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The author discusses the progressive transformation of the cyberspace into one more battleground for international conflicts. The article begins with an analysis of the concept of cyber war, and a discussion about the difficulties of establishing a rigorous conceptualisation within the framework of the Law of Armed Conflict/International Humanitarian Law. Then, the capabilities and vulnerabilities of great powers are also object of analysis, and the complex role of non-state actors in cyber conflicts. The article ends with a discussion about the difficulty of assessing the economic impact of cyber attacks. Adapted from the source document.

This article analyses differences between scientific & technological co-operation & collaboration. International cooperation represents opportunities for partners, mainly strategic alliances. In North-South collaborations usually developed countries define the project/program & become the sole owner of the results. Opportunities & risks for countries such as Brazil are to recognize these differences. Tables. Adapted from the source document.

This paper provides some of the most important aspects of Brazilian internal conditions, external politics and regional integration in order to clarify why the country performs the role of a "global player", taking into account the world tendencies. The Brazilians favorable domestic advances, together with the international dynamics concerning both economic and political prospects, will lead to an increasing interaction among nations and, more broadly, the continents, operating efficiently towards globalization. (Polit Externa/DÜI)

The article makes preliminary suggestions to answer the following questions: "How is the global power distributed in contemporary international relations?" and "How does this distribution affect the options of the Brazilian external policies?" From the bipolarity of the Cold War to the fragmentation of the present-day agenda the topic of power sharing, a classic theme in international studies, is being discussed, and the positions Brazil could take in a context of multipolarity are outlined. (Polit Externa/DÜI)

The global expansion of capitalism under American hegemony in the second half of the 20th century has changed the international division of labor and center-periphery scheme proposed under British hegemony. Under the new international division of labor, the United States is forced to generate an ever growing deficit in their trade account in order to accommodate the "mercantilist" expansion of Asian countries, produced by the trans-nationalization of big capital, under American aegis. This form of global economic articulation is at the root of the rupture of the Bretton Woods system and the growing financial liberalization imposed by the hegemonic power over other countries since the 80s. (Rev Econ Polit/DÜI)

This article examines the European Union's ability to act as an international actor in the interregional dialogues through an analysis of its behavior towards the Mercosur countries from 1991 to 2003. The first part discusses approaches concerning the perceptions of the European Union as an international actor. The second one examines the development of interregional dialogues. The article presents a brief framework of the relations European Union/Latin America during this period. It analyses the Interregional Framework Cooperation Agreement, emphasizing the political dimension, & the advances & obstacles in the negotiations towards trade liberalization. The conclusion evaluates the actions of the European Union as an international actor in relation to the Mercosur members. Tables, References. Adapted from the source document.

The article provides an overview of the international trade topics being discussed at the World Trade Organization. In reviewing the background of the liberalization process from the Brazilian point of view, the author emphasizes the need for greater domestic awareness of the emerging issues and new directions which are to be discussed at the Singapore Conference. Occupying a central position within this context is the question of multilateralism versus regionalism and its consequences. The author describes other controversial themes debated in the forums, including the social clause, investment, competition policies and the environmental issue. (Polit Externa/DÜI)

The main goal of this article is to reflect about the adjustment of the international economic organization system to the new balance of power emerged with the globalization. We will review the international financial institutions that appeared after Bretton Woods and will look to the multilateral trade system inaugurated by GATT. After all, Gzo seems to be the better institution that reflects the balance of our times. Adapted from the source document.

The first biannual Ministerial Meeting of the World Trade Organization took place in Singapore at the end of 1996. The meeting was the focus of widespread expectation, because a lack of success might have damaged the credibility of this new international body. However, the Ministerial Declaration issued at the end of the meeting gave clear signs that the WTO had consolidated its position as an important forum for issues related to the multilateral system of trade. From the Brazilian perspective the results were satisfactory. Brazil's interests were largely safeguarded in issues such as the social clause and the formation of regional blocks and investments, although less so in the discussion of the built-in agricultural agenda. (Polit Externa/DÜI)

This article traces the ways in which political, economic, domestic, and international factors converged to provoke a massive financial crisis in Mexico in 1994/5, as well as its consequences for future reform efforts. The author argues that the ruling PRI party and international investors were equally adamant in defending the anchored exchange rate. However, in attempting to appease both domestic and foreign interests, the Salinas administration lost control of the macroeconomic fundamentals. While the combination of a massive multilateral loan and the shift to a floating exchange rate paved the way for Mexico's rapid economic recovery, a main legacy of the crisis was the political demise of the PRI. (Rev Econ Pol/DÜI)