turkey through this chaotic term between 1980 and 1983.